View source for 15-minute city

{{Short description|Urban accessibility concept}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
[[File: Exterior of La Samaritaine 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Street scene in Paris|People walking and cycling in Paris, France. The concept of 15-minute cities gained traction after being advocated by Paris mayor [[Anne Hidalgo]].<ref name="Willsher 2020" />]]
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The '''15-minute city''' ('''FMC'''{{r|Pozoukidou 2021}} or '''15mC'''<ref name="Transition Pathway">{{cite web |author=<!--anonymous author, no byline--> |date=n.d. |title=The 15-minute City Transition Pathway (15mC) |publisher=Driving Urban Transitions Partnership, JPI Urban Europe |location=Vienna |url=https://dutpartnership.eu/the-15-minute-city-transition-pathway-15mc/ |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref>) is an [[urban planning]] concept in which most daily necessities and services, such as work, shopping, education, healthcare, and leisure can be easily reached by a 15-minute walk, bike ride, or public transit ride from any point in the city.<ref name="Weng 2019" /> This approach aims to reduce car dependency, promote healthy and [[sustainable living]], and improve wellbeing and quality of life for city dwellers.<ref name="Patterson, Lance" />

Implementing the 15-minute city concept requires a multi-disciplinary approach, involving [[transportation planning]], [[urban design]], and policymaking, to create well-designed public spaces, pedestrian-friendly streets, and [[mixed-use development]]. This change in lifestyle may include [[remote working]] which reduces daily commuting and is supported by the recent widespread availability of information and communications technology. The concept has been described as a "return to a local way of life".{{r|O'Sullivan 2020}}

As people spend more time working from home or near their homes, there is less demand for large central office spaces and more need for flexible, local co-working spaces. The 15-minute city concept suggests a shift toward a decentralized network of workspaces within residential neighbourhoods, reducing the need for long commutes and promoting work-life balance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sustenabilitate.biz |date=2024-12-10 |title=The 15-minute city: Redefining urban living for a sustainable future |url=https://sustenabilitate.biz/the-15-minute-city-redefining-urban-living-for-a-sustainable-future/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Platformă media dedicată profesioniștilor în sustenabilitate |language=en-US}}</ref>

The concept's roots can be traced to pre-modern urban planning traditions where walkability and community living were the primary focus before the advent of street networks and automobiles. In recent times, it builds upon similar pedestrian-centered principles found in [[New Urbanism]], [[transit-oriented development]], and other proposals that promote [[walkability]], mixed-use developments, and compact, livable communities.<ref name="Pozoukidou 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Pozoukidou |first1=Georgia |last2=Angelidou |first2=Margarita |title=Urban Planning in the 15-Minute City: Revisited under Sustainable and Smart City Developments until 2030 |journal=Smart Cities |date=2022 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=1356–1375 |doi=10.3390/smartcities5040069 |doi-access=free |issn=2624-6511}}</ref> Numerous models have been proposed about how the concept can be implemented, such as 15-minute cities being built from a series of smaller 5-minute [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]], also known as [[complete communities]] or walkable neighborhoods.<ref name="Weng 2019"/>

The concept gained significant traction in recent years after [[Paris]] mayor [[Anne Hidalgo]] included a plan to implement the 15-minute city concept during her 2020 re-election campaign.<ref name="Willsher 2020">{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=7 February 2020 |title=Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/07/paris-mayor-unveils-15-minute-city-plan-in-re-election-campaign |access-date=12 March 2021 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Since then, a number of cities worldwide have adopted the same goal and many researchers have used the 15-minute model as a spatial analysis tool to evaluate accessibility levels within the urban fabric.<ref name="Pozoukidou 2021" /><ref name="Weng 2019" /><ref name="Boukouras 2022" />

== History ==
[[File:Rim Cafe, 38 Rue Saint Séverin, 75005 Paris 2014.jpg|thumb|right|The 15-minute city was influenced by cities such as [[Paris]], in which a range of amenities tend to be within walking distance.]]

The 15-minute city concept is derived from historical ideas about [[Proxemics|proximity]] and [[walkability]], such as [[Clarence Perry]]'s [[Neighbourhood unit|neighborhood unit]]. As an inspiration for the 15-minute city, [[Carlos Moreno (urbanist)|Carlos Moreno]], an advisor to Anne Hidalgo, cited [[Jane Jacobs]]'s model presented in ''[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]''.<ref name="Moreno Oct 2020">{{Cite web |last=Moreno |first=Carlos |title=The 15-minute city |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/carlos_moreno_the_15_minute_city/transcript |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=TED.com |date=10 October 2020 |language=en |type=video with transcript}}</ref><ref name="Moreno 2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Carlos |last2=Allam |first2=Zaheer |last3=Chabaud |first3=Didier |last4=Gall |first4=Catherine |last5=Pratlong |first5=Florent |date=2021 |title=Introducing the '15-Minute City': Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities |journal=Smart Cities |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=93–111 |doi=10.3390/smartcities4010006 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Talen 2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Talen |first1=Emily |last2=Menozzi |first2=Sunny |last3=Schaefer |first3=Chloe |date=2015 |title=What is a 'Great Neighborhood'? An Analysis of APA's Top-Rated Places |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=121–141 |doi=10.1080/01944363.2015.1067573 |issn=0194-4363 |s2cid=153694519}}</ref>

The ongoing [[climate crisis]] and global [[COVID-19 pandemic]] have prompted a heightened focus on the 15-minute city concept.<ref name="Moreno 2021" /> In July 2020, the [[C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group]] published a framework for cities to "build back better" using the 15-minute concept, referring specifically to plans implemented in [[Milan]], [[Madrid]], [[Edinburgh]], and [[Seattle]] after [[COVID-19]] outbreaks.<ref name="How to build back better">{{Cite web |author=<!--anonymous author, no byline--> |date=July 2020 |title=How to build back better with a 15-minute city |url=https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/How-to-build-back-better-with-a-15-minute-city?language=en_US |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=C40 Knowledge Hub |publisher=C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group}}</ref> Their report highlights the importance of inclusive community engagement through mechanisms like [[participatory budgeting]] and adjusting city plans and [[infrastructure]] to encourage dense, complete, overall communities.<ref name="How to build back better" />

A manifesto published in [[Barcelona]] in April 2020 by architecture theorist Massimo Paolini proposed radical change in the organization of cities in the wake of COVID-19, and was signed by 160 academics and 300 architects. The proposal has four key elements: reorganization of mobility, (re)naturalization of the city, de-commodification of housing, and de-growth.<ref name="Argemí 2020">{{Cite news |last=Argemí |first=Anna |date=7 May 2020 |title=Por una Barcelona menos mercantilizada y más humana |trans-title=For a less commercialized and more humane Barcelona |work=El País |department=Alterconsumismo |language=es |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/05/06/alterconsumismo/1588769208_267470.html |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Maiztegui 2020">{{Cite news |last=Maiztegui |first=Belén |date=18 June 2020 |title=Manifiesto por la reorganización de la ciudad tras el COVID-19 |trans-title=Manifesto for the reorganization of the city after COVID-19 |website=ArchDaily |language=es |url=https://www.archdaily.cl/cl/941897/manifiesto-por-la-reorganizacion-de-la-ciudad-tras-el-covid-19 |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Paolini 2020">{{Cite web |last=Paolini |first=Massimo |date=18 May 2020 |title=The manifesto for the reorganisation of the City after COVID-19 |website=Degrowth.info |language=en-GB |url=https://www.degrowth.info/en/2020/05/manifesto-for-the-reorganisation-of-the-city-after-covid-19/ |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>

In early 2023, [[far-right]] conspiracy theories [[15-minute city#Conspiracy theories|began to flourish]] that described 15-minute cities as instruments of government repression, claiming that they were a pretext to introduce restrictions on travel by car.{{r|Hsu 2023|Paddison 2023|McCarthy 2023|Sethi 2023}} In fact, the '15-minute city' proposals do not involve any restrictions on travel by car{{snd}} unrelated measures{{efn|see for example [[Road space rationing]], [[Congestion pricing]] and [[Low Traffic Neighbourhood]]s}} introduced to reduce traffic in some cities have been somehow confused with '15-minute cities'.

== Research models ==
{{Third-party|section|date=March 2023}}
The 15-minute city is a proposal for developing a polycentric city, where density is made pleasant, one's proximity is vibrant, and social intensity (a large number of productive, intricately linked social ties) is real.<ref name="Moreno 2021" /><ref name="Whittle 2020">{{Cite news |last1=Whittle |first1=Natalie |date=17 July 2020 |title=Welcome to the 15-minute city |newspaper=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c1a53744-90d5-4560-9e3f-17ce06aba69a |access-date=27 March 2021 |url-access=}}</ref><ref name="Sisson 2023">{{Cite web |last=Sisson |first=Patrick |date=21 February 2023 |title=What is a 15-minute city? |url=https://citymonitor.ai/community/neighbourhoods/what-is-a-15-minute-city |access-date=16 March 2023 |website=City Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Yeung 2021">{{Cite web |last=Yeung |first=Peter |date=4 January 2021 |title=How '15-minute cities' will change the way we socialise |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201214-how-15-minute-cities-will-change-the-way-we-socialise |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Worklife |publisher=BBC |language=en}}</ref> The key element of the model has been described by Carlos Moreno as "chrono-urbanism" or a refocus of interest on time value rather than time cost.<ref name="Moreno 2021" /><ref name="Moreno Feb 2020">{{Cite web |last=Moreno |first=Carlos |date=21 February 2020 |title=Urban proximity and the love for places Chrono-urbanism, Chronotopia, Topophilia By Carlos Moreno |url=https://www.moreno-web.net/urban-proximity-and-the-love-for-places-chrono-urbanism-chronotopia-topophilia-by-carlos-moreno/ |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=Carlos Moreno |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Moreno and the 15-minute city ===
Urbanist [[Carlos Moreno (urbanist)|Carlos Moreno]]'s 2021 article introduced the 15-minute city concept as a way to ensure that urban residents can fulfill six essential functions within a 15-minute walk or bike ride from their dwellings: living, working, commerce, healthcare, education and entertainment.{{r|Moreno 2021}} The framework of this model has four components; density, proximity, diversity and digitalization.<ref name="Moreno 2021" />

Moreno cites the work of [[Nikos Salingaros]], who theorizes that an optimal density for urban development exists which would encourage local solutions to local problems.<ref name="Moreno 2021" /><ref name="Salingaros p100">{{cite book |first=N.A. |last=Salingaros |chapter=Compact city replaces sprawl |chapter-url= |title=Crossover: Architecture, Urbanism, Technology |publisher=010 Publishers |series=Delft School of Design series on architecture and urbanism |date=2006 |isbn=978-90-6450-609-3 |pages=100–115 |oclc=83567232}}</ref> The authors discuss proximity in terms of both space and time, arguing that a 15-minute city would reduce the space and time necessary for activity.<ref name="Moreno 2021" /> Diversity in this 15-minute city model refers to [[mixed-use development]] and multicultural neighborhoods, both of which Moreno and others argue would improve the urban experience and boost community participation in the planning process. Digitalization is a key aspect of the 15-minute city derived from [[smart cities]]. Moreno and others argue that a [[Fourth Industrial Revolution]] has reduced the need for commuting because of access to technology like [[Videotelephony|virtual communication]] and [[online shopping]]. They conclude by stating that these four components, when implemented at scale, would form an accessible city with a high quality of life.<ref name="Moreno 2021" />

=== Larson and the 20-minute city ===
[[Kent Larson]] described the concept of a 20-minute city in a 2012 [[TED (conference)|TED talk]],<ref name="Larson 2012">{{cite web |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/kent_larson_brilliant_designs_to_fit_more_people_in_every_city?language=en |first=Kent |last=Larson |title=Brilliant designs to fit more people in every city |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=TED.com |date=9 September 2012 |type=video}}</ref> and his City Science Group at the [[MIT Media Lab]] has developed a neighborhood simulation platform<ref name="CityScope">{{cite web |author1=<!--anonymous author, no byline--> |title=Theme {{!}} CityScope |url=https://www.media.mit.edu/projects/cityscope/overview/ |website=MIT Media Lab |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Architecture + Planning |access-date=16 March 2023 |date=n.d.}}</ref> to integrate the necessary design, technology, and policy interventions into "compact urban cells". In his "On Cities" masterclass for the [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.normanfosterfoundation.org/the-norman-foster-foundation-presents-on-cities-masterclass-series/ |title=The Norman Foster Foundation presents 'On Cities' Masterclass Series |newspaper=Norman Foster Foundation |date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Larson proposed that the planet is becoming a network of cities, and that successful cities in the future will evolve into a network of high-performance, resilient, entrepreneurial communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QsU9DTS2rM |title=Kent Larson on Resilient Communities and Sustainability - 'On Cities' Masterclass Series |date=21 April 2021 |publisher=Norman Foster Foundation |access-date=21 April 2021 |type=video |via=YouTube}}</ref>{{Time needed|date=February 2023}}

=== D'Acci and the one-mile city ===
In 2013, Luca D'Acci (Associate Professor in Urban Studies at the [[Polytechnic University of Turin]], Italy) proposed a city model "where each point can reach continuous natural areas, job locations, centralities, shops, amenities (recreational, medical, cultural), usual daily activities by 15/30 minute walking or within 15 minute biking".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=D'Acci |first=Luca |date=November 2013 |title=Simulating future societies in Isobenefit Cities: Social isobenefit scenarios |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001632871300116X |journal=Futures |language=en |volume=54 |pages=3–18 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2013.09.004 |hdl=1765/104834 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>[[arxiv:1408.2874|arxiv.org/abs/1408.2874]]</ref> He called it a "one-mile green city", or "Isobenefit Urbanism".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/03/this-is-your-guide-to-isobenefit-urbanism-the-thinking-behind-the-cities-of-the-future/ |title=This is your guide to Isobenefit Urbanism — the thinking behind the cities of the future |publisher=[[World Economic Forum]] |date=14 March 2023}}</ref><ref name=UCL>{{cite press release |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/planning/news/2023/may/bartlett-planning-team-help-planners-discover-best-locations-future-urban-growth |title=Bartlett Planning team help planners discover best locations for future urban growth |publisher=Bartlett School of Planning, [[University College London]] |date=30 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.polito.it/en/polito/communication-and-press-office/poliflash/isobenefit-urbanism-a-code-to-rethink-urban-environments-and |title=Isobenefit Urbanism, a code to rethink urban environments and imagine the city of the future |publisher=Politecnico di Torino |date=24 March 2023}}</ref> (The term "isobenefit" is a portmanteau word from "iso" meaning equal, and "benefit", which he defines as advantageous amenities, services, workplaces and green space.)

=== Weng and the 15-minute walkable neighborhood ===
In a 2019 article using [[Shanghai]] as a [[case study]], Weng and his colleagues proposed the 15-minute walkable neighborhood with a focus on health, and specifically [[non-communicable disease]]s.<ref name="Weng 2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Weng |first1=Min |last2=Ding |first2=Ning |last3=Li |first3=Jing |last4=Jin |first4=Xianfeng |last5=Xiao |first5=He |last6=He |first6=Zhiming |last7=Su |first7=Shiliang |date=2019 |title=The 15-minute walkable neighborhoods: Measurement, social inequalities and implications for building healthy communities in urban China |journal=Journal of Transport & Health |language=en |volume=13 |pages=259–273 |doi=10.1016/j.jth.2019.05.005 |bibcode=2019JTHea..13..259W |issn=2214-1405 |s2cid=189992564}}</ref> The authors suggest that the 15-minute walkable neighborhood is a way to improve the health of residents, and they document existing disparities in [[walkability]] within Shanghai. They found that rural areas, on average, are significantly less walkable, and areas with low walkability tend to have a higher proportion of children.<ref name="Weng 2019" /> Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on the health benefits of walking and differences in walkability and usage across age groups.<ref name="Moreno 2021" /><ref name="Weng 2019" />

=== Da Silva and the 20-minute city ===
In their 2019 article, Da Silva et al. cite [[Tempe, Arizona]], as a case study of an urban space where all needs could be met within 20 minutes by walking, biking, or transit. The authors found that Tempe is highly accessible, especially by [[Bicycle commuting|bike]], but that accessibility varies with geographic area. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on accessibility within the built environment.<ref name="Capasso Da Silva 2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Capasso Da Silva |first1=Denise |last2=King |first2=David A. |last3=Lemar |first3=Shea |date=2019 |title=Accessibility in Practice: 20-Minute City as a Sustainability Planning Goal |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=129 |doi=10.3390/su12010129 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Implementations ==
=== Asia ===
In 2019, [[Singapore]]'s [[Land Transport Authority]] proposed a master plan that included the goals of "20-minute towns" and a "45-minute city" by 2040.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Transport Master Plan 2040: Bringing Singapore Together |date=n.d. |publisher=Land Transport Authority, Government of Singapore |url=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/who_we_are/our_work/land_transport_master_plan_2040.html |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref>

[[Israel]] has embraced the concept of a 15-minute city in new residential developments. According to Orli Ronen, the head of the Urban Innovation and Sustainability Lab at the Porter School for Environmental Studies at [[Tel Aviv University]], [[Tel Aviv]], [[Haifa]], [[Beersheba]], and central [[Jerusalem]] have been effective in delivering on the concept at least in part in new developments, but only Tel Aviv has been relatively successful.<ref name="Nagler 2022">{{cite news |last1=Nagler |first1=Danielle |title=The 15-minute city could save you from needing a car, but will Israel run with it? |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-15-minute-city-could-save-you-from-needing-a-car-but-will-israel-run-with-it/ |access-date=16 March 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

[[Dubai]] launched the 20-minute city project in 2022, where residents are able to access daily needs & destinations within 20 minutes by foot or bicycle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Rory |date=2022-12-12 |title=Dubai 2040 Urban Plan: Ruler sets out ambitions to create '20-minute city' |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/2022/12/12/dubai-urban-plan-sheikh-mohammed-property/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>  The plan involves placing 55% of the residents within 800 meters of mass transit stations, allowing them to reach 80% of their daily needs and destinations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai 2040 {{!}} The Dubai 2040 Urban Master Plan recognizes the significance of time in people's lives and acknowledges that effectively managing and utilizing time for commuting and meeting basic needs. |url=http://dubai2040.ae/en/projects-and-initiatives/the-20-minutes-city/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the [[Philippines|Philippine's]] largest city, the government of [[Quezon City]] announced in 2023 its plans to implement the 15-minute city concept to establish a walkable, people-friendly, and sustainable community for its residents. Influenced by the city of Paris, the government aims to make urban development people-centered and to further reach the city's goal of reaching carbon neutrality by 2050.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mateo |first1=Janvic |title=Quezon City eyes '15-minute city' strategy in barangays |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2023/06/17/2274466/quezon-city-eyes-15-minute-city-strategy-barangays |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=Philstar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=QC Government |title=QC First City To Explore '15-minute City' Concept In Barangays |url=https://quezoncity.gov.ph/qc-first-city-to-explore-15-minute-city-concept-in-barangays/ |website=Quezon City Government |language=en |date=15 June 2023}}</ref>

==== China ====
The 2016 Master Plan for Shanghai called for "15-minute community life circles", where residents could complete all of their daily activities within 15 minutes of walking. The community life circle has been implemented in other [[China|Chinese]] cities, like [[Baoding]] and [[Guangzhou]].<ref name="Lulu 2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Lulu |first1=H. O. U. |last2=Yungang |first2=L. I. U. |date=2017 |title=Life Circle Construction in China under the Idea of Collaborative Governance: A Comparative Study of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/geogrevjapanb/90/1/90_900103/_article |journal=Geographical Review of Japan Series B |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=2–16 |doi=10.4157/geogrevjapanb.90.2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Xiong'an]] is also being developed under the 15-minute life circle concept.<ref name=":Curtis&Klaus">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26690-0 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |page=91 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref>

The ''Standard for urban residential area planning and design'' (GB 50180–2018), a [[Guobiao standard|national standard]] that came into effect in 2018, stipulates four levels of residential areas: 15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 10-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 5-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, and a neighborhood block. Among them, "15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood" means "residential area divided according to the principle that residents can meet their material, living and cultural demand by walking for 15 minutes; usually surrounded by urban [[trunk road]]s or site boundaries, with a population of 50,000 to 100,000 people (about 17,000 to 32,000 households) and complete supporting facilities."

[[Chengdu]], to combat urban sprawl, commissioned the "Great City" plan, where development on the edges of the city would be dense enough to support all necessary services within a 15-minute walk.<ref name="Steadman 2021">{{Cite magazine |last=Steadman |first=Ian |title=Chengdu plans a prototype 'Great City' as a model for China's suburbs |language=en-GB |magazine=Wired UK |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/china-great-city |access-date=29 April 2021 |issn=1357-0978}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
[[File: Bike lane, Avenue du Maréchal-Franchet-d'Espérey, Paris 25 March 2017.jpg|thumb|right|Example of bike lane in Paris]]
The mayor of Paris, [[Anne Hidalgo]], introduced the 15-minute city concept in her 2020 re-election campaign and began implementing it during the [[COVID-19]] pandemic. For example, school playgrounds were converted to parks after school hours, while the [[Place de la Bastille]] and other squares have been revamped with trees and [[Bike lane|bicycle lanes.]]<ref name="O'Sullivan 2020">{{Cite news |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Feargus |last2=Bliss |first2=Laura |date=12 November 2020 |title=The 15-Minute City—No Cars Required—Is Urban Planning's New Utopia |language=en |work=Bloomberg |department=Businessweek |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-11-12/paris-s-15-minute-city-could-be-coming-to-an-urban-area-near-you |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>

[[Cagliari]], a city on the [[Italy|Italian]] island of [[Sardinia]], began a strategic plan to revitalize the city and improve walkability.<ref name="Balletto 2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Balletto |first1=Ginevra |last2=Ladu |first2=Mara |last3=Milesi |first3=Alessandra |last4=Borruso |first4=Giuseppe |date=2021 |title=A Methodological Approach on Disused Public Properties in the 15-Minute City Perspective |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=593 |doi=10.3390/su13020593 |doi-access=free|hdl=11368/2978492 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The city actively solicited public feedback through a participatory planning process, as described in the Moreno model. A unique aspect of the plan calls for re-purposing public spaces and buildings that were no longer being used, relating to the general model of urban intensification.<ref name="Balletto 2021" />

In [[Utrecht]], the fourth-largest city in the [[Netherlands]], 100 percent of residents can reach all city necessities in a 15-minute bike ride, and 94% in a 10-minute bike ride.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knap |first1=E. |last2=Ulak |first2=M. B. |last3=Geurs |first3=K. T. |last4=Mulders |first4=A. |last5=van der Drift |first5=S. |date=2023 |title=A composite X-minute city cycling accessibility metric and its role in assessing spatial and socioeconomic inequalities–A case study in Utrecht, the Netherlands |journal=Journal of Urban Mobility |volume=3 |issue= |pages=3, 100043 |doi=10.1016/j.urbmob.2022.100043 |s2cid=255256096 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The local municipality has plans to improve this further by 2040.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://omgevingsvisie.utrecht.nl/de-koers/ruimtelijke-strategie-utrecht-2040/ |title=Ruimtelijke Strategie Utrecht 2040 {{!}} Gemeente Utrecht - Omgevingsvisie |trans-title="Spatial Strategy Utrecht 2040 {{!}} Municipality of Utrecht - Environmental Vision" |website=Omgevingsvisie.utrecht.nl |access-date=25 June 2023 |language=Dutch}}</ref>

In September 2023, the UK Government announced plans to "protect drivers from over-zealous traffic enforcement", in what it says is "part of a long-term plan to back drivers". These included plans "to stop councils implementing so called '15-minute cities', by consulting on ways to prevent schemes which aggressively restrict where people can drive".<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-announces-new-long-term-plan-to-back-drivers |title=Government announces new long-term plan to back drivers |website=Gov.uk |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Graeme |date=30 September 2023 |title=Sunak vows to stop 20mph zones and review LTNs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-66965714 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

[[Poland|Polish]] city [[Pleszew]] is claimed to be a 15-minute city<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=Czego możemy się nauczyć od mniejszych miast? |url=https://www.kongresobywatelski.pl/pomorski-thinkletter/wszystkie-teksty/czego-mozemy-sie-nauczyc-od-mniejszych-miast/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Kongres Obywatelski |language=pl-PL}}</ref>.

[[Copenhagen]]'s [[Nordhavn, Copenhagen|Nordhavn]] neighbourhood was developed according to a five-minute city concept.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nordhavn: The Danish 'city' that's been designed for an easy life |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20241104-nordhavn-the-danish-city-thats-been-designed-for-an-easy-life |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> This is based on all daily amenities being located at a distance of 400 m from the nearest public transit stop – a distance walkable within 5 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nordhavnen, COBE |url=https://www.beta-architecture.com/nordhavnen-cobe/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=BETA |language=es}}</ref>

=== North America ===
In 2012, [[Portland, Oregon]], developed a plan for complete neighborhoods within the city, which are aimed at supporting youth, providing affordable housing, and promoting community-driven development and commerce in historically under-served neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portland Plan |url=https://www.portlandonline.com/portlandplan/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=Portlandonline.com}}</ref><ref name="Pozoukidou 2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Pozoukidou |first1=Georgia |last2=Chatziyiannaki |first2=Zoi |date=2021 |title=15-Minute City: Decomposing the New Urban Planning Eutopia |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=928 |issn=2071-1050 |doi=10.3390/su13020928 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Similar to the Weng et al. model, the Portland plan emphasizes walking and cycling as ways to increase overall health and stresses the importance of the availability of affordable healthy food.<ref name="Pozoukidou 2021" /> The Portland plan calls for a high degree of transparency and community engagement during the planning process, which is similar to the diversity component of the Moreno et al. model.<ref name="Pozoukidou 2021" />

In 2015, [[Kirkland, Washington]], developed a "10-Minute Neighborhood Analysis" tool to guide the city's 2035 Comprehensive Plan.<ref>{{cite web |title=10-Minute Neighborhood Analysis |url=https://www.kirklandwa.gov/Government/Departments/Planning-and-Building/10-Minute-Neighborhood-Analysis |website=City of Kirkland |access-date=28 October 2023}}</ref> This tool is intended to guide community discussion about how the 10-Minute Neighborhood concept can improve livability and explore the policy changes necessary to achieve that vision.

=== South America ===
In March 2021, [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]], implemented 84 [[Kilometre|kilometers]] of bike lanes to encourage [[social distancing]] during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="Jaramillo 2020">{{Cite news |last=Jaramillo |first=Andrea |date=10 August 2020 |title=Bogotá Is Building its Future Around Bikes |language=en |work=Bloomberg |department=CityLab |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-10/to-tame-traffic-bogot-bets-big-on-bike-lanes |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> This expansion complemented the [[Ciclovía]] practice that originated in Colombia in 1974, where bicycles are given primary control of the streets.<ref name="Jaramillo 2020" /> The resulting bicycle lane network is the largest of its kind in the world.<ref name="Ciclovías Temporales">{{Cite web |author=<!--anonymous author, no byline--> |title=Ciclovías Temporales, Bogotá, Colombia |date=28 October 2020 |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/ciclovías-temporales-bogotá-colombia |access-date=29 April 2021 |website=Newsroom |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
The city of [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], developed Plan Melbourne 2017–2050 to accommodate growth and combat sprawl.<ref name="Pozoukidou 2021" /><ref name="Plan Melbourne">{{Cite web |author=<!--anonymous author, no byline--> |date=n.d. |title=Plan Melbourne 2017 - 2050 |url=https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/planning-for-melbourne/plan-melbourne |access-date=29 March 2021 |publisher=Department of Transport and Planning, State Government of Victoria |language=en}}</ref> The plan contains multiple elements of the 15-minute city concept, including new bike lanes and the construction of "20-minute neighborhoods".<ref name="Sisson 2020">{{Cite news |last=Sisson |first=Patrick |date=15 July 2020 |title=How the '15-Minute City' Could Help Post-Pandemic Recovery |language=en |work=Bloomberg |department=CityLab |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-15/mayors-tout-the-15-minute-city-as-covid-recovery |access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=23 March 2021 |title=20-minute neighbourhoods |url=https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/planning-for-melbourne/plan-melbourne/20-minute-neighbourhoods |access-date=14 April 2021 |publisher=Department of Transport and Planning, State Government of Victoria |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524060510/https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/policy-and-strategy/planning-for-melbourne/plan-melbourne/20-minute-neighbourhoods }}{{Verify source|date=March 2023}}</ref>

== Societal effects ==
The 15-minute city, with its emphasis on [[walkability]] and [[Accessibility (transport)|accessibility]], has been put forward as a way to better serve groups of people that have historically been left out of planning, such as [[Women's rights|women]], [[child]]ren, [[people with disabilities]], people with lived experience of mental illness,<ref name="Patterson, Lance">{{Cite web |last1=Patterson |first1=Christopher |last2=Barrie |first2=Lance |title=Forget the conspiracies, 15-minute cities will free us to improve our mental health and wellbeing |url=http://theconversation.com/forget-the-conspiracies-15-minute-cities-will-free-us-to-improve-our-mental-health-and-wellbeing-200823 |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=The Conversation |date=12 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and the elderly.<ref name="Pozoukidou 2021" />

Social infrastructure is also emphasized to maximize urban functions such as [[school]]s, [[park]]s, and complementary activities for residents.<ref name="Pozoukidou 2021" /> There is also a large focus on access to green space, which may promote positive environmental impacts such as increasing urban [[biodiversity]] and helping to protect the city from [[invasive species]].<ref name="Pozoukidou 2021" /> Studies have found that increased access to green spaces can also have a positive impact on the mental and physical health of a city's inhabitants, reducing stress and [[negative emotion]]s, increasing happiness, improving sleep, and promoting positive social interactions.<ref name="Douglas 2021">{{Cite web |last1=Douglas |first1=Kate |last2=Douglas |first2=Joe |date=24 March 2021 |title=Green spaces aren't just for nature – they boost our mental health too |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24933270-800-green-spaces-arent-just-for-nature-they-boost-our-mental-health-too/ |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> Urban residents living near green spaces have also been found to exercise more, improving their physical and [[mental health]].<ref name="Douglas 2021" />

== Limitations ==
Limitations of the 15-minute city concept include the difficulty or impracticality of implementing the 15-minute city concept in established urban areas, where land use patterns and infrastructure are already in place. Additionally, the concept may not be feasible in areas with low population density, such as those with extensive [[urban sprawl]], or in areas where lower-income workers commute long distances to or from.<ref name="O'Sullivan 2020" />{{Attribution needed|date=May 2023}}

Noted exceptions include [[Chengdu]], which used the 15-minute city concept to curb sprawl, and [[Melbourne]], where [[Lord mayor|Lord Mayor]] [[Sally Capp]] stressed the importance of [[Public transport|public transit]] in expanding the radius of the 15-minute city.{{r|Sisson 2020}}

In a paper published in the journal ''[[Sustainability (journal)|Sustainability]]'', Georgia Pozoukidou and Zoi Chatziyiannaki write that the creation of dense, walkable urban cores often leads to [[gentrification]] or displacement of lower-income residents to outlying neighborhoods due to rising [[property value]]s; to counteract this, the authors argue for [[affordable housing]] provisions to be integral with 15-minute city policies.<ref name="Pozoukidou 2021" />

Furthermore, when the concept is applied as a literal spatial analysis research tool, it then refers to the use of an [[Isochrone map|isochrone]] to express the radius of an area considered local.<ref name="Boukouras 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Boukouras |first=Efstathios |year=2022 |title=The question of proximity. Demographic ageing places the 15-minute-city theory under stress |url=http://www.urbanisticainformazioni.it/IMG/pdf/ui306si_sessione_01.pdf |journal=Urbanistica Informazioni |volume=sessione_01 |issue=306 s.i |pages=21–24}}</ref> Isochrones have a long history of use in transportation planning and are constructed primarily using two variables: time and speed. However, the reliance on population-wide conventions, such as gait speed, to estimate the buffer zones of accessible areas may not accurately reflect the mobility capabilities of specific population groups, like the elderly. This may result in potential inaccuracies and fallacies in research models.<ref name="Boukouras 2022" />{{Attribution needed|date=May 2023}}

=== Obstacles to implementation ===
In the United States, several factors make the implementation of 15-minute cities challenging.{{r|Simon 2023}}  The biggest roadblock is strict [[zoning]] regulations, especially [[single-family zoning]] which makes high density housing construction illegal.{{r|Simon 2023}}  [[NIMBY]]ism is also an obstacle, as are [[parking requirements]] and the perceived low quality of urban schools which causes childbearing couples to move from urban areas to suburban areas.<ref name="Simon 2023" >{{ cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/08/1203950823/15-minute-cities-climate-solution | title=It's a global climate solution — if it can get past conspiracy theories and NIMBYs | last=Simon | first=Julia | publisher=NPR | date=2023-10-08 | quote=But one of the biggest obstacles to creating 15-minute cities in the U.S. is zoning restrictions, says Jonathan Levine, professor of urban and regional planning at University of Michigan. 'The single-family zone absolutely dominates residential land in all of our metropolitan areas.'}}</ref>

== Conspiracy theories ==

In 2023 conspiracy theories about the 15-minute concept began to flourish, which described the model as an instrument of government oppression.<ref name="Hsu 2023">{{Cite news |last=Hsu |first=Tiffany |date=28 March 2023 |title=He Wanted to Unclog Cities. Now He's 'Public Enemy No. 1.' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/technology/carlos-moreno-15-minute-cities-conspiracy-theories.html |access-date=29 March 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Marcelo 2023">{{cite news |last1=Marcelo |first1=Philip |title=FACT FOCUS: Conspiracies misconstrue '15-minute city' idea |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-15-minute-city-conspiracy-162fd388f0c435a8289cc9ea213f92ee |access-date=22 July 2023 |agency=Associated Press |website=APNews.com |date=2 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Guest 2023">{{cite magazine |last1=Guest |first1=Peter |title=Conspiracy Theorists Are Coming for the 15-Minute City |url=https://www.wired.com/story/15-minute-cities-conspiracy-climate-denier/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |magazine=Wired |date=28 February 2023}}</ref> These claims are often part of or linked to other conspiracy theories such as [[QAnon]], [[anti-vaccine]] theories or [[anti-5G misinformation]] that assert that Western governments seek to oppress their populations.{{r|Hsu 2023}} Proponents of the 15-minute concept, including Carlos Moreno, have received death threats.{{r|Hsu 2023|Simon 2023}}<ref name="Sethi 2023">{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Pallavi |date=17 April 2023 |title=How 15-minute cities became a conspiratorial talking point |url=https://www.logicallyfacts.com/en/analysis/15-minute-cities-conspiratorial-talking-point |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=[[Logically Facts]] |language=en}}</ref>

Some conspiracy theorists conflate the 15-minute concept with the British [[Low Traffic Neighbourhood|low-traffic neighbourhood]] approach, which includes [[license plate scanner]]s in some implementations.{{r|Hsu 2023|Marcelo 2023}} This has led to assertions that the 15-minute model would fine residents for leaving their home districts,<ref name="France24 Flourish">{{Cite news |author=<!--anonymous author, no byline--> |date=15 February 2023 |title=Conspiracy theories on '15-minute cities' flourish |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230215-conspiracy-theories-on-15-minute-cities-flourish |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Elledge 2023">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/quickfire/2023/02/fifteen-minute-cities-will-be-back-conspiracy-theories-house-commons |website=New Statesman |date=February 2023 |first=John |last=Elledge |title=How have 15-minute cities become a conspiracy theory?}}</ref> or that it would confine people in "open-air prisons".<ref name="Hsu 2023" /> Conspiracy theorists believe the [[World Economic Forum]] (WEF) wants to lock people in their homes on the pretext of [[climate change]].<ref name="Sethi 2023" /> Such beliefs are part of a larger network of conspiracy theories surrounding the concept of a "[[Great Reset#Conspiracy theories|Great Reset]]".{{r|Guest 2023}}<ref name="Silva 2023">{{cite news |last1=Silva |first1=Marco |title=15 minute cities: How they got caught in conspiracy theories |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-66990302 |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=BBC News |department=BBC Verify |date=3 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Venkataramakrishnan 2023">{{cite news |title=The '15-minute city' backlash is part of the great climate change conspiracy theory |first=Siddarth |last=Venkataramakrishnan |work=Financial Times |date=8 March 2023 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/93d58155-5a4e-4135-ac6f-00d5a3c8e4d1 |url-access=subscription}} ([[Op-ed]])</ref>

In a 2023 protest by some 2,000 demonstrators in [[Oxford]], signs described 15-minute cities as "ghettos" and an instrument of "tyrannical control" by the WEF.<ref name="Hsu 2023" /> Canadian media commentator [[Jordan Peterson]] has described 15-minute cities as a "perversion".<ref name="Hsu 2023" /> QAnon supporters have claimed a [[2023 Ohio train derailment|February 2023 derailment of a train carrying hazardous chemicals in Ohio]] was part of a deliberate plot to force rural residents into 15-minute cities to restrict their personal freedom.{{r|Hsu 2023}}<ref name="McCarthy 2023">{{cite web |last1=McCarthy |first1=Bill |title=Ohio train derailment fuels 15-minute city conspiracy theories |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33BB7CC |website=AFP Fact Check |publisher=Agence France-Presse |access-date=4 May 2023 |date=14 March 2023}}</ref> Similar claims have been made about [[2023 Maui wildfires|wildfires on the island of Maui]] in August 2023.{{r|Simon 2023}}

In 2023, [[Premiership of Rishi Sunak|the British Conservative government]] began to criticise the idea by name.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reid |first1=Carlton |title=Rishi Sunak's Attack On 15-Minute Cities Is 'Baffling' And 'Concerning' Says Originator Of Concept |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carltonreid/2023/10/02/rishi-sunaks-attack-on-15-minute-cities-is-baffling-and-concerning-says-originator-of--concept/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=Forbes |date=2 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gilbert |first1=David |title=The 15-Minute City Conspiracy Theory Goes Mainstream |url=https://www.wired.com/story/15-minute-city-conspiracy-uk-politics/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |magazine=Wired |date=2 October 2022}}</ref> In February 2023 the Conservative MP [[Nick Fletcher (politician)|Nick Fletcher]] called 15-minute cities an "international socialist concept" during a debate in the UK Parliament, which was met with laughter.{{r|Guest 2023}}<ref name="Paddison 2023">{{Cite news |last=Paddison |first=Laura |date=27 February 2023 |publisher=CNN |title=How '15-minute cities' turned into an international conspiracy theory |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/26/world/15-minute-cities-conspiracy-theory-climate-intl/index.html}}</ref> At the Conservative party conference in October 2023, Transport Secretary [[Mark Harper]] announced that he was "calling time on the misuse of so-called '15-minute cities{{'"}}, criticising as "sinister" the idea that local councils could "decide how often you go to the shops and that they ration who uses the roads and when".{{r|Simon 2023|Silva 2023}} No such powers have been proposed as part of the 15-minute city concept in the United Kingdom.{{r|Simon 2023|Silva 2023}} Despite being specifically debunked in a guide given to MPs by the [[Leader of the House of Commons]],<ref>{{cite news |title=What conspiracy theories are UK MPs being told to look out for? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/may/07/what-conspiracy-theories-are-uk-mps-being-told-to-look-out-for |work=The Guardian |date=7 May 2024 |first=Ben |last=Quinn}}</ref> Health Secretary [[Maria Caulfield]] included the fiction in a local election leaflet and reiterated it in a BBC interview.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maria Caulfield faces calls to refer herself to ethics adviser over false '15-minute city' claims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/may/13/uk-minister-maria-caulfield-faces-calls-to-refer-herself-to-ethics-adviser-over-false-15-minute-city-claims |work=The Guardian |date=13 May 2024 |first=Kevin |last=Rawlinson}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
*{{Annotated link|Accessibility (transport)}}
*{{Annotated link|Aging in place}}
*{{Annotated link|Active living}}
*{{Annotated link|Automotive city}}
*{{Annotated link|Bicycle-friendly}}
*{{Annotated link|Carfree city}}
*{{Annotated link|Co-benefits of climate change mitigation}}
*{{Annotated link|Compact city}}
*{{Annotated link|Cyclability}}
* [[Fused grid]]{{snd}} Type of urban planning design that aims to reconcile the urban grid and [[Radburn design housing]]
*{{Annotated link|Mixed-use development}}
*{{Annotated link|Most livable cities}}
*{{Annotated link|Obesity and walking}}
*{{Annotated link|Participatory budgeting}}
*{{Annotated link|Smart city}}
*{{Annotated link|Social influences on fitness behavior}}
*{{Annotated link|Street reclamation}}
*{{Annotated link|Transport divide}}
*{{Annotated link|Urban density}}
*{{Annotated link|Urban vitality}}
*{{Annotated link|Walking city}}
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book |last=Franqueville |first=Pierre |editor-last=Perrin |editor-first=Georges |chapter=La bibliothèque dans la ville : du chrono-urbanisme à la chrono-bibliothéconomie |date=2014 |url= https://books.openedition.org/pressesenssib/3284|title=Ouvrir plus, ouvrir mieux: un défi pour les bibliothèques |pages=75–85 |publisher=Presses de l'enssib |doi=10.4000/books.pressesenssib.3284 |isbn=979-10-91281-39-3 |language=fr}}
* {{ cite web | url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/covid19/2021/05/28/the-15-minute-city-is-a-dead-end-cities-must-be-places-of-opportunity-for-everyone/ | title=The 15-minute city is a dead end — cities must be places of opportunity for everyone | last=Glaeser | first=Edward | author-link=Edward Glaeser | date=2021-05-28 | website=Blogs.lse.ac.uk |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |department=The future of cities }} 
* {{cite magazine |magazine=On Common Ground |url=https://www.nar.realtor/on-common-ground/transportation-in-the-15-minute-city |title=Transportation in the 15-Minute City {{!}} Making Pedestrians the Priority |publisher=National Association of Realtors |date=30 April 2021 |first=Joan |last=Mooney}}
* {{cite web |last=Moreno |first=Carlos |title=La ville du quart d'heure: pour un nouveau chrono-urbanisme |url=https://www.latribune.fr/regions/smart-cities/la-tribune-de-carlos-moreno/la-ville-du-quart-d-heure-pour-un-nouveau-chrono-urbanisme-604358.html |website=La Tribune |date=5 October 2016 |language=fr}}
*{{Cite web |title=My Portland Plan: What Makes a Neighborhood Complete? |date=n.d. |url=https://www.portlandonline.com/portlandplan/?a=437441 |website=Portlandonline.com}}
* {{Cite news |last=Reid |first=Carlton |title=Every Street In Paris To Be Cycle-Friendly By 2024, Promises Mayor |date=21 Jan 2020 |website=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carltonreid/2020/01/21/phasing-out-cars-key-to-paris-mayors-plans-for-15-minute-city/}}
* {{cite web |last1=Waldman |first1=Scott |title=A New Climate Conspiracy Theory Claims Traffic Control Is an Attack on Freedom |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-new-climate-conspiracy-theory-claims-traffic-control-is-an-attack-on-freedom/ |website=Scientific American |agency=E&E News |date=19 July 2023}}
* {{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=7 February 2020 |title=Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign |work=The Guardian |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/07/paris-mayor-unveils-15-minute-city-plan-in-re-election-campaign}}

[[Category:New Urbanism]]
[[Category:Sustainable urban planning]]
[[Category:Transportation planning]]
[[Category:Sustainable transport]]
[[Category:Mixed-use developments]]
[[Category:Community building]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]