View source for 2021 Sudanese coup d'état

{{short description|Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan}}
{{about|the successful coup|the failed coup attempt the previous month|September 2021 Sudanese coup d'état attempt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = 2021 [[Sudanese coup d'état]]
| width             = 
| partof            = the [[Sudanese transition to democracy]] and the [[Coup Belt]]
| image             = October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état (cropped).jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = A civil demonstration against the October 2021 coup in Sudan
| date              = 25 October – 21 November 2021
| place             = [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]]
| coordinates       = {{coord|15|36|32|N|32|31|43|E}}
| map_type          = Sudan
| map_relief        = 
| latitude          = 
| longitude         = 
| map_size          = 300
| map_mark          = 
| map_marksize      = 
| map_caption       = 
| map_label         = Khartoum
| territory         = 
| result            = Military coup d'état successful
* General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] temporarily seizes power, dissolves the government, declares state of emergency
* Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok]] and other ministers arrested
* Mass civil disobedience and protests<ref name="Dabanga_world_condemns" />
* Re-formation of the Transitional Sovereignty Council on 11 November with most civilian members replaced by military appointees<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/11/sudan-army-chief-issues-a-decree-for-new-sovereign-council |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-coup-leader-restores-restructured-transitional-sovereignty-council |access-date=26 March 2023 |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=11 November 2021 |location=[[Khartoum]]}}</ref>
* Reinstatement of the Hamdok government and the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration on 21 November<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan's reinstated PM Hamdok promises a path to democracy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/22/sudans-reinstated-pm-hamdok-promises-a-path-to-democracy |access-date=22 March 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
* Hamdok resigns on 2 January 2022 due to the military's monopolization of power<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yassir Abdullah, Nima Elbagir and Hamdi Alkhshali|title=Sudanese Prime Minister's resignation triggered by military reneging on deal, sources say|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/03/africa/sudan-pm-resignation-details-intl/index.html|access-date=2023-03-26|website=CNN|date=3 January 2022 }}</ref> 
* Sudan descends into [[2023 Sudan conflict|civil war]] in 2023 following political crises which occurred as a result of the coup
| combatant1        = {{flagdeco|Sudan}} [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan]]
----
[[Forces of Freedom and Change]]
*[[Sudanese resistance committees]]
[[Sudanese Professionals Association]]
| combatant2        = [[File:Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces.svg|18px]] [[Sudanese Armed Forces]]<br />{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Rapid Support Forces.png|border=}} [[Rapid Support Forces]]
| commander1        = {{ubl|{{flagdeco|Sudan}} [[Abdalla Hamdok]]|{{flagdeco|Sudan}} Ibrahim al-Sheikh|{{flagdeco|Sudan}} Ayman Khalid|{{flagdeco|Sudan}} Hamza Baloul|{{flagdeco|Sudan}} [[Mohamed al-Faki]]|{{flagdeco|Sudan}} [[Faisal Saleh]]}}
| commander2        = {{flagicon image|Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces.svg}} [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]]<br />{{flagicon image|Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces.svg}} [[Shams al-Din Khabbashi]]<br />{{flagicon image|Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces.svg}} [[Yasser al-Atta]]<br />{{flagicon image|Insignia of the Sudanese Armed Forces.svg}} Ibrahim Jabir Karim<br />{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Rapid Support Forces.png|border=}}  [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]]<br />{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Rapid Support Forces.png|border=}}  [[Abdelrahim Hamdan Dagalo]]
| units1            = 
| units2            = 
| strength1         = 
| strength2         = 
| casualties1       = 
| casualties2       = 
| casualties3       = 62 civilians killed, 140+ wounded during anti-coup protests<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/17/sudan-authorities-close-bridges-ahead-of-mass-anti-coup-protests |title=Several anti-coup protesters killed in Sudan as thousands rally |work= Al Jazeera |date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| notes             = 
}}
{{Campaignbox Sudan internal conflicts}}
On 25 October 2021, the [[Sudanese Armed Forces|Sudanese military]], led by General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]], took control of the [[Government of Sudan]] in a [[Coup d'état|military coup]]. At least five senior government figures were initially detained.<ref name="guard1">{{Cite news |last1=Salih |first1=Zeinab Mohammed |last2=Beaumont |first2=Peter |date=2021-10-25 |title=Sudan's army seizes power in coup and detains prime minister |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/25/sudan-coup-fears-amid-claims-military-have-arrested-senior-government-officials |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025061119/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/25/sudan-coup-fears-amid-claims-military-have-arrested-senior-government-officials |archive-date=25 October 2021 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Civilian Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok]] refused to declare support for the coup and on 25 October called for popular resistance;<ref name="Dabanga_military_seizes_power" /> he was confined to [[house arrest]] on 26 October.<ref name="MEE_Hamdok_escorted_home" /> [[Internet outage]]s were reported. Later the same day, the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sovereignty Council]] was dissolved, a state of emergency was put in place,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Aidan |last2=Eltahir |first2=Nafisa |last3=Chmaytelli |first3=Maher |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan's Burhan declares state of emergency, dissolves government |work=Reuters |publisher= |editor-last=Cawthorne |editor-first=Andrew |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-burhan-idAFKBN2HF0UV |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025202321/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-burhan-idAFKBN2HF0UV |archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> and a majority of [[Cabinet of Sudan#Ministers of the Hamdok Cabinet|the Hamdok Cabinet]] and a number of pro-government supporters were arrested.<ref name="arrests">{{cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Awadalla |first2=Nadine |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan cabinet members, others arrested in apparent coup – Reuters witness |work=Reuters |publisher= |editor-last=Pullin |editor-first=Richard |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-cabinet-members-others-arrested-apparent-coup-reuters-witness-2021-10-25/ |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025081251/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-cabinet-members-others-arrested-apparent-coup-reuters-witness-2021-10-25/ |archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2021|11|05}}, the list of those detained included "government ministers, members of political parties, lawyers, civil society activists, journalists, human rights defenders, and protest leaders", who were held in secret locations, without access to their families or lawyers.<ref name="Dabanga_UNHRC_deeply_disturbing" />

Key civilian groups including the [[Sudanese Professionals Association]] and [[Forces of Freedom and Change]] called for [[civil disobedience]] and refusal to cooperate with the coup organisers.<ref name="Dabanga_four_dead_Sudan_military_fire" /> Protests started on 25 and 26 October against the coup and at least 10 civilians were reported as being killed and over 140 injured by the military during the first day of protests.<ref name="Dabanga_four_dead_Sudan_military_fire" /><ref name="Dabanga_mass_protests_second_day" /><ref name="casualties">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59045020 |title=Sudan coup: Protests continue after military takeover |work=BBC |date=25 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025224029/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59045020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Protests and strikes continued, with 200,000 to 2,000,000 protestors participating around Sudan on 30 October<ref name="Dabanga_cautious_calm" /><ref name="MadaMasr_millions_defy_military" /> and 15 shot dead by security forces in protests organised by the [[Sudanese resistance committees]] on 17 November.<ref name="Dabanga_15_confirmed_dead" /><ref name="Guardian_SD_prodemocracy_activists" />

The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sudan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]],<ref name="Dabanga_military_seizes_power" /><ref name="AJE_defiant_anticoup_protesters" /> the [[Cabinet of Sudan#Ministers of the Hamdok Cabinet|Ministry of Information]]<ref name="Dabanga_world_condemns" /> and the Prime Minister's Office<ref name="MEE_Hamdok_escorted_home" /> refused to recognise the transfer of power, stating that the coup was a crime and that Hamdok remained prime minister.<ref name="Dabanga_world_condemns" /> On 26 October, the [[African Union]] suspended Sudan's membership, pending a return to power of the Hamdok government.<ref name="AJE_AU_suspends_Sudan" /> On 27 October, the [[European Union]], the [[United States]] and other western powers stated that they continued to recognise the Hamdok cabinet as "the constitutional leaders of the transitional government" and insisted on their ambassadors having access to Hamdok.<ref name="SudTrib_EU_recognises_Hamdok" />

Faced with internal and international resistance, al-Burhan declared his willingness to restore the Hamdok Cabinet on 28 October, although the deposed Prime Minister declined this initial offer, making any further dialogue conditional on the full restoration of the pre-coup system.<ref name="reuters291021">{{cite web |last=Abdelaziz |first=Khalid |date=29 October 2021 |title=Sudan's ousted PM wants coup reversed before talks, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-coup-leader-says-technocrat-will-lead-new-government-ousted-pm-could-2021-10-29/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031103548/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-coup-leader-says-technocrat-will-lead-new-government-ousted-pm-could-2021-10-29/ |archive-date=31 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |work=Reuters}}</ref> On 21 November 2021, Hamdok and al-Burhan signed a 14-point deal that reinstated Hamdok as prime minister and stated that all political prisoners would be freed. Civilian groups including [[Forces for Freedom and Change]] and the [[Sudanese Professionals Association]] rejected the deal, refusing continued power-sharing with the military.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan's Hamdok reinstated as PM after political agreement signed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/21/sudans-hamdok-reinstated-as-pm-after-political-agreement-signed |access-date=2021-11-21 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Hamdok resigned on 2 January 2022 amid continuing protests.

== Background ==
=== 2019 coup and revolution ===
{{main|Sudanese Revolution|2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy|2019 Sudanese coup d'état}}
President [[Omar al-Bashir]], who had ruled the country since the [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|1989 coup]], was overthrown by the military in April 2019 after weeks of [[Sudanese Revolution|mass protests]], with the [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|Transitional Military Council]] (TMC) taking power.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2019 |title=Omar al-Bashir: Sudan's ousted president |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16010445 |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023001523/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16010445 |url-status=live}}</ref> Protests continued for some months. The [[Khartoum massacre]] took place in June. The protestors represented by the [[Forces of Freedom and Change]] (FFC) agreed to a power-sharing deal with the military, creating the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sovereignty Council]] in August 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abdelhadi |first=Magdi |date=19 October 2021 |title=Sudan on the brink amid scramble for democracy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58970193 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025095458/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58970193 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> According to the TMC–FFC agreement, the transition process would last three years and three months. The Sovereignty Council was to be led by a military figure for 21 months, followed by a civilian leader for 18 months. The handover was planned to take place in November 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan's military takes power in coup, arrests prime minister |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-arrests-omar-al-bashir-c8d027c0a9e250fcb5a595bdc987d282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025035343/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-arrests-omar-al-bashir-c8d027c0a9e250fcb5a595bdc987d282 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>

=== September coup attempt ===
{{main|September 2021 Sudanese coup d'état attempt}}
In September 2021, a military coup attempt was thwarted by the government. According to the Minister of Information, the perpetrators were "remnants of the former regime" who tried to take control of the state broadcasters television buildings and the military central command. Following the incident, 40 officers were arrested.<ref name="Magdy" /><ref>{{cite web |author1=Mostafa Salem |author2=Nima Elbagir |author3=Yasir Abdullah |title=Sudanese government official says failed coup plotters were from Bashir regime |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/21/africa/sudan-failed-coup-attempt-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=CNN |date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160432/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/21/africa/sudan-failed-coup-attempt-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, tensions between the military and civilian leaders rose as military leaders started demanding reforms to the FFC coalition and called for the replacement of the cabinet.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=17 October 2021 |title=Sudan: Protesters demand military coup as crisis deepens |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58943013 |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023034248/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58943013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== October 2021 pre-coup protests ===
On 16 October, pro-military protests organized by the Charter of the National Accord were held in [[Khartoum]], during which protestors demanded a military coup. <ref>{{cite news |last=Ben Hammou |first=Salah  |title=Sudan's military coup seems to be supported by some civilian politicians. That's happened before. |access-date=25 October 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=25 October 2021 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/25/sudan-some-civilian-politicians-now-appear-want-military-rule-thats-happened-before/ }}</ref> They were allowed to reach the gates of the [[Presidential Palace, Khartoum|presidential palace]] with a negligible police presence. They called for General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]], chair of the Sovereignty Council, to seize control and take over the country.<ref name=":1" /> The pro-military protesters continued their sit-in outside the presidential palace in Khartoum through to 21 October.<ref name="AJE_Crowds_take_to" />

On 21 October, hundreds of thousands<ref name="AJE_Security_forces_fire" /><ref name="ThomReut_mass_protests" /> of pro-civilian protestors in cities around Sudan including Khartoum, [[Omdurman]], [[Port Sudan]] and [[Atbara]] took to the streets in support of the civilian government.<ref name="AJE_Crowds_take_to">{{cite news |title=Crowds take to Sudan's streets after calls for rival protests |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/21/supporters-of-civilian-rule-in-sudan-kick-off-rally-in-khartoum |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=Aljazeera |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025050053/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/21/supporters-of-civilian-rule-in-sudan-kick-off-rally-in-khartoum |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the demonstrations, Ibrahim al-Sheikh, a senior member of FFC, called on al-Burhan to resign, arguing that al-Burhan had ordered the use of force against a sit-in by protestors despite having promised not to. FFC had five issues of disagreement with military leaders: security reform, commercial activities by the military, forming a constitutional court, appointing an attorney-general and chief justice, and the transfer of the Chair of the Sovereignty Council to a civilian.<ref name="SudTrib_FFC_leader_calls_on_Burhan" />

On 24 October, pro-military protesters blocked some roads and bridges in Khartoum. Security forces used tear gas to disperse the crowds.<ref name="AJE_Security_forces_fire">{{cite news |title=Security forces fire tear gas to disperse protesters in Khartoum |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/24/sudan-political-tensions-continue-as-protesters-block-roads |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=Aljazeera |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025050034/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/24/sudan-political-tensions-continue-as-protesters-block-roads |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Negotiations and coup proposal====
Sudanese prime minister [[Abdalla Hamdok]] tried negotiating between civilian and military groups following the [[September 2021 Sudanese coup d'état attempt|September coup attempt]].<ref name="Dabanga_PM_briefs_envoys_FFC" />

On 26 November, General [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo|Hemetti]] stated in an ''[[Al Jazeera English]]'' interview that during the negotiations, both Hamdok and the military had made proposals, and that Hamdok had been aware of the plan for the coup that was later implemented. Hemetti stated, "What happened on October 25 was the ultimate outcome of a long process. Many discussions were made, and many initiatives proposed. ... We were left with three options, the best of which was the move we took, and it was completely agreeable to the prime minister himself. We did not make such a move on our own." Hamdok had earlier denied being aware of the plans for a military coup.<ref name="AJE_Hamdok_backed_coup_says_Hemetti" />

== Events ==
=== Coup takes place and government dissolved ===
Around dawn on 25 October 2021,<ref name="Dabanga_military_seizes_power" /> Sudan's military arrested at least five senior Sudanese government figures. Later, internet outages across Sudan were reported.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-25 |title=Sudan coup: Military dissolves civilian government and arrests leaders |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59033142 |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Wahba |first=Abdel Latif |last2=Marks |first2=Simon |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan Officials Detained, Communication Lines Cut in Apparent Military Coup |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-25/sudanese-gov-t-officials-detained-group-sees-apparent-coup |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211025103045/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-25/sudanese-gov-t-officials-detained-group-sees-apparent-coup |archive-date=25 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=Bloomberg |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan's civilian leaders arrested amid coup reports |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59033142 |access-date=25 October 2021 |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025050334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59033142 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Magdy">{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=2021-10-27 |title=Sudan arrests 3 coup critics as pressure mounts on military |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-omar-al-bashir-fd9e8c12620fb68504c5d786168d8a3c |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

According to a [[Reuters]] witness, members of the [[Rapid Support Forces]] were stationed on the streets of Khartoum during the time of the coup.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan's PM and other leaders detained in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/25/sudan-coup-fears-amid-claims-military-have-arrested-senior-government-officials |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press and Reuters |date=25 October 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025051315/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/25/sudan-coup-fears-amid-claims-military-have-arrested-senior-government-officials |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]]]]
Later that day, [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] declared a state of emergency and announced the dissolution of the government and the Sovereignty Council.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan's Burhan declares state of emergency, dissolves government |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-burhan-idUSKBN2HF0UV |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025141739/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-burhan-idUSKBN2HF0UV |url-status=live}}</ref> In a televised address, he stated that a new technocratic government would lead the country until the next elections, to be held in July 2023.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=25 October 2021 |title=Live: Sudan's General Burhan dissolves government, declares state of emergency |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211025-live-sudan-s-armed-forces-detain-pm-hamdok-for-refusing-to-join-coup |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025070416/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211025-live-sudan-s-armed-forces-detain-pm-hamdok-for-refusing-to-join-coup |url-status=live}}</ref> A day after the coup, al-Burhan said that his actions were justified to avoid a civil war in Sudan. He stated that the armed forces had had no option apart from arresting politicians who were allegedly carrying out "incitement" against the military.<ref name="ThomReut_Burhan_says_army" /> Al-Burhan denied that he had carried out a [[coup d'état]], but was rather "trying to rectify the path of the transition".<ref name="MEE_Hamdok_escorted_home" />

According to ''[[Sudan Tribune]]'', al-Burhan replaced "state governors, undersecretaries in the federal ministries, banks and public agencies directors" by members of the [[National Congress Party (Sudan)|National Congress Party]] that held power under former president [[Omar al-Bashir]].<ref name="SudTrib_NCP_returns_to_power" />

=== Arrests of government members ===
Military forces placed civilian Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok|Abdallah Hamdok]] under house arrest after besieging his home.<ref name="Aljazeera">{{cite news |title=Sudan's PM under house arrest, cabinet ministers detained: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/sudans-abdalla-hamdok-under-arrest-report |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=Aljazeera |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025031819/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/sudans-abdalla-hamdok-under-arrest-report |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamdok was pressured to make a statement supporting the coup, which he refused. He called for Sudanese to resist the coup and "defend their revolution". In response to his refusal to support the coup, Hamdok was moved with his wife on 25 October to an unknown location.<ref name="Dabanga_military_seizes_power" /> On 26 October, al-Burhan said that Hamdok was being detained in al-Burhan's own home to protect Hamdok from "danger".<ref name="ThomReut_Burhan_says_army" />

On 25 October, Industry Minister Ibrahim al-Sheikh, the governor of Khartoum, Ayman Khalid and Information Minister Hamza Baloul were also taken into custody.<ref name="Aljazeera" /><ref name="Magdy" /> Also arrested was a member of the ruling Sovereignty Council, Mohammed al-Fiky Suliman, and [[Faisal Mohammed Saleh]], a media adviser to the prime minister.<ref name="guard1" /> {{As of|2021|10|25}}, the location of the detainees is unknown. <ref name="SCMP" /> Witness reports stated that the military had been deployed across the capital, restricting the movement of civilians. International flights were suspended after the closure of [[Khartoum International Airport|Khartoum airport]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Resistance to the coup, arrests, and killings of civilians ===
{{see also|2019–2021 Sudanese protests#October 2021}}
The coup was met with resistance from pro-democracy Sudanese civilians, some of whom took to the streets of Khartoum in protest.<ref name="Dahir">Abdi Latif Dahir, [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/25/world/africa/sudan-coup-pro-democracy-protesters.html Troops opened fire on pro-democracy protesters who flooded the streets, with at least two reported killed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026200057/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/25/world/africa/sudan-coup-pro-democracy-protesters.html |date=26 October 2021 }}, ''New York Times'' (25 October 2021).</ref> The [[Sudanese Professionals Association]] and [[Forces of Freedom and Change|FFC]], two of the coalitions that coordinated the [[Sudanese Revolution]], called for mass [[civil disobedience]] and refusal to cooperate with the coup.<ref name="Dabanga_four_dead_Sudan_military_fire" /> The [[National Umma Party]] similarly denounced the arrests of the government ministers and called on the public to protest in the streets.<ref name="Magdy" /> The [[Sudanese Communist Party]] advocated for a workers' strike and mass civil disobedience.<ref name="Magdy" />

Following the arrest of the prime minister and civilian leaders, demonstrators started gathering in the streets of Khartoum, lighting car tires and setting up roadblocks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdallah |first1=Yasir |last2=El Damanhoury |first2=Kareem |last3=Salem |first3=Mostafa |last4=Deaton |first4=Jennifer |title=Sudan Prime Minister placed under house arrest by 'military forces,' information ministry says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/25/africa/sudan-military-prime-minister-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=CNN |date=25 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025052756/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/25/africa/sudan-military-prime-minister-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SCMP">{{cite news |title=Sudan's military arrests civilian leaders in apparent coup |url=https://scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3153564/signs-coup-sudan-armed-men-detain-government-officials |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=25 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025050935/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3153564/signs-coup-sudan-armed-men-detain-government-officials |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |last1=Dahir |first1=Abdi Latif |title=Live Updates: Sudan's Military Detains Prime Minister in Apparent Coup |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/10/25/world/sudan-protests/coup |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=25 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025071641/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/10/25/world/sudan-protests/coup |url-status=live}}</ref> Chants by the protestors included "the people are stronger", "retreat [to military rule] is impossible", "We are revolutionaries. We are free. We will complete the journey." A number of schools, banks and businesses were closed.<ref name="NYT_casting_democratic_transition" />

Some gunfire around Khartoum occurred throughout 25 October.<ref name="Dahir" /> According to the Information Ministry, the army used live rounds to disperse the protesters in the 25 October protests.<ref name=":3" /> Military forces tried to remove protestors' barricades and attacked civilians.<ref name="Dabanga_four_dead_Sudan_military_fire" /> The Central Committee of Sudanese Doctors reports that soldiers fired on protestors outside the Sudanese army headquarters in Khartoum, killing at least three people and injuring more than 80 people.<ref name="Dahir" /> Seven civilians were killed and over 140 injured during the protests.<ref name="casualties" /><ref>Khalid Abdelaziz, [https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/military-forces-arrest-senior-civilian-figures-sudan-al-hadath-tv-2021-10-25/ Seven killed, 140 hurt in protests against Sudan military coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026195619/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/military-forces-arrest-senior-civilian-figures-sudan-al-hadath-tv-2021-10-25/ |date=26 October 2021 }}, Reuters (26 October 2021).</ref> Military forces as well as gangs of thugs in plainclothes beat demonstrators in the street, with some being severely injured, and others being injured by cars driven into demonstrators.<ref name="Guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/26/patients-hid-under-beds-many-protesters-injured-after-sudan-coup 'Patients hid under beds': Sudan doctors refuse to hand injured protesters to soldiers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026194054/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/26/patients-hid-under-beds-many-protesters-injured-after-sudan-coup |date=26 October 2021 }}, ''The Guardian'' (26 October 2021).</ref> Medical personnel in Khartoum reported rebuffing demands from gun-wielding soldiers to hand over wounded demonstrators to them.<ref name="Guardian" /> Security forces conducted house-to-house arrests of protest organizers.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan coup: Seven protesters killed and dozens injured |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59045020 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025231830/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59045020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Socialist Doctors' Association stated that the Royal Care hospital near army headquarters was in "urgent need of blood". Three hundred protestors were arrested.<ref name="Dabanga_mass_protests_second_day" />

Plans for continued protests called the "Revolutionary Escalation Schedule" were published by the Joint Chamber of the Marches of the Millions for Civilian rule and Democratic Transition. The plans included vigils on highways and in front of government buildings and embassies, nightly marches starting on 29 October and mass protests on 30 October throughout Sudan, calling for a full transfer of power to civilians.<ref name="Dabanga_mass_protests_second_day" />

Protests continued on 26 October, with protestors chanting slogans, blocking roads and burning tyres.<ref name="Dabanga_mass_protests_second_day" /> There was civil disobedience, and schools, shops and petrol stations were closed in [[Geneina]].<ref name="ThomReut_Burhan_says_army" /> Protests outside of the capital took place in [[Omdurman]], [[Atbara]], [[Dongola]], [[El-Obeid]], [[Port Sudan]], [[Gezira (state)|Gezira]], and [[Red Sea State]].<ref name="Dabanga_mass_protests_second_day" /><ref name="ThomReut_Burhan_says_army" /><ref name="Dahir" /> Protests continued on 27 October in Khartoum and Atbara. "Most government and educational institutions were in complete paralysis" and travel between Khartoum and the states of Sudan had mostly stopped. Security forces used live fire while trying to remove protestors' road blocks in Khartoum. Demonstrations became large in Khartoum in the evening.<ref name="Dabanga_condemnations_civil_disobedience" /> Mass protests and strikes continued during 28 and 29 October.<ref name="reuters291021" />

On 30 October, mass protests called "Marches of the Millions" took place around Sudan against the coup.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudan coup: Protesters killed during large Oct 30 Marches of the Millions|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-coup-protesters-killed-during-large-oct-30-marches-of-the-millions|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Radio Dabanga|date=31 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dabanga_cautious_calm" /> Notwithstanding the difficulties of compiling the actual numbers during the ongoing Internet and telecommunications blackout, [[The Guardian]] estimated the numbers as "hundreds of thousands",<ref name="Guardian_three_killed" /> and [[Mada Masr]] spoke of "millions".<ref name="MadaMasr_millions_defy_military" /> Security forces used teargas and live bullets against protestors and set up barbed wire barricades. Protestors' chants included "No, not to military rule" and called for al-Burhan to be arrested and held in [[Kobar Prison]].<ref name="Guardian_three_killed" /> Protestors held pictures of al-Burhan and [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]] (Hemetti) covered in red.<ref name="ThomReut_two_shot_dead_doctors_say" /> Three unarmed protestors were shot dead outside the parliament building in Omdurman,<ref name="Guardian_three_killed" /> one dying from a chest wound in hospital. Injuries sustained by protestors included head and neck gunshot wounds and trauma from beatings with batons. Treatment for tear gas exposure was needed. One protestor was run over by a military vehicle. Protestors carried banners in support of Hamdok and criticising Egyptian president [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]. Protestors held signs stating, "the Emirates will not govern us, nor the implementation of Sisi."<ref name="MadaMasr_millions_defy_military" />

On 31 October, security forces assaulted protestors, forcing them to dismantle street barricades. The protestors rebuilt the barricades.<ref name="Guardian_protestors_seventh_day" /> Governmental and educational institutions, banks and shops remained closed. The [[Sudanese resistance committees|resistance committees]], the [[Sudanese Bankers Association]], the [[Bank of Khartoum]] and the [[Democratic Lawyers Alliance]] called for continued strikes and civil disobedience.<ref name="Dabanga_cautious_calm" />

On 4 November, three FFC members, Taha Osman, Hamza Farouk and Sharif Mohamed Osman, were arrested shortly after they met with [[Volker Perthes]], head of ''United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan'' (UNITAMS).<ref name="SudTrib_junta_arrests_3_FFC" /> On 5 November, the list of those detained included "government ministers, members of political parties, lawyers, civil society activists, journalists, human rights defenders, and protest leaders", and the detainees were held in unknown locations, without access to their lawyers or families, according to [[Michelle Bachelet]], the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]].<ref name="Dabanga_UNHRC_deeply_disturbing" />

On 17 November, mass protests organised by the [[Sudanese resistance committees]] took place across Sudan, including Khartoum, Wad Madani, Atbara, El Fasher and Port Sudan. Fifteen protestors were shot dead by the security forces, who raided hospitals and fired tear gas to block medical treatment of wounded survivors.<ref name="Dabanga_15_confirmed_dead" /> ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the killings as the "deadliest security clampdown to date" and described the "cycle of demonstration and use of lethal force in response" as similar to the early 2019 phase of the [[Sudan Revolution#Timeline|Sudan Revolution]]. Resistance committee members stated that they were consulting each other "about upping the escalation against the coup".<ref name="Guardian_SD_prodemocracy_activists" /> Chief of Police Khalid Mahdi Ibrahim stated that the police had not used firearms and was investigating the shootings. [[Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor]] described Ibrahim's comments as being part of a "framework of the de facto authority's policy of falsifying the facts" since the coup.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Monitor|first=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights|title=Sudan: Police chief statements regarding protests are false, an attempt to conceal brutality|url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/4731/Sudan:-Police-chief-statements-regarding-protests-are-false,-an-attempt-to-conceal-brutality|access-date=2021-11-23|website=[[Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120000222/https://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/4731/Sudan:-Police-chief-statements-regarding-protests-are-false,-an-attempt-to-conceal-brutality|archive-date=2021-11-20|date=2021-11-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Internet outages ===
Following the coup, Internet outages in Sudan were reported by international watchdog groups including [[NetBlocks]]. The outages were later corroborated by the Sudan Information Ministry.<ref name="Magdy" /> The Sudanese Journalists Network interpreted the reason for the Internet and telecommunications cutoffs to be the security forces' aim of "commit[ting] more crimes against the Sudanese" and hiding evidence of the security forces' involvement in attacks including the 3 June 2019 [[Khartoum massacre]].<ref name="Dabanga_internet_closed" /> On 9 November, a judge in a Khartoum court ordered the country's major providers (MTN, Zain, and Sudani) to restore Internet services immediately.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khartoum court rules end to Sudan's internet blackout|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/khartoum-court-rules-end-to-sudan-internet-blackout|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Radio Dabanga|date=9 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Media ===
Government-owned state television operated uninterrupted.<ref name="guard1" />

=== Government ministries and embassies ===
[[Mariam al-Mahdi]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sudan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] rejected the coup, stating that "any coup in the country is rejected" and that Sudanese would "resist [the coup] by all civil means." She described the arrest of Hamdok as "very dangerous and unacceptable".<ref name="Dabanga_military_seizes_power" /> On 26 October, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs supported al-Mahdi's earlier statement<ref name="AJE_defiant_anticoup_protesters" /> and al-Mahdi spoke directly to the [[Associated Press]], stating "We are still in our positions. We reject such coup and such unconstitutional measures."<ref name="Guardian_PM_allowed_home" />

On 25 October, the [[Cabinet of Sudan#Ministers of the Hamdok Cabinet|Ministry of Information]] declared that Hamdok was "still the legitimate transitional authority in the country" and called for the "immediate release of the prime minister and all detained officials." The Ministry also stated that "all unilateral measures and decisions taken by the military component lack any constitutional basis, violate the law, and are considered a crime."<ref name="Dabanga_world_condemns" />

On 26 October, the Prime Minister's office called for Hamdok's release from house arrest, stated that he continued to be "the executive authority recognized by the Sudanese people and the world," and called for civil disobedience and the release of the other government members.<ref name="MEE_Hamdok_escorted_home" />

On 30 October, the Hamdok Cabinet published a statement declaring that the military forces "[would] not find free Sudanese or true democratic revolutionary forces to be their partners in power."<ref name="ThomReut_two_shot_dead_doctors_say" />

The Sudanese ambassadors to France, Belgium and Switzerland stated their opposition to the coup and alignment with the civilian protestors. They stated, "We completely align ourselves with the heroic opposition [to the coup] followed by the entire world" and that their embassies represented "the Sudanese people and their revolution."<ref name="AJE_defiant_anticoup_protesters" /> The Sudanese ambassadors to China, South Africa, Qatar, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates also signed the statement.<ref name="SudTrib_nine_ambassadors" /> {{As of|2021|10|28}}, 42 Sudanese ambassadors and 21 other Sudanese diplomats had signed the statement. Al-Burhan issued a decree stating that five ambassadors (to France, Switzerland, Belgium and the European Union, China and Qatar) were sacked.<ref name="SudTrib_alBurhan_sacks_diplomats" />

=== Negotiations and mediation ===
On 27 October, al-Burhan met with Volker Perthes, [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General|United Nations Special Representative]] and head of the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS), in Khartoum. The army media office described the meeting as aiming to find "ways to get out of the crisis in order to achieve stability and peace in the country," while Perthes referred to "return[ing] to a comprehensive and urgent dialogue to restore partnership on the basis of the Constitutional Document and the Juba Peace Agreement."<ref name="Dabanga_UNITAMS_mediation_starts" /> The following day, al-Burhan made a radio announcement declaring that Hamdok would be allowed to be restored as Prime Minister with a cabinet of his choosing, and the deposed official declined this initial offer, stating that he would only return to lead the government if the pre-coup system be restored. Al-Burhan responded by also proposing a new government led by an independent technocrat. Some observers judged that despite local and international efforts to mediate between al-Burhan's forces and civilian groups, there was little progress, as large sections of the Sudanese public appeared to be no longer willing to return to the pre-coup power-sharing system.<ref name="reuters291021" />

Perthes spoke with [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]] (Hemetti), deputy head of the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan]] under the pre-coup transitional arrangements, on 29 October. Egyptian representatives contacted both al-Burhan and Hemetti.<ref name="MadaMasr_millions_defy_military" />

=== Reinstatement of Prime Minister ===
On 21 November 2021, Hamdok was reinstated as prime minister after a political agreement was signed by Sudan's top general [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] to restore the transition to civilian rule. The 14-point deal called for the release of all political prisoners detained during the coup and stipulated that a 2019 constitutional declaration be the basis for a political transition. However, the [[Forces of Freedom and Change|Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC)]] civilian coalition, which shared power with the military, and the [[Sudanese Professionals Association|Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA)]] both rejected the political deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/21/sudans-hamdok-reinstated-as-pm-after-political-agreement-signed|title=Sudan's Hamdok reinstated as PM after political agreement signed|website=Al Jazeera Media Network|date=November 21, 2021|access-date=November 21, 2021}}</ref> Large crowds of protestors also took to the streets to reject any deal involving the military.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-military-reinstate-ousted-pm-hamdok-after-deal-reached-umma-party-head-2021-11-21/|title=Sudan military reinstates prime minister but protests continue|website=Reuters|date=November 21, 2021|author=Khalid Abdelaziz|access-date=November 21, 2021}}</ref>

On 11 December 2021, Perthes briefed the UN-Security Council on the current situation in Sudan after Hamdok had been reinstated. In his report and analysis, he made the following remarks:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Perthes|first=Volker|date=2021-12-11|title=Security Council briefing on the UN Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS)|url=https://unitams.unmissions.org/en/security-council-briefing-un-integrated-transition-assistance-mission-sudan-unitams-2|access-date=2021-12-14|website=UNITAMS|language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Sudan’s military and political leaders will primarily have to rebuild trust with their own domestic public, particularly with the young generation. Immediate confidence-building measures and a visible commitment to bring the country back on a democratic transition path will be key. Similarly, Sudanese authorities will need to take demonstrable steps to regain financial, economic, and political support from the international community.|author=Volker Perthes|title=Security Council briefing on the UN Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan}}

Hamdok later resigned in January 2022 after two people were killed in further pro-democracy protests.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Alaa |last1=Elassar |first2=Pierre |last2=Meilhan |title=Sudan's Prime Minister resigns amid violent anti-coup protests that have left at least 57 people dead|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/02/world/sudan-protest-killed-anti-coup-security-forces/index.html|date=2022-01-02|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-02|title=Sudan PM Hamdok announces resignation in a TV speech|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220102-sudan-pm-hamdok-announces-resignation-in-a-tv-speech|access-date=2022-01-02|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref>

== Legal issues ==
On 29 October, 27 lawyers and twelve citizens' groups including the [[Sudan Doctors' Syndicate|Sudan Doctors Syndicate]], the General Banks Union, the [[Darfur Bar Association]], the Nuba Mountains Bar Association, the Women Lawyers Initiative for Change, the [[No to Oppression against Women Initiative]], [[MANSAM|Women of Sudanese Civic and Political Groups]] (MANSAM) and the Khatim Adlan Centre for Enlightenment (KACE) called for al-Burhan to respect the draft constitutional document.<ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial" /> In their view, the declaration of a state of emergency by al-Burhan, either in his role as the Sovereignty Council chair or as Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed forces, was illegal, and the suspension of Articles 11, 12, 15, 16 and 24, and items 3, 71 and 72 of the constitutional document was illegal.<ref name="Dabanga_lawyers_call_on_Burhan" />

== Analysis ==
According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', factors motivating the military to halt the transition to democracy included their personal risk of national or [[International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur|international war crimes charges]] and their risk of losing control of the gold trade.<ref name="NYT_casting_democratic_transition"/>

Jonas Horner of the [[International Crisis Group]] predicted strong civilian resistance to the coup and judged that the military had underestimated the likely strength of civil disobedience. He stated that the military "[had not] learned their lesson. As we saw post the revolution and post-Bashir, the streets were determined and civilians were willing to die for this."<ref name="ThomReut_Burhan_says_army" />

[[Alex de Waal]], researcher in African politics and executive director of the [[World Peace Foundation]], saw multiple reasons motivating [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan|al-Burhan]] and [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo]] (Hemetti) to carry out the coup. Under rule 10.(c) of the [[2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy|39-month transition to democracy]] agreed between military and civilians in 2019,<ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial" /> the Chair of the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan]] should be transferred to a civilian selected by the [[Forces of Freedom and Change|FFC]] civilian members of the Sovereignty Council in November 2021, leading to certain risks for al-Burhan and Hemetti. Al-Burhan and Hemetti would risk being implicated as perpetrators in the expected [[International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur|International Criminal Court trial]] of former Sudanese president [[Omar al-Bashir]] for [[war crime]]s, [[crimes against humanity]] and [[genocide]].<ref name="deWaal_why_army_gambling" /> They would also risk being charged in the [[Khartoum massacre investigation]] led by [[Nabil Adib]]<ref name="ThomReut_anti_NCP" /> into the 3 June 2019 [[Khartoum massacre]].<ref name="deWaal_why_army_gambling" />

In de Waal's view, after the transfer of the Sovereignty Council Chair to a civilian, al-Burhan and Hemetti would risk loss of military control of the national budget. They would also risk being affected by the ''Commission for Dismantling the 30 June 1989 Regime, Removal of Empowerment and Corruption, and Recovering Public Funds'' that could expose and disrupt military-owned commercial interests. De Waal also listed a shift to [[civilian control of the military]] in the second phase of the transition period as a concern for the two generals. De Waal described the coup as a "gamble" offering no practical solutions and risking "turmoil and bloodshed at home and pariah status abroad".<ref name="deWaal_why_army_gambling" />

Oscar Rickett, writing in ''[[Middle East Eye]]'', argued that [[Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo|Hemetti]] was a key person in the coup, with "Hemetti's troops [out] on the streets killing and injuring civilians" while Hemetti himself had "hardly been seen," "lurking in the background,"<ref name="MEE_where_is_Hemetti" /> Hemetti was seen by "smarter diplomats" and street protestors as backing the coup, but waiting to see how the situation developed, as in 2019, when he switched from defending president Omar al-Bashir to arresting him. Both al-Burhan and Hemetti had been "fierce, reliable lieutenants" of al-Bashir when he was in power. Both had "plundered the resources of Sudan for decades" according to Rickett. {{As of|2021|10}}, in Rickett's view, al-Burhan, trained in Cairo, is mostly supported by Egypt, while Hemetti and his brothers, owning gold mines and providing mercenaries for the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi war in Yemen]], are mostly supported by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia. According to Rickett, both al-Burhan and Hemetti "had to" carry out the coup to preserve their "sources of power and wealth" and prevent being investigated or charged for [[war crime]]s by the [[International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur]]. [[Nesrine Malik]] expressed concern that a massacre like the Egyptian [[August 2013 Rabaa massacre]] could take place if Hemetti replaced al-Burhan. Rickett described Hemetti as "know[ing] that he is repellent to the Sudanese out on the streets" and "that the coup is stumbling and that the people are holding firm," and waiting to make a decision on how to act.<ref name="MEE_where_is_Hemetti" />

In an analysis on ''[[Eurasia Review]]'', James M. Dorsey wrote that the Abu Dhabi Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Zayed]] and the UAE Deputy Prime Minister [[Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] had supported the grassroots opposition and rebel groups after the ousting al-Bashir in 2019. A former Sudanese intelligence head based in Abu Dhabi, General Abdel Ghaffar al-Sharif, also allegedly helped Sheikh Mansour in the background.<ref name="ER-03-11-2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/03112021-sudan-and-the-uae-pulling-sudanese-strings-analysis/|title=Sudan And The UAE: Pulling Sudanese Strings – Analysis|access-date=3 November 2021|website=Eurasia Review|date=2 November 2021}}</ref> The UAE and Saudi Arabia had pledged $3 billion in aid after the deposal of al-Bashir,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-emirates-saudi/sudan-has-received-half-the-3-billion-promised-by-saudi-arabia-and-uae-idUSKBN1WN137|title=Sudan has received half the $3 billion promised by Saudi Arabia and UAE|access-date=8 October 2019|website=Reuters|date=8 October 2019}}</ref> and in return, the Sudanese military leaders and the RSF had deployed their military personnel alongside the forces of the UAE and Saudi Arabia in Libya and Yemen. Dorsey wrote that by October 2021, the existence of the UAE-supported components of the Sudanese military led the UAE to favour the coup, and oppose Hamdok, who the UAE saw as "a thorn in the side of the armed forces."<ref name="ER-03-11-2021" /> The former finance minister of Sudan, Ibrahim al-Badawi, had also claimed that state revenues from meat exports to Saudi Arabia had been diverted to military funds and that a Swiss-based firm had collected the income of the civil aviation authorities and transferred it to an Emirati bank account.<ref name=ER-03-11-2021 /> The UAE was active in encouraging Sudan to recognize Israel, after the Emirates signed the [[Abraham Accords]]. The UAE organized a secret meeting between the Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and Sudan's General al-Burhan in early 2020, according to ''[[Middle East Eye]]'', in which Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok was absent.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/why-did-sudanese-general-burhan-agree-meet-netanyahu|title=Why did Sudanese general Burhan agree to meet with Netanyahu?|access-date=4 February 2020|website=Middle East Eye}}</ref>

== International reactions ==

* {{Flag_icon|China}} Chinese foreign ministry spokesman [[Wang Wenbin]] on Monday said Beijing called on "relevant parties in Sudan to resolve differences through dialogue and maintain national peace and stability." "China will closely follow the developments and take necessary measures to ensure the safety and security of Chinese institutions and people in Sudan," Wang said.
* {{Flag_icon|Egypt}} Egypt "urged all parties to work to ensure 'stability and security'" and to "give priority to the higher interest of the country and national consensus."
* {{Flag_icon|Saudi Arabia}} Saudi Arabia called for "restraint" and for "Sudanese factions to unify and 'preserve the political and economic gains that [had] been achieved."
* {{Flag_icon|United Arab Emirates}} The United Arab Emirates called for "stability."
* {{Flag_icon|Bahrain}} Bahrain expressed "confidence" that Sudanese would "overcome the crisis through dialogue and understanding."<ref name="AP_UNSC_to_discuss_Sudan">{{cite news |title=The Latest: UN Security Council to discuss Sudan on Tuesday |language=en |newspaper=ABC News |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/latest-us-urges-sudans-military-stand-80767518 |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211029042648/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/latest-us-urges-sudans-military-stand-80767518 |archive-date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
* {{Flag_icon|Russia}} Russia stated that "outside powers" had interfered in Sudan. Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] said that the coup "appeared to be rooted in the shortcomings of the transitional government."<ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2021 |title=Sudan military coup: Russia blames 'outside powers' for transitional failures |newspaper=[[France 24]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20211026-sudan-military-coup-russia-blames-outside-powers-for-transitional-failures |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211029043641/https://www.france24.com/en/video/20211026-sudan-military-coup-russia-blames-outside-powers-for-transitional-failures |archive-date=29 October 2021}}</ref>

=== Opposition to the coup ===
====States and intergovernmental organizations====
The coup, as well as the killings of civilian protestors, was denounced by some members of the [[international community]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=2021-10-26 |title=Sudan's prime minister, detained after coup, returns home |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-coup-protesters-537e14871a64dbc634430c60b7c662b5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027013551/https://apnews.com/article/sudan-coup-protesters-537e14871a64dbc634430c60b7c662b5 |archive-date=2021-10-27 |access-date=2021-10-27 |website=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/defiant-sudan-protester-deaths-mount-as-international-community-condemns-coup/ Deaths of Sudan protesters mount as international community condemns coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026165220/https://www.timesofisrael.com/defiant-sudan-protester-deaths-mount-as-international-community-condemns-coup/ |date=26 October 2021 }}, [[Agence France-Presse]] (26 October 2021).</ref>

* {{Flag_icon|United States}} The United States condemned the coup and called upon the Sudanese military to immediately release the civilian officials, halt violence against protestors, and restore the transitional government. President Biden condemned the actions of the military and demanded the restoration of the civilian government, stating "Together, our message to Sudan's military authorities is overwhelming and clear: The Sudanese people must be allowed to protest peacefully, and the civilian-led transitional government must be restored."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/28/statement-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr-on-the-international-response-to-events-in-sudan/ |website=White house gov|title=Statement by President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. On the International Response to Events in Sudan|date=28 October 2021}}</ref> The US froze $700 million in economic aid to Sudan's government.<ref>{{cite news |author=Lara Jakes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/25/world/africa/us-aid-frozen-sudan.html |newspaper=New York Times |date=25 October 2021 |title=The U.S. cut off aid to the Sudanese government after the coup.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2021 |author=Matthew Lee |work=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-khartoum-96e7b33b6e1045fce01189e81b36814a |title=US condemns Sudan coup, suspends $700 million in aid}}</ref> The coup was also condemned by the governments of France, Germany, and the United Kingdom.<ref name="AJE_Utterly_unacceptable" /><ref name="MoFA, Ethiopia">{{cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title=Statement of the Government of Ethiopia on the Current Situation in the Sudan |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, FDR Ethiopia |format=Press Release |url=https://twitter.com/mfaethiopia/status/1452628784700612618 |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025200114/https://twitter.com/mfaethiopia/status/1452628784700612618 |archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wheeler |first1=Richard |last2=Bet |first2=Martina |title=UK government "most strongly condemns" Sudanese military, after it arrested the country's prime minister |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/sudan-coup-uk-government-condemns-the-military-3432468 |access-date=29 October 2021 |work=The Scotsman |date=26 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Flag_icon|France}} French President Emmanuel Macron condemned the coup attempt in Sudan and called for the immediate release of the Sudanese Prime Minister and civilian members of the government. “France condemns in the strongest terms the attempted coup d’état," he said, adding that France supports the transitional government that had been tasked with steering Sudan towards democratic elections.
* {{Flag_icon|United Kingdom}} Foreign Office minister [[Vicky Ford]] condemned the coup, saying "The acts of the military today represent an unacceptable betrayal of the Sudanese people and their journey to democracy."<ref>{{Cite web|title=UK government "most strongly condemns" Sudanese military, after it arrested the country's prime minister|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/sudan-coup-uk-government-condemns-the-military-3432468|access-date=4 November 2021|website=www.scotsman.com|date=26 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The United Nations (UN) Security Council met in an emergency session to discuss the unfolding crisis in Sudan. But the five permanent members failed to agree on a joint statement after China and Russia refused to threaten sanctions against the coup leaders, should they refuse to comply with demands aimed at de-escalating the situation. "All states have their own interests and ideas about Sudan," Volker Perthes, the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Sudan, told German broadcaster Deutschlandfunk."Yesterday, we saw that the analysis of, for example, Russia on the one hand and the US and Western states on the other hand, are still far apart," Perthes said.

* {{Flag icon|EU}} [[European Union]]: The European Union foreign affairs chief [[Josep Borrell]] and [[Secretary General of the Arab League|Secretary General]] of the Arab League [[Ahmed Aboul Gheit]] expressed concern.<ref name=":2" /> Borrell called for "the security forces to immediately release those they have unlawfully detained."<ref name="AJE_Utterly_unacceptable" />
* {{Flagicon|UN}} [[United Nations]]: United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] condemned the coup, calling for the prime minister to be released. He added that the UN would "continue to stand" with the Sudanese people and that "there must be full respect for the constitutional charter to protect the hard-won political transition."<ref name="Dabanga_UNSG_calls_immediate_release" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Mackintosh |first2=Eliza |date=26 October 2021 |title=The military has taken over Sudan. Here's what happened |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/25/africa/sudan-coup-explained-intl-cmd/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026012540/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/25/africa/sudan-coup-explained-intl-cmd/index.html |archive-date=26 October 2021}}</ref> Volker Perthes, the  [[Diplomatic rank|Special Representative]] of the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] (SRSG) for Sudan<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=25 October 2021 |title=The Latest: China urges dialogue between Sudan's factions |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-middle-east-africa-sudan-united-states-386c829dbba1efcba72d8e9fd4c411b5 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=AP NEWS |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025085630/https://apnews.com/article/europe-middle-east-africa-sudan-united-states-386c829dbba1efcba72d8e9fd4c411b5 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[African Union]] (AU) issued similar statements.<ref name="AJE_Utterly_unacceptable" />
* {{Flagicon|African Union}} [[African Union]]: On 26 October, the African Union suspended Sudan's membership. The condition for restoring full membership of the AU is "the effective restoration" of the [[Cabinet of Sudan#2019–2022 Transitional Cabinet|transitional government]].<ref name="AJE_AU_suspends_Sudan" />

The World Bank suspended its aid to Sudan following the military coup.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2021 |title=Sudan coup: World Bank suspends aid after military takeover |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59066654 |access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>

On 27 October, representatives of the [[European Union]], Norway, Switzerland, the United States and the United Kingdom declared that their countries "continue to recognize the Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok|Hamdok]] and his cabinet as the constitutional leaders of the transitional government." They stated that the ambassadors in Khartoum had to be given access to communicate with and visit Hamdok and called for the political detainees to be released.<ref name="SudTrib_EU_recognises_Hamdok" />

====Citizens' associations====
Edmund Yakani, leader of Community Empowerment for Progress Organization, a [[South Sudan]]ese [[non-governmental organization|NGO]], condemned the arrest of Hamdok.<ref name="SudTrib_civil_society_group" /> He said that the arrest of Hamdok, the chair of the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] (IGAD), an eight-country regional [[trade bloc]], was "the first time in the continent that a sitting chair of a regional economic body like IGAD [was] under detention." Yakani stated that Hamdok's arrest put at risk both the [[Sudanese peace process]] and the South Sudanese peace process, in which each country provided mediation for the other country's internal conflicts.<ref name="SudTrib_civil_society_decries" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Dabanga_military_seizes_power">{{cite news |title=Sudan military seizes power, arrests PM and civilian Ministers in dawn coup |date=25 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-military-seizes-power-arrests-pm-and-civilian-ministers-in-dawn-coup |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025221156/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-military-seizes-power-arrests-pm-and-civilian-ministers-in-dawn-coup |archive-date=25 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_four_dead_Sudan_military_fire">{{cite news |title=At least four dead as Sudan military fire on anti-coup demonstrators |date=25 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/at-least-four-dead-as-sudan-military-fires-on-anti-coup-demonstrators |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025221251/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/at-least-four-dead-as-sudan-military-fires-on-anti-coup-demonstrators |archive-date=25 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_UNSG_calls_immediate_release">{{cite news |title=UN Secretary-General calls for immediate release of Sudan PM, officials |date=25 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/un-secretary-general-calls-for-immediate-release-of-sudan-pm-officials |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025221226/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/un-secretary-general-calls-for-immediate-release-of-sudan-pm-officials |archive-date=25 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_Utterly_unacceptable">{{cite news |title='Utterly unacceptable': World reacts to Sudan 'coup' |date=25 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/world-leaders-react-to-sudan-arrests |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025234928/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/world-leaders-react-to-sudan-arrests |archive-date=25 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NYT_casting_democratic_transition">{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Dahir |first2=Abdi Latif |last3=Marks |first3=Simon |title=Sudan's Military Seizes Power, Casting Democratic Transition Into Chaos |date=25 October 2021 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/25/world/africa/sudan-military-coup.html |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026000717/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/25/world/africa/sudan-military-coup.html |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ThomReut_mass_protests">{{cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |title=Mass protests held in Sudan against prospect of military rule |date=21 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Thomson Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mass-protests-sudan-against-prospect-military-rule-2021-10-21/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026005026/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mass-protests-sudan-against-prospect-military-rule-2021-10-21 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_mass_protests_second_day">{{cite news |title=Sudan coup: mass protests enter their second day |date=26 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-coup-mass-protests-enter-their-second-day-1 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026113031/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-coup-mass-protests-enter-their-second-day-1 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ThomReut_Burhan_says_army">{{cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |title=Sudan's Burhan says army ousted government to avoid civil war |date=26 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Thomson Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/telecommunications-interrupted-sudan-after-coup-2021-10-26 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211026170334/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/telecommunications-interrupted-sudan-after-coup-2021-10-26/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_world_condemns">{{cite news |title=World condemns Sudan's military coup, US withdraws aid |date=26 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/world-condemns-sudan-s-military-coup-us-withdraws-aid |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026171625/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/world-condemns-sudan-s-military-coup-us-withdraws-aid |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_defiant_anticoup_protesters">{{cite news |first1=Virginia |last1=Pietromarchi |first2=Usaid |last2=Siddiqui |title=Defiant anti-coup protesters return to Sudan streets: Live |date=26 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/26/protesters-in-sudan-return-to-the-streets-against-military-coup |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211026200836/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/26/protesters-in-sudan-return-to-the-streets-against-military-coup |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_Hamdok_escorted_home">{{cite web |title=Sudan coup 2021: Live updates – PM Abdalla Hamdok escorted back home |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=26 October 2021 |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live/sudan-military-coup-latest-updates-live-blog |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211026203802/https://www.middleeasteye.net/live/sudan-military-coup-latest-updates-live-blog |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian_PM_allowed_home">{{cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |title=Sudan coup: deposed PM allowed home as general says politicians 'stirred up strife' |date=26 October 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/27/sudan-coup-deposed-pm-allowed-home-as-general-says-politicians-stirred-up-strife |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027055244/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/27/sudan-coup-deposed-pm-allowed-home-as-general-says-politicians-stirred-up-strife |archive-date=27 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SudTrib_civil_society_decries">{{cite news |title=South Sudan's civil society decries military takeover in Sudan |date=26 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article222536 |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211027061443/https://sudantribune.com/article222536/ |archive-date=27 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SudTrib_civil_society_group">{{cite news |title=Civil society group urges dialogue to resolve Sudan's crisis |date=26 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article222531 |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211027060951/https://sudantribune.com/article222531/ |archive-date=27 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SudTrib_nine_ambassadors">{{cite news |title=Sudanese ambassadors condemn military coup, as al-Mahdi pledges resistance |date=27 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article222553 |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211027124633/https://sudantribune.com/article222553/ |archive-date=27 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_AU_suspends_Sudan">{{cite news |title=African Union suspends Sudan over coup |date=27 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera English]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/african-union-suspends-sudan-over-coup |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027130242/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/27/african-union-suspends-sudan-over-coup |archive-date=27 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SudTrib_EU_recognises_Hamdok">{{cite news |title=We recognize Hamdok as leader of Sudan's transition: EU, Troika envoys |date=27 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article222571 |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175037/https://sudantribune.com/article222571 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SudTrib_FFC_leader_calls_on_Burhan">{{cite news |title=Sudan ruling FFC leader calls on Burhan to hand over power to civilians |date=22 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article222444 |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027114627/https://sudantribune.com/article222444 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="deWaal_why_army_gambling">{{cite news |last1=de Waal |first1=Alex |author1-link=Alex de Waal |title=Sudan coup: Why the army is gambling with the future |date=27 October 2021 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59050473 |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027222613/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59050473 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial">{{cite web |last1=FFC |last2=TMC |last3=IDEA |last4=Reeves |first4=Eric |author1-link=Forces of Freedom and Change |author2-link=Transitional Military Council (2019) |author3-link=International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance |author4-link=Eric Reeves |title=Sudan: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period |website=sudanreeves.org |date=10 August 2019 |url=https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101224127/https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |archive-date=1 November 2019 |url-status=live}} {{web archive|url=https://archive.today/20211027230755/https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |date=27 October 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="ThomReut_anti_NCP">{{cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |title=Tens of thousands rally against former ruling party in Sudan |date=21 October 2019 |agency=[[Thomson Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics/tens-of-thousands-rally-against-former-ruling-party-in-sudan-idUSKBN1X01Y2 |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301010609/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics/tens-of-thousands-rally-against-former-ruling-party-in-sudan-idUSKBN1X01Y2 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SudTrib_alBurhan_sacks_diplomats">{{cite news |title=Al-Burhan sacks Sudanese prodemocracy diplomats |date=28 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Sudan Tribune]] |url=https://sudantribune.com/article222580 |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028114013/https://sudantribune.com/article222580 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_UNITAMS_mediation_starts">{{cite news |title=Gen El Burhan meets UNITAMS head to discuss crisis in Sudan |date=28 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/gen-el-burhan-meets-unitams-head-to-discuss-crisis-in-sudan |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211028120005/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/gen-el-burhan-meets-unitams-head-to-discuss-crisis-in-sudan |archive-date=28 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_condemnations_civil_disobedience">{{cite news |title=Condemnations, civil disobedience actions against Sudan military coup continue |date=28 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/condemnations-civil-disobedience-actions-against-sudan-military-coup-continue |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211028130531/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/condemnations-civil-disobedience-actions-against-sudan-military-coup-continue |archive-date=28 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_internet_closed">{{cite news |title=Sudan coup: Detentions continue, internet remains closed |date=28 October 2021 |newspaper=[[Radio Dabanga]] |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-coup-detention-campaign-continues-internet-remains-closed |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211028131714/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-coup-detention-campaign-continues-internet-remains-closed |archive-date=28 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="EACC_appeal_to_US_Congress">{{cite web | title= Ethiopian Diaspora: Appeal to the U.S. Congress and the Biden Administration Following the Coup D'Etat in the Republic of Sudan | website= [[PR Newswire]] |date = 29 October 2021 | url = https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ethiopian-diaspora-appeal-to-the-us-congress-and-the-biden-administration-following-the-coup-detat-in-the-republic-of-sudan-301412157.html | access-date = 30 October 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20211029222016/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ethiopian-diaspora-appeal-to-the-us-congress-and-the-biden-administration-following-the-coup-detat-in-the-republic-of-sudan-301412157.html |archive-date= 29 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> -->

<ref name="MadaMasr_millions_defy_military">{{cite news | title= Millions turn out across Sudan to defy military takeover, met with harsh violence from joint security forces | date= 30 October 2021 |newspaper= [[Mada Masr]] | url= https://www.madamasr.com/en/2021/10/30/news/u/millions-turn-out-across-sudan-to-defy-military-takeover-met-with-harsh-violence-from-joint-security-forces |access-date= 31 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211031022206/https://www.madamasr.com/en/2021/10/30/news/u/millions-turn-out-across-sudan-to-defy-military-takeover-met-with-harsh-violence-from-joint-security-forces |archive-date= 31 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian_three_killed">{{cite news | last1= Beaumont | first1= Peter | title= Sudan democracy march: three protesters killed as security forces open fire | date= 30 October 2021 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/30/sudan-coup-call-for-march-of-millions-to-challenge-military-takeover |access-date= 31 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211030234547/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/30/sudan-coup-call-for-march-of-millions-to-challenge-military-takeover |archive-date= 30 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="ThomReut_two_shot_dead_doctors_say">{{cite news | last1= Abdelaziz | first1= Khalid | title= Two people shot dead during nationwide protests against Sudan coup, doctors say | date= 30 October 2021 |newspaper= [[Thomson Reuters]] | url= https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-set-nationwide-protests-against-military-coup-2021-10-29 |access-date= 31 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211030152607/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-set-nationwide-protests-against-military-coup-2021-10-29 |archive-date= 30 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian_protestors_seventh_day">{{cite news | title= Sudan coup protesters return to barricades on seventh day of unrest | date= 31 October 2021 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/31/sudan-coup-protesters-man-barricades-on-seventh-day-of-unrest |access-date= 31 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211031211412/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/31/sudan-coup-protesters-man-barricades-on-seventh-day-of-unrest |archive-date= 31 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_cautious_calm">{{cite news | title= 'Cautious calm' in Sudan capital after new mass protests | date= 1 November 2021 |newspaper= [[Radio Dabanga]] | url= https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/cautious-calm-in-sudan-capital-after-new-mass-protests |access-date= 1 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211101124846/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/cautious-calm-in-sudan-capital-after-new-mass-protests |archive-date= 1 November 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="MEE_where_is_Hemetti">{{cite news | last1= Rickett | first1= Oscar | title= Sudan coup: Where is Hemeti?  | date= 29 October 2021 |newspaper= [[Middle East Eye]] | url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-coup-where-is-hemeti |access-date= 1 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211031111727/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-coup-where-is-hemeti |archive-date= 31 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_lawyers_call_on_Burhan">{{cite news | title= Sudanese lawyers, activists call on Gen El Burhan to reverse putsch | date= 1 November 2021 |newspaper= [[Radio Dabanga]] | url= https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-lawyers-activists-call-on-gen-el-burhan-to-reverse-putsch |access-date= 1 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211101220407/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-lawyers-activists-call-on-gen-el-burhan-to-reverse-putsch |archive-date= 1 November 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="SudTrib_junta_arrests_3_FFC">{{cite news | title= Sudan junta arrests 3 FFC leading members | date= 4 November 2021 |newspaper= [[Sudan Tribune]] | url= https://sudantribune.com/article222713 |access-date= 6 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211105170537/https://sudantribune.com/article222713 |archive-date= 5 November 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_UNHRC_deeply_disturbing">{{cite news | title= UN Human Rights Commissioner calls Sudan's coup 'deeply disturbing' as human rights are violated | date= 5 November 2021 |newspaper= [[Radio Dabanga]] | url= https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/un-human-rights-commissioner-calls-sudan-s-coup-deeply-disturbing-as-human-rights-are-violated |access-date= 6 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211106000406/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/un-human-rights-commissioner-calls-sudan-s-coup-deeply-disturbing-as-human-rights-are-violated |archive-date= 6 November 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="SudTrib_NCP_returns_to_power">{{cite news | title= Bashir's NCP returns to power in Sudan after recent coup: PCP | date= 2021-11-07 |newspaper= [[Sudan Tribune]] | url= https://sudantribune.com/article222768 |access-date= 2021-11-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211109004633/https://sudantribune.com/article222768 |archive-date= 2021-11-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_15_confirmed_dead">{{cite news | title= 15 confirmed dead in Sudan protest carnage | date= 2021-11-18 |newspaper= [[Radio Dabanga]] | url= https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/15-confirmed-dead-in-sudan-protest-carnage |access-date= 2021-11-19 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211119004624/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/15-confirmed-dead-in-sudan-protest-carnage |archive-date= 2021-11-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Guardian_SD_prodemocracy_activists">{{cite news | last1= Beaumont | first1= Peter | title= Sudan pro-democracy activists call for escalation after lethal crackdown | date= 2021-11-18 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] | url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/18/sudan-pro-democracy-activists-call-for-escalation-after-lethal-crackdown |access-date= 2021-11-19 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211119011242/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/18/sudan-pro-democracy-activists-call-for-escalation-after-lethal-crackdown |archive-date= 2021-11-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Dabanga_PM_briefs_envoys_FFC">{{cite news | title= Sudan PM briefs envoys, FFC on talks with military | date= 2021-10-08 |newspaper= [[Radio Dabanga]] | url= https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-pm-briefs-envoys-ffc-on-talks-with-military |access-date= 2021-11-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211010103137/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-pm-briefs-envoys-ffc-on-talks-with-military |archive-date= 2021-10-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="AJE_Hamdok_backed_coup_says_Hemetti">{{cite news | title= Sudan's PM Hamdok backed military takeover, says general | date= 2021-11-26 |newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]] | url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/26/sudan-pm-hamdok-backed-military-takeover-general-dagalo |access-date= 2021-11-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211126132952/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/26/sudan-pm-hamdok-backed-military-takeover-general-dagalo |archive-date= 2021-11-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

{{Sudan topics}}
{{Sudanese coups}}
{{Sudanese Revolution}}
{{African coups d'état}}
{{Coup d'état}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudanese coup d'etat, October 2021}}
[[Category:2021 in Sudan]]
[[Category:2020s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:21st century in Khartoum]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2021]]
[[Category:Military coups in Sudan|2021]]
[[Category:October 2021 events in Africa]]
[[Category:Political history of Sudan|October 2021 coup d'état]]
[[Category:Sudanese revolution|October 2021 coup d'etat]]
[[Category:Self-coups]]