View source for Buk missile system

{{Short description|Soviet surface-to-air missile system}}
{{other uses|Buk (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = 9K37 Buk <br /><small>[[List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-air missiles|NATO reporting name]]:<br /> SA-11 Gadfly, SA-17 Grizzly, SA-N-7 Gadfly</small>
| image              = [[File:Buk-M1-2 air defence system in 2010.jpg|350px|left|Buk-M1-2 air defence system in 2010]]
| caption            = From left to right: Buk-M1-2 TAR, TELAR and TEL vehicles in 2010
| origin             = Soviet Union; later Russia
| type               = Medium range [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] system
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = 
| is_bladed          = 
| is_explosive       = 
| is_artillery       = 
| is_vehicle         = yes
| is_missile         = 
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1980–present
| used_by            = {{section link|9K37 Buk|Operators}}
| wars               = * [[Russo-Georgian War]]
* [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
** [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]]
** [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
* [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]]
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = {{Collapsible list
 | style=margin-left:1em;
 | title=[[Almaz-Antey]]:
 | [[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design|Tikhomirov NIIP]] (lead designer)
 | [[NPO Novator|Lyulev Novator]] (SA missile designer)
 | [[MNIIRE Altair]] (naval version designer)
 | [[NIIIP]] (surveillance radar designer)
 | [[Dolgoprudny Scientific Production Plant|DNPP]] (missiles)
 | [[Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant|UMZ]] (TELARs)
 | [[Kalinin Machine-building Plant|MZiK]] (TELs)<ref>{{cite news |title=Big Russian flotilla led by Admiral Kuznetsov carrier heads for Syrian port |url=http://www.debka.com/article/7813 |work=[[DEBKAfile]] |date=21 August 2008 |access-date=23 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812113238/http://debka.com/article/7813/ |archive-date=12 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 }}<br />[[Kalashnikov Concern|Kalashnikov]]: [[Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant|MMZ]] ([[GM chassis]])
| design_date        = 1972
| manufacturer       = 
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = {{collapsible list
 | title=Land:
 | 9K37 "Buk"
 | 9K37M
 | 9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
 | 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2"
 | 9K37M1-2A
 | 9K317 "Buk-M2"
 | 9K317M "Buk-M3"
 }}
{{collapsible list
 | title=Naval:
 | 3S90 (M-22)
 | 3S90M
 | 3S90E.1
 |
 }}
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = 
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| crew               = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = 
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| wingspan           = 
| propellant         = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = 
| ceiling            = 
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| guidance           = 
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| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = 
| transport          = 
}}
The '''Buk''' ({{langx|ru|link=no|"Бук"}}; "[[beech]]" (tree), {{IPAc-en|b|ʊ|k}}) is a family of [[self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon|self-propelled]], medium-range [[surface-to-air missile]] systems developed by the [[Soviet Union]] and its successor state, the [[Russian Federation]], and designed to counter cruise missiles, smart bombs and [[helicopter|rotary-wing aircraft]], and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} In the Russian [[Anti-access/area denial|A2AD]] network, Buk is located between the [[S-200 missile system|S-200]]/[[S-300 missile system|300]]/[[S-400 missile system|400]] systems above and the point defense [[Tor missile system|Tor]] and [[Pantsir missile system|Pantsir]] type systems below.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-03 |title=The Russia - NATO A2AD Environment |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/russia-nato-a2ad-environment/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Missile Threat |language=en-US}}</ref>

A standard Buk battalion consists of a command vehicle, [[target acquisition radar]] (TAR) vehicle, six [[transporter erector launcher and radar]] (TELAR) vehicles and three transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles. A Buk missile battery consists of two TELAR (four missiles apiece) and one TEL vehicle, with six missiles for a full complement of 14 missiles.

The Buk missile system is the successor to the [[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design|NIIP]]/[[Vympel NPO|Vympel]] [[2K12 Kub]] ([[List of NATO reporting names for surface-to-air missiles|NATO reporting name]] SA-6 "Gainful").{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} The first version of Buk adopted into service carried the [[GRAU]] designation '''9K37 Buk''' and was identified in the west with the NATO reporting name "'''Gadfly'''" as well as the [[US Department of Defense]] (DoD) designation '''SA-11'''.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

With the integration of a new missile, the Buk-M1-2 and Buk-M2 systems also received a new NATO reporting name '''Grizzly''' and a new DoD designation '''SA-17'''. Since 2013, the latest incarnation "Buk-M3" is currently in production and active service with a new DoD designation '''SA-27'''.<ref name="RIANovosti-Buk-M3">{{cite news |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20131228/186030477/Russian-Troops-to-Start-Getting-Advanced-Air-Defense-Systems-in-2016.html |title=Russian Troops to Start Getting Advanced Air Defense Systems in 2016 |access-date=29 December 2013 |agency=RIA Novosti |date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232619/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20131228/186030477/Russian-Troops-to-Start-Getting-Advanced-Air-Defense-Systems-in-2016.html |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TASS-Buk-M3">{{cite news |url=https://tass.com/defense/1167881 |title=Buk-M3 anti-aircraft systems intercept long-range spy drones in western Russia drills |agency=RIA Novosti |date=15 June 2020}}</ref>

A naval version of the system, designed by [[MNIIRE Altair]] (currently part of [[GSKB Almaz-Antey]]) for the [[Russian Navy]], received the [[GRAU]] designation '''3S90M''' and will be identified with the NATO reporting name '''Gollum''' and a DoD designation '''SA-N-7C''', according to ''[[Jane's|Jane's Missiles & Rockets]]''. The naval system was scheduled for delivery in 2014.<ref name="janes-shtil">{{cite news |url=http://www.janes.com/article/29578/russian-navy-to-receive-first-shtil-sam-systems-in-2014 |title=Russian Navy to receive first Shtil SAM systems in 2014 |access-date=29 December 2013 |agency=IHS Jane's Missiles & Rockets |date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001407/http://www.janes.com/article/29578/russian-navy-to-receive-first-shtil-sam-systems-in-2014 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A Buk missile was used to shoot down [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17]] over Ukraine in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-24 |title=MH17 missile owned by Russian brigade, investigators say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44235402 |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Development==
Development of the 9K37 "Buk" started on 17 January 1972 at the request of the [[Central Committee of the CPSU]].<ref name="PVO">{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk.htm |title=9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly) |language=ru |access-date=20 August 2008 |website=Vestnik PVO |date=17 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819235322/http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk.htm |archive-date=19 August 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The development team included many of the same institutions that had developed the previous 2K12 "Kub" (NATO reporting name "Gainful", SA-6), including the [[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design]] (NIIP) as the lead designer and the [[NPO Novator|Novator]] design bureau, which was responsible for the development of the missile armament.<ref name="PVO"/> {{ill|Agat Moscow Research Institute|lt=Agat|ru|Московский научно-исследовательский институт «Агат»}} were employed to develop [[homing missile|radar-homing]] capacities <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kopp |first1=Carlo |title=NIIP 9K37/9K37M1/9K317 Buk M1/M2 Self Propelled Air Defence System / SA-11/17 Gadfly/Grizzly НИИП Cамоходный Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 9К37/9К37М1/9К317 Бук М1/М2 |url=https://www.ausairpower.net/APA-9K37-Buk.html |website=Air Power Australia|date=12 July 2009 |pages=1 }}- accessed 3 March 2020</ref> In addition to the land-based system, a marine system was to be produced for the Navy: the 3S90 "Uragan" ({{langx|ru|link=no|"Ураган"}}; ''[[hurricane]]'') which also carries the SA-N-7 and "Gadfly" designations.<ref name="jnavy">{{cite web |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Naval-Weapon-Systems/SA-N7-Gadfly-3K90-M-22-Uragan-ShtilSA-N7B-Grizzly-9K37-Ezh-Shtil-1SA-N7C-Gollum9M317E-Russian-Federation.html |title=SA-N-7 'Gadfly' (3K90 M-22 Uragan/Shtil)/SA-N-7B 'Grizzly' (9K37 Ezh/Shtil-1)/SA-N-7C 'Gollum'(9M317E) (Russian Federation), Surface-to-air missiles |access-date=21 August 2011 |website=Jane's Naval Weapon Systems |date=25 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102507/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Naval-Weapon-Systems/SA-N7-Gadfly-3K90-M-22-Uragan-ShtilSA-N7B-Grizzly-9K37-Ezh-Shtil-1SA-N7C-Gollum9M317E-Russian-Federation.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart| | | |Kub|Kvadrat|Kub=[[2K12 Kub|Kub]]|Kvadrat=Kvadrat|boxstyle_Kvadrat=background-color: #afa;}}
{{tree chart| | | |)|-|-|-|(}}
{{tree chart| | | |KM1| |KM|KM1=Kub-M1|KM=Kub-M}}
{{tree chart| | | |)|-|-|-|'}}
{{tree chart| | | |KM3| | |KM3=[[2K12 Kub|Kub-M3]]}}
{{tree chart| | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | |Buk| | | | | | | | | | | |Uragan|Shtil|Buk=Buk|Uragan=Uragan|Shtil=Shtil|boxstyle_Shtil=background-color: #afa;}}
{{tree chart| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | |BM1| |Bk1| | | | | | | |!|BM1=Buk-M1|Bk1=Buk-1 (Kub-M4)}}
{{tree chart| | | |)|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | |BM12|BM11|-|BM12A| | | | |!|BM12=Buk-M1-2|BM11=Gang Gange|BM12A=Buk-M1-2A|boxstyle_BM11=background-color: #afa;}}
{{tree chart| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|.| | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | |BM2|BU|BM2E|BM2EK| | |Ezh|Shtil|BM2=Buk-M2|BU=Ural|BM2E=Buk-M2E|BM2EK=Buk-M2EK|Ezh=Ezh|Shtil=Shtil|boxstyle_BU=background-color: #afa;|boxstyle_BM2E=background-color: #afa;|boxstyle_BM2EK=background-color: #afa;|boxstyle_Shtil=background-color: #afa;}}
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | |BM3| | | |Ex| |N-Ex| |Smerch|Shtil1|Ex=Export Version|N-Ex=Soviet or Russian Version|BM3=Buk-M3|Smerch=Smerch|Shtil1=Shtil-1|boxstyle_Ex=background-color: #afa;|boxstyle_Shtil1=background-color: #afa;}}
{{tree chart/end}}

The Buk missile system was designed to surpass the 2K12 Kub in all parameters, and its designers, including its chief designer [[Ardalion Rastov]], visited Egypt in 1971 to see Kub in operation.<ref name="Militaryparade">{{cite web |url=http://milparade.udm.ru/27/126.htm |title=Chief Designer Ardalion Rastov |access-date=23 August 2008 |website=milparade.udm.ru |date=31 August 1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123083209/http://milparade.udm.ru/27/126.htm |archive-date=23 January 2009}}</ref> Both the Kub and Buk used self-propelled launchers developed by Ardalion Rastov. As a result of this visit, the developers came to the conclusion that each Buk [[transporter erector launcher]] (TEL) should have its own fire control radar, rather than being reliant on one central radar for the whole system as in Kub.<ref name="Militaryparade"/> The result of this move from TEL to [[transporter erector launcher and radar]] (TELAR) was a system able to shoot at multiple targets in multiple directions at the same time.

In 1974 the developers determined that although the Buk missile system is the successor to the Kub missile system, both systems could share some interoperability. The result of this decision was the 9K37-1 Buk-1 system.<ref name="PVO"/> Interoperability between Buk TELAR and Kub TEL meant an increase in the number of fire control channels and available missiles for each system, as well as faster entry of Buk system components into service. The Buk-1 was adopted into service in 1978 following completion of state trials, while the complete Buk missile system was accepted into service in 1980<ref name="Militaryparade"/> after state trials took place between 1977 and 1979.<ref name="PVO"/>

The naval variant of the 9K37 "Buk", the 3S90 "Uragan", was developed by the [[Altair design bureau]] under the direction of chief designer G.N. Volgin.<ref name="PVON">{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m22.htm |title=M-22 Uragan (SA-N-7 Gadfly) |language=ru |access-date=17 November 2008 |website=Vestnik PVO (pvo.guns.ru) |date=17 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105130135/http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m22.htm |archive-date=5 November 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 3S90 used the same 9M38 missile as the 9K37, though the launcher and associated guidance radars were exchanged for naval variants. After the 9S90 system was tested, between 1974 and 1976 on the [[Kashin-class destroyer]] ''Provorny'', it was accepted into service in 1983 on the Project 956 [[Sovremenny-class destroyer]]s.<ref name="PVON"/>

No sooner had the 9K37 "Buk" entered service than the Central Committee of the CPSU authorised the development of a modernised 9K37 which would become the 9K37M1 Buk-M1, adopted into service in 1983.<ref name="PVO"/> The modernisation improved the performance of the system radars, its "probability of kill" and its resistance to [[electronic countermeasures]] (ECM). Additionally a digital target classification system was installed, relying on spectral analysis of returned radar signals.<ref name="Militaryparade" /> This targeting system is of different nature and purpose when compared to an [[identification friend or foe|IFF]] system. 

[[Image:Buk-M1-2 9A310M1-2.jpg|thumb|upright|A Buk-M1-2 SAM system 9A310M1-2 TELAR at 2005 [[MAKS Airshow]]]]

Another modification to the Buk missile system was started in 1992 with work carried out between 1994 and 1997 to produce the 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2,<ref name="PVO"/> which entered service in 1998.<ref name="NIIP1">{{cite web |url=http://www.niip.ru/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16:-l-1-2r&catid=9:2011-07-06-06-33-50&Itemid=9 |title=Air defense missile complex (ADMC) "Buk-М1–2" |access-date=30 December 2013 |website=OJSC [[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design|NIIP]] |year=2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230231721/http://www.niip.ru/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16%3A-l-1-2r&catid=9%3A2011-07-06-06-33-50&Itemid=9 |archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> This modification introduced a new missile, the 9M317, which offered greater kinetic performance over the previous 9M38, which could still be used by the Buk-M1-2. Such sharing of the missile type caused a transition to a different [[GRAU]] designation, 9K317, which has been used independently for all later systems. The previous 9K37 series name was also preserved for the complex, as was the "Buk" name. The new missile, as well as a variety of other modifications, allowed the system to shoot down ballistic missiles and surface targets, as well as enlarging the "performance and engagement envelope" (zone of danger for potential attack) for more traditional targets like aircraft and helicopters.<ref name="PVO"/> The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 also received a new NATO reporting name distinguishing it from previous generations of the Buk system; this new reporting name was the SA-17 Grizzly. The export version of the 9K37M1-2 system is called "Ural" ({{langx|ru|link=no|"Урал"}}); this name has also been applied to M2, at least to early, towed, export versions.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-9K37-Buk.html |title=9K37/9K37M1/9K317 Buk M1/M2 / SA-11/17 Gadfly/Grizzly / Cамоходный Зенитный Ракетный Комплекс 9К37/9К317 Бук М/М1/М2 |first=Kopp |last=Carlo |date=12 July 2009 |pages=1 |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202010748/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-9K37-Buk.html |archive-date=2 February 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Shtil zrk.png|thumb|upright|left|3S90M SA missile system (graphic)]]
The introduction of the 9K37M1-2 system for the land forces also marked the introduction of a new naval variant: the "Ezh", which carries the NATO reporting name SA-N-7B 'Grizzly' (9M317 missile). was exported under the name "Shtil" and carries a NATO reporting name of SA-N-7C 'Gollum' (9M317E missile), according to [[Jane's]] catalogue.<ref name="jnavy"/> The 9K317 incorporates the 9M317 missile to replace the 9M38 used by the previous system. A further development of the system was unveiled as a concept at [[EURONAVAL]] 2004, a vertical launch variant of the 9M317, the 9M317ME, which is expected to be exported under the name "Shtil-1". Jane's also reported that in the Russian forces it would have a name of '''3S90M''' ("Smerch") ({{langx|ru|link=no|"Смерч"}}, English translation: '[[tornado]]').<ref name="PVON"/><ref name="jstrategic">{{cite web |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/Smerch-Shtil-12-SA-N12-Grizzly-Russian-Federation.html |title=Smerch/Shtil-1/-2 (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') (Russian Federation), Defensive weapons |access-date=21 August 2011 |website=Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems |date=11 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102511/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/Smerch-Shtil-12-SA-N12-Grizzly-Russian-Federation.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jstrategic2">{{cite web |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/Smerch-Shtil-12-SA-N7B-C-or-SA-N12-Grizzly-Russian-Federation.html |title=Smerch/Shtil-1/-2 (SA-N-7B/C or SA-N-12 'Grizzly') (Russian Federation), Defensive weapons |access-date=21 August 2011 |website=Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems |date=11 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102545/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/Smerch-Shtil-12-SA-N7B-C-or-SA-N12-Grizzly-Russian-Federation.html |archive-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Buk-M1-2 modernisation – based on a previous more advanced developmental system referred to as the 9K317 "Buk-M2"<ref name="PVO"/> – featured new missiles and a new third-generation [[phased array]] [[fire control radar]] allowing targeting of up to four targets while tracking an additional 24. A new radar system with a fire control radar on a 24&nbsp;m extending boom reputedly enabled more accurate targeting of low-altitude planes.<ref name="NIIP2">{{cite web |url=http://www.niip.ru/main.php?page=raz_land_ural |script-title=ru:Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Бук-М2Э" |access-date=23 August 2008 |website=OJSC [[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design|NIIP]] (Russian) |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927074414/http://www.niip.ru/main.php?page=raz_land_ural |archive-date=27 September 2008}}</ref> This generation of Buk missile systems was stalled due to poor economic conditions after the fall of the Soviet Union. The system was presented as a static display at the 2007 [[MAKS Airshow]].

In October 2007, Russian General [[Nikolai Frolov]], commander of the [[Russian Ground Forces]] air defense, declared that the army would receive the brand-new Buk-M3 to replace the Buk-M1. He stipulated that the M3 would feature advanced electronic components and enter into service in 2009.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} The upgraded Buk-M3 TELAR will have a seven rollers tracked chassis and 6 missiles in launch tubes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.military-informant.com/index.php/army/3427-1.html |title=New variant of TELAR for Buk-M3 missile system was presented in Moscow |access-date=3 October 2013 |agency=military-informant.com |date=21 August 2013 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013148/http://www.military-informant.com/index.php/army/3427-1.html |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Inside of a Buk-SAM (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|upright|Inside the TELAR of a Buk-M1 SAM system]]
A standard Buk battalion consists of a command vehicle, [[target acquisition radar]] (TAR) vehicle, six [[transporter erector launcher and radar]] (TELAR) vehicles and three transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles. A Buk missile battery consists of two TELAR and one TEL vehicle.

[[File:9А39 TEL interior.JPG|thumb|Inside the TEL of a Buk-M1-2 SAM system]]
The Buk-M1-2 TELAR uses the [[GM (chassis)|GM-569 chassis]] designed and produced by JSC [[Metrovagonmash|MMZ]] ([[Mytishchi]]).<ref name="Met">{{cite web |url=http://mmzavod.ru/?page_id=24 |title=GM 569, 579, 577, 567 (Buk) for ADMC "Buk-M1-2" and "Buk-M2" |access-date=30 December 2013 |website=JSC [[:w:ru:Мытищинский машиностроительный завод|MMZ]] |year=2011 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910000450/http://mmzavod.ru/?page_id=24 |archive-date=10 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The TELAR [[superstructure]] is a turret containing the fire control radar at the front and a launcher with four ready-to-fire missiles on top. Each TELAR is operated by a crew of four and is equipped with [[chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear]] (CBRN) protection. It can guide up to three missiles against a single target. While the early Buk had a day radar tracking system 9Sh38 (similar to that used on [[Kub missile system|Kub]], [[Tor missile system|Tor]] and [[Osa missile system]]), its current design can be fitted with a combined optical tracking system with a thermal camera and a laser rangefinder for passive tracking of the target. The 9K37 system can also use the same 1S91 Straight Flush 25&nbsp;kW [[G band (NATO)|G]]/[[H band (NATO)|H band]] [[continuous wave]] radar as the 3M9 "Kub" system.

The 9S35 radar of the original Buk TELAR uses a mechanical scan of a [[Cassegrain antenna]] reflector, where the Buk-M2 TELAR design used a [[Passive electronically scanned array|PESA]], for tracking and missile guidance.

[[Image:Buk-M1-2 9S18M1-1.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A Buk-M1-2 SAM system 9S18M1-1 Tube Arm target acquisition radar (TAR) on 2005 [[MAKS Airshow]]]]
The 9K37 uses the 9S18 "Tube Arm" or 9S18M1 (which carries the NATO reporting name "Snow Drift") ({{langx|ru|link=no|СОЦ 9C18 "Купол"}}; ''[[dome]]'') target acquisition radar in combination with the 9S35 or 9S35M1 "Fire Dome" [[H band (NATO)|H]]/[[I band (NATO)|I band]] tracking and engagement radar which is mounted on each TELAR. The Snow Drift target acquisition radar has a maximum detection range of {{convert|85|km|mi|abbr=on}} and can detect an aircraft flying at 100&nbsp;m (330&nbsp;ft) from {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} away and even lower flying targets at ranges of around 10–20&nbsp;km (6–12&nbsp;mi).

[[File:Control console of Buk-M2E missile system TELAR.jpg|thumb|Console of the upgraded TELAR of a Buk-M2E]]
The TEL reload vehicle for the Buk battery resembles the TELAR, but instead of a radar they have a [[Crane (machine)|crane]] for the loading of missiles. They are capable of launching missiles directly but require the cooperation of a Fire Dome-equipped TELAR for missile guidance. A reload vehicle can transfer its missiles to a TELAR in around 13 minutes and can reload itself from stores in around 15 minutes.

Also, the Buk-M2 featured a new vehicle like TELAR but with radar atop of a [[telescopic cylinder|telescopic lift]] and without missiles, called a target acquisition radar (TAR) 9S36. This vehicle could be used together with two TELs 9A316 to attack up to four targets, missile guidance in forested or hilly regions.

The mobile simulator SAM Buk-M2E was shown at MAKS-2013. A self-propelled fire simulator installation JMA 9A317ET SAM "Buk-M2E", based on the mobile, is designed for training and evaluating the combat crew in the war environment to detect, capture, lock on to ("maintain") and defeat targets. A computer information system fully records all actions of the crew to a "black box" to allow objective assessment of the consistency of the crew's actions and results.<ref name="en-maks2013">{{cite web |url=http://survincity.com/2012/07/mobile-simulator-sam-buk-m2e-shown-at-maks-2013/ |title=Mobile simulator SAM Buk-M2E shown at MAKS-2013 |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015247/http://survincity.com/2012/07/mobile-simulator-sam-buk-m2e-shown-at-maks-2013/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

All vehicles of the Buk-M1 (Buk-M1-2) missile system use an [[Argon-15A]] computer, as does the [[Zaslon radar]] (the first Soviet-made airborne digital computer, designed in 1972 by the Soviet Research Institute of Computer Engineering (NICEVT, currently [[NII Argon]]). It is produced at a [[Chișinău]] plant originally named "50 Years of the USSR".<ref name="Argon-15A">[http://www.aircraftinformation.info/art_mig31.htm The MiG-31 Foxhound: One of the World's Greatest Interceptors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903060533/http://www.aircraftinformation.info/art_mig31.htm |date=3 September 2016 }} at Aircraft InFormation.info</ref><ref name="NII Argon">[http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/argon15.htm Argon-15] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213174128/http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/argon15.htm |date=13 February 2011 }} at www.computer-museum.ru</ref> The vehicles of Buk-M2 (Buk-M2E) missile system use a slightly upgraded version of Argon-A15K. This processor is also used in such military systems as [[anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine defence]] ''Korshun'' and ''Sova'', airborne radars for [[MiG-31]] and [[MiG-33]], mobile tactical missile systems ''[[Tochka]]'', ''Oka'' and ''Volga''. Currently,{{When|date=May 2016}} Argons are upgraded with the Baget series of processors by NIIP.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}}

===Basic missile system specifications===
* Target acquisition (by TAR 9S18M1, 9S18M1-1)
** Range: {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=off}}
** Altitude: {{convert|60-25000|m|ft}}
* Firing groups in one battalion: up to 6 (with one command post)
* Firing groups operating in a sector
** 90° in azimuth, 0–7° and 7–14° in elevation
** 45° in azimuth, 14–52° in elevation
* Radar mast lifting height (for TAR 9S36): {{convert|21|m}}
* Reloading of 4 missiles by TEL from itself: around 15 minutes
* Combat readiness time: no more than 5 minutes
* Kill probability (by one missile): 90–95%
* Target engagement zone
** Aircraft
*** Altitude: {{convert|15|-|25000|m|ft}}
*** Range: {{convert|3|–|42|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}
** [[Tactical ballistic missiles]]
*** Altitude: {{convert|2|–|16|km|ft|abbr=off}}
*** Range: {{convert|3|–|20|km|mi|abbr=off}}
** Sea targets: up to {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=off}}
** Land targets: up to {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=off}}

The system is estimated to have a 70% to 93% probability of destroying a targeted aircraft per missile launched (over 85% of Tomahawks in Syria). In 1992, the system was demonstrated to be capable of intercepting [[Scud|Scud missiles]] and large [[rocket artillery]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

===Operation===
The Buk is a mobile, radar-guided surface-to-air missile (SAM) missile system with all four main components – acquisition and targeting radars, a command element, missile launchers, and a logistics element – mounted on tracked vehicles. This allows the system to move with other military forces and relocate to make it a more difficult target to find than a fixed SAM system.

* The acquisition radar component (several variants have differing capabilities) allows the system to identify, track and target selected targets.
* The command component is intended to discern "friendly" military aircraft from foes ([[identification friend or foe|IFF]]), prioritise multiple targets, and pass radar targeting information to the missile launchers.
* The missile launcher component can carry a variety of missiles (as listed below) and may be able to engage more than one target simultaneously.
* The logistics component carries additional (reload) missiles and provides other supplies and parts for the system and the operators.

In general, the system identifies potential targets (radar), selects a particular target (command), fires a missile (launcher) at the target, and resupplies the system (logistics). The missiles require a radar lock to initially steer the missile to the target until the missile's onboard radar system takes over to provide final course corrections. A proximity fuse aboard the missile determines when it will detonate, creating an expanding fragmentation pattern of missile components and warhead to intercept and destroy the target.  A proximity fuse improves the "probability of kill" given the missile and target closure rates, which can be more than {{convert|3000|km/h|abbr=on}} (or more than {{convert|900|m/s|abbr=on}}).

Alternatively, the command component may be able to remotely detonate the missile, or the onboard contact fuse will cause the warhead to detonate. The most capable radar, assuming it has a line of sight (no terrain between the radar and the target), can track targets (depending on size) as low as {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} and as far as {{convert|140|km|abbr=on}}. The most capable missile can hit targets as far as {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} and more than {{convert|24000|m|abbr=on}} in altitude. Since the introduction of the Buk in the 1970s, the capabilities of its system components have evolved, which has led to different nomenclature and nicknames for the components' variants. The Buk has also been adapted for use on naval vessels.

===Integration with higher level command posts===
The basic [[command post]] of the Buk missile system is 9С510 (9K317 Buk-M2), 9S470M1-2 (9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2) and 9S470 (Buk-M1) vehicles, organising the Buk system into a battery. It is capable of linking with various higher level command posts (HLCPs). As an option, with the use of HLCP, the Buk missile system may be controlled by an upper level command post system [[Polyana-D4|9S52 Polyana-D4]], integrating it with S-300V/[[S-300VM]] into an air defence brigade.<ref name="rusarmy-polyana-d4m">{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vsk/su_polyana-d4m.html KSA KP zrbr 9S52M Polyana-D4M] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820043547/http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vsk/su_polyana-d4m.html |date=20 August 2013 }} at Missile Technology Information System of [[Baltic State Technical University|BGTU Voenmeh]]</ref><ref name="rusarmy-polyana-d4m1">{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vsk/su_polyana-d4m1.html ASU sg zrk 9S52M1 Polyana-D4M1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820043552/http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vsk/su_polyana-d4m1.html |date=20 August 2013 }} at Missile Technology Information System of [[Baltic State Technical University|BGTU Voenmeh]]</ref> Also, it may be controlled by an upper level command post system 73N6ME "Baikal-1ME" together with 1–4 units of [[PPRU-1|PPRU-M1]] (PPRU-M1-2), integrating it with SA-19 "Grison" ([[9K22 Tunguska]]) (6–24 units total) into an air defence brigade, as well as SA-10/20 and SA-5 Gammon and SA-2 Guideline and SA-3 Goa and Air Force.<ref name="baykal-1-me">{{in lang|ru}} [http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/gallery/avtomatizirovannaya-sistema-upravleniya-baykal-1-me ASU Baikal-1ME] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227015013/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/gallery/avtomatizirovannaya-sistema-upravleniya-baykal-1-me |date=27 December 2013 }} at Missile Technology Information System of [[Baltic State Technical University|BGTU Voenmeh]]</ref><ref name="almaz-antey.ru"/> With the use of the mobile command center [[Ranzhir]] or [[Ranzhir-M]] ([[GRAU]] designations 9S737, 9S737М) the Buk missile system allows creation of mixed groups of air defense forces, including [[SA-15 Gauntlet|Tor]], [[SA-19|Tunguska]], [[SA-13 Gopher|Strela-10]], and [[9K38 Igla|Igla]].<ref name="rusarmy-9s737m">{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vsk/su_9s737m.html UBCP 9S737M] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306204610/http://rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vsk/su_9s737m.html |date=6 March 2016 }} at Missile Technology Information System of [[Baltic State Technical University|BGTU Voenmeh]]</ref> "Senezh" <ref name="okb-peleng-Senezh">{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.okb-peleng.ru/nashi%20razrabotki.html Senezh-M1E] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021100451/http://okb-peleng.ru/nashi%20razrabotki.html|date=21 October 2013}} at [[OKB Peleng]] website</ref> is another optional command post for a free mixing of any systems. In addition to mixing their potential, each of the air defense system with the aid of Senezh<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/asu/senezh-m1e.htm |script-title=ru:34Л6 "СЕНЕЖ-М1Э" |publisher=Pvo.guns.ru |date=18 July 2006 |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624075444/http://pvo.guns.ru/asu/senezh-m1e.htm |archive-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/asu/senezh.htm |script-title=ru:Автоматизированная Система Управления |publisher=Pvo.guns.ru |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717135558/http://pvo.guns.ru/asu/senezh.htm |archive-date=17 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.vko.ru/article.asp?pr_sign=archive.2005.23.12_07 |title=ВКО |publisher=Old.vko.ru |access-date=3 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717135501/http://old.vko.ru/article.asp?pr_sign=archive.2005.23.12_07 |archive-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> can become part of another air defence system (missile's / radar's / targeting information). The system works automatically.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/armament/samples/1482/59803/ |script-title=ru:АСУ Сенеж-М1Э |publisher=Arms-expo.ru |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706030632/http://www.arms-expo.ru/armament/samples/1482/59803 |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> But for the full realisation of all functions, a Senezh-control system need various other monitoring systems for air defence and air force. Otherwise a Senezh system will work as a command centre, but not within a free association.

===Naval versions===
[[File:9M317M surface-to-air-missiles.webm|thumb|9M317M]]

====3S90 "Uragan" / M-22, or for export "Shtil"====
[[File:Indian-navy-missile.jpg|thumb|3S90E "Shtil" (export version of ''M-22 Uragan'') on [[INS Talwar (F40)|INS ''Talwar'' (F40)]]]]
The 3S90 "Uragan" ({{langx|ru|link=no|Ураган}}; ''[[hurricane]]'') is the naval variant of the 9K37 "Buk" and has the NATO reporting name "Gadfly" and US DoD designation SA-N-7, it also carries the designation M-22. The export version of this system is known as "Shtil" ({{langx|ru|link=no|Штиль}}; ''[[wikt:still|still]]''). The 9М38 missiles from the 9K37 "Buk" are also used on the 3S90 "Uragan". The launch system is different with missiles being loaded vertically onto a single arm trainable launcher, this launcher is replenished from an under-deck magazine with a 24-round capacity, loading takes 12 seconds to accomplish.<ref name="PVON"/> The Uragan uses the MR-750 Top Steer [[D band (NATO)|D]]/[[E band (NATO)|E band]] as a target acquisition radar (naval analogue of the 9S18 or 9S18M1) which has a maximum detection range of {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}} depending on the variant. The radar performing the role of the 9S35 the 3R90 Front Dome [[H band (NATO)|H]]/[[I band (NATO)|I band]] tracking and engagement radar with a maximum range of {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}.The 'E' version = extended has a range of 50 to 70&nbsp;km.

The Uragan underwent trials from 1974 aboard the Project 61 destroyer Provorny, prior to being introduced aboard the Project 956 Sovremenny class, with the first of class commissioned in 1980. The Uragan was officially adopted for service in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m22.htm |script-title=ru:М-22 "Ураган" |publisher=Pvo.guns.ru |date=22 May 2009 |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018095457/http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m22.htm |archive-date=18 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====3S90 "Ezh"====
The modernised version of the 3S90 is the 9K37M1-2 (or 9K317E) "Ezh", which carries the NATO reporting name "Grizzly" or SA-N-12 and the export designation "Shtil". It uses the new 9M317 missile.

In 1997, India signed a contract for the three Project 1135.6 frigates with "Shtil". Later, when the decision was made to modernise it with a new package of hardware & missiles, the name changed to "Shtil-1".

====3S90M, or for export "Shtil-1"====
In 2004, the first demonstration module of the new 9M317M (export 9M317ME) missile was presented by [[DNPP|Dolgoprudniy Scientific and Production Plant]] for the upgraded 3S90M / "Shtil-1" naval missile system (jointly with [[Marine Scientific Research Institute of radioelectronics|'Altair']]), designed primary for use on warships.

It has 2 styles of launchers, a single-rail launcher and vertical launch system. For single-rail launcher, each launcher consists of 24 missiles and a maximum of 4 launchers can be used together, while for vertical launch system, each launcher consists of 12 missiles and a maximum of 12 launchers can be used together.<ref name="roe.ru">{{cite web |url=http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/shipborne-weapons/shtil-1/ |title=Shipborne medium-range air defence missile system with 9M317E and 9М317ME surface-to-air missiles Shtil-1 |website=Roe.ru}}</ref>  Old systems Uragan, Ezh and Shtil could be upgraded to Shtil-1 by replacing the launcher module inside the ship. It has a range of 32&nbsp;km for rail launcher 50&nbsp;km for VLS launcher.

The reaction time is 10–19 seconds for single-rail launcher and 5–10 seconds for vertical launch system, and there are various differences in missile characteristics for both launcher styles.<ref name="roe.ru"/><ref name="pvo.guns.ru">{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m22_vls.htm |script-title=ru:Штиль-1 с ЗУР 9М317МЭ |publisher=Pvo.guns.ru |date=22 May 2009 |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528130829/http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m22_vls.htm |archive-date=28 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The interval between starts is less 2 seconds. To protect against boats, helicopters, aircraft, anti-ship missiles.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:«Штиль» от «Авиационного оборудования» |url=http://rostec.ru/news/2356 |website=rostec.ru |access-date=2 August 2015 |language=ru |date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925063336/http://rostec.ru/news/2356 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The first Shtil-1 systems were installed into ships exported to India and China, specifically [[Talwar-class frigate|''Talwar''-class frigates]] and [[Type 052B destroyer]]s.<ref name="inb-missiles">{{in lang|ru}} [http://inbsite.com/missiles2.html Russian Anti-Aircraft Missiles & Systems] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223072244/http://www.inbsite.com/missiles2.html |date=23 December 2012 }} by Peter F. Berezovsky</ref><ref name="janes-vlshtil">[http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Missiles-And-Rockets-2004/Russia-moves-to-vertical-launch-Shtil.html Russia moves to vertical-launch Shtil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102550/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Missiles-And-Rockets-2004/Russia-moves-to-vertical-launch-Shtil.html |date=3 May 2012 }} by Miroslav Gyürösi, Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 18 November 2004</ref>

It is also in service of the [[Russian Navy]], specifically [[Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate|''Admiral Grigorovich''-class frigates]].

==Operational history==
===Combat service===
[[File:Веб Работа Бук-М1 ВВО СВО.webm|thumb|Russian Armed Forces use a Buk-M1 to engage air targets near southern [[Donetsk]] during the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]

====Georgia====
* During the [[War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)]], Abkhaz separatist forces had the support of Russian forces in their combat against the Georgian government. On 10 January 1993, an Abkhaz [[Aero L-39]] was shot down by a Russian Buk during a friendly-fire incident.<ref name="Aviation in Abkhaz Conflict">{{cite web |title = Aviation in Abkhaz Conflict |url = http://www.airwar.ru/history/locwar/xussr/abhazia/abhazia.html |publisher = Mikhail Zhirohov |access-date = 5 February 2022}}</ref> The pilot, Oleg Chanba, who was commander of the Abkhaz separatist air force, was killed during the incident.<ref name="Aviation in Abkhaz Conflict" /> 
* [[Abkhazia|Abkhaz]] authorities claimed that Buk air defense system was used to shoot down four Georgian drones at the beginning of May 2008.<ref name="geotimes-10615">{{cite web |url=http://www.geotimes.ge/index.php?m=home&newsid=10615 |title=SA-11 'Gadfly' Used to Down Georgian Drones |date=6 May 2008 |website=[[Abkhaz FM]], [[Civil Georgia]] |publisher=The Georgian Times |language=ka |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118112543/http://www.geotimes.ge/index.php?m=home&newsid=10615 |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref>
* Initial reports on Georgian Buk missile system success claimed that the system was responsible for shooting down four Russian aircraft—three [[Sukhoi Su-25]] close air support aircraft and a [[Tupolev Tu-22M]] strategic bomber—in the [[2008 South Ossetia war]].<ref name="strategypage-20080814">{{cite web |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/articles/20080814.aspx |title=Air Defense: Russia Takes A Beating Over Georgia |date=14 August 2008 |website=StrategyWorld.com |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225072040/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/articles/20080814.aspx |archive-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> U.S. officials have said Georgian Buk-1M was certainly the cause of the Tu-22M's loss and contributed to the losses of the three Su-25s.<ref name="AWST15082008">[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/aw081808p2.xml&headline=Georgian%20Military%20Folds%20Under%20Russian%20Attack Georgian Military Folds Under Russian Attack] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521070941/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2Faw081808p2.xml&headline=Georgian%20Military%20Folds%20Under%20Russian%20Attack |date=21 May 2011 }} By David A. Fulghum, Douglas Barrie, Robert Wall and Andy Nativi, [[AW&ST]], 15 August 2008</ref> According to some analysts, the loss of four aircraft was surprising and a heavy toll for Russia given the small size of Georgia's military.<ref name="russia-georgia-air-war">[http://www.aviation.com/technology/080818-russia-georgia-air-war.html War Reveals Russia's Military Might and Weakness] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120045947/http://www.aviation.com/technology/080818-russia-georgia-air-war.html |date=20 November 2008 }} By Vladimir Isachenkov, [[Associated Press]], 18 August 2008</ref><ref name="reuters">[https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSLK23804020080820?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 Georgia war shows Russian army strong but flawed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520081100/http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSLK23804020080820?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |date=20 May 2009 }}, [[Reuters]], 20 August 2008</ref> Some have also pointed out that Russian [[electronic countermeasures]] systems were apparently unable to jam and suppress enemy SAMs in the conflict{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} and that Russia was, surprisingly, unable to come up with effective countermeasures against missile systems it had designed.<ref name="strategypage-20080814"/> Georgia bought these missile systems from Ukraine; there was an inquiry to determine if the purchase was illegal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/10/26/28616215.html |title=Yushchenko may have to answer for illegal arms sales to Georgia |date=26 October 2010 |publisher=Voice of Russia |language=en |access-date=27 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112201947/http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/10/26/28616215.html |archive-date=12 November 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to [[Moscow Defense Brief]] six and not four aircraft (Georgia maintains the higher numbers), were shot down, but Russia claims that the three Su-25s were shot down by friendly fire, while highlighting a serious issue in the coordination of Russian Air Force and its ground forces during that war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL8262192 |title=Friendly fire downed Russia jets in Georgia-report| newspaper = Reuters| date = 8 July 2009}}</ref>

====[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]====
* The system was used to shoot down the [[Boeing 777-200ER]] [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17]], on 17 July 2014, in eastern Ukraine, killing 298 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/buk-missile-suspected-malaysia-plane-disaster-24608201 |title=Buk Missile Suspected in Malaysia Plane Disaster |author=Gregory Katz and Matthew Knight |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718172425/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/buk-missile-suspected-malaysia-plane-disaster-24608201 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34511973 |title=MH17 Ukraine disaster: Dutch Safety Board blames missile |work=BBC News |date=13 October 2015 |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930143052/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34511973 |archive-date=30 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DSB_Final_Report">{{cite report |url=https://www.onderzoeksraad.nl/en/media/attachment/2018/7/10/debcd724fe7breport_mh17_crash.pdf |title=Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 Hrabove, Ukraine, 17 July 2014 |publisher=[[Dutch Safety Board]] |date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013141325/http://cdn.onderzoeksraad.nl/documents/report-mh17-crash-en.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=142–147}} Evidence included missile fragments found on site including pieces of warhead stuck in the wreckage as well as non-explosive parts of the missile with serial number remnants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/buitenland/evidence-proving-flight-mh-17-was-taken-down-buk-missile |title=Evidence proving that flight MH-17 was taken down by a BUK missile |date=19 March 2015 |website=rtlnieuws |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408015138/http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/buitenland/evidence-proving-flight-mh-17-was-taken-down-buk-missile |archive-date=8 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Missile fragments were recovered from the bodies of the flight crew.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Ukraine Today]] |date=19 December 2014 |url=http://uatoday.tv/crime/bodies-of-mh17-victims-contain-missile-fragments-sbu-says-398439.html |title=Bodies of MH17 victims 'contain missile fragments', SBU says |access-date=7 February 2015 |quote=Some of the bodies of the passengers of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, which crashed in Donetsk on July 17, contain metal fragments that indicate the plane was shot down by a surface-to-air missile, Ukraine's SBU security service said on Friday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220204103/http://uatoday.tv/crime/bodies-of-mh17-victims-contain-missile-fragments-sbu-says-398439.html |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*On 7 August 2014, pro-Russian separatist forces shot down a Ukrainian Air Force [[Mikoyan MiG-29]] with a Buk surface-to-air missile near the town of [[Yenakievo]]. The pilot managed to eject.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/3402982-vozle-enakyevo-sbyly-ystrebytel-myh-29-seleznev |title=Возле Енакиево сбили истребитель МиГ-29 – Селезнев |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=11 April 2015 |publisher=Korrespondent.net}}</ref>

====Middle East====
*On 14 April 2018, American, British, and French forces [[2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs|launched a barrage]] of 105 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight sites in Syria. The [[Russian Ministry of Defence]] said that twenty-nine Buk-M2E missiles launched in response destroyed twenty-four incoming missiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews |title=Briefing by Russian Defence Ministry official Major General Igor Konashenkov (April 16, 2018) : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093246/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews |archive-date=18 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|SOHR]], which is cited by many independent media organisations, reported that the [[Syrian Air Defense Force]] intercepted and shot down at least 65 missiles.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=89324 |title=The Western Coalition's strikes targeted important centers of the regime in the capital Damascus and its vicinity, as well as the outskirts of Homs city |date=14 April 2018 |publisher=[[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|SOHR]] |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414193639/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=89324 |archive-date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Mal Siret |author2=Joseph Lee |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-43710303 |title='More than 65 missiles intercepted' – monitoring group (14:10h) |date=14 April 2018 |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416075103/http://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-43710303 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The American Department of Defense said that no missiles were shot down.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Chief Spokesperson |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/ |website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422115848/https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/ |archive-date=22 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* On 19 July 2021, four [[Israeli Air Force]] F-16 fighters entered Syria's airspace via the US-controlled al-Tanf zone and fired eight guided missiles at an area southeast of [[Aleppo]]. Vadim Kulit, deputy chief of the Russian Center for Reconciliation of the Opposing Parties in Syria, said that seven missiles were shot down by the Russian-made [[Pantsyr-S1|Pantsyr-S]] and Buk-M2 systems of the Syrian Air Defense Forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1315969 |title=Russian Pantsyr-S and Buk-M2 systems intercept seven missiles fired by Israeli fighter jet |website=Tass.com}}</ref> Buk-M2E reportedly continued interceptions through the beginning of September.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1333959 |title=Syrian air defense downs 21 out of 24 missiles fired by Israeli fighter jets |website=Tass.com}}</ref>

====[[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]====
*Ukraine's Soviet-era Buk and [[S-300 missile system|S-300]] missile systems have proven effective at medium and long ranges, forcing Russian jets to fly lower and bringing them into the range of [[MANPADS]] and short-range missile systems.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eurasiantimes.com/ukraines-buk-missile-rain-hell-on-russian-fighters-jets-the-missile/ | title=Ukraine's BUK Missiles 'Rain Hell' on Russian Fighters; the Missile Was Used to Down Malaysian Airliner | date=13 November 2022 }}</ref>
*Ukraine is adapting some of its Buk missile systems/launchers to accept [[Sea Sparrow]] missiles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defence-blog.com/ukraine-to-integrate-sea-sparrow-missile-into-soviet-era-buk-launchers/|title=Ukraine to integrate Sea Sparrow missile into Soviet-era Buk launchers|first=Dylan|last=Malyasov|date=8 January 2023}}</ref> Buk missile systems have been a target of [[ZALA Lancet]] drones. Previously the Polish company Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A. offered to integrate the Sea Sparrow missile into Kub launchers for export customers, demonstrating the feasibility of integrating NATO standard missiles with Soviet platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wzu.pl/sites/default/files/Upgrade_SA_6_anti_aircraft_missile_system.pdf|title=UPGRADE OF 2K12 KUB (SA-6) ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> Both the Buk missile 9M38 and Sea Sparrow are [[semi-active radar guidance]] missiles. However, the Sea Sparrow missile is shorter in range than the 9M38 missile. There is a surplus number of these missiles in the US stockpiles. The [[RIM-162]] variant of the Sea Sparrow missile is still in production. A Ukrainian commander of a Buk battery has told the BBC that while his system is "target number one" for the Russians, the shortage of spare parts is more critical than missiles, even though his vehicle carried only two missiles instead of four.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/what-could-happen-if-ukraines-stocks-of-soviet-sams-runs-dry|title=What Could Happen If Ukraine's Stock Of Soviet SAMs Runs Dry launchers|author1= THOMAS NEWDICK| author2= TYLER ROGOWAY|date=18 April 2023|publisher=The Drive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/04/20/lucky-for-ukraine-its-best-air-defense-vehicles-are-compatible-with-american-missiles/?sh=497a3acd3fde|title=Compatible With American Missiles|author1= David Axe|date=20 April 2023|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65347835|title=Compatible With American Missiles|author1= Jonathan Beale|date=20 April 2023|publisher=BBC}}</ref>
*On 27 Feb 2022, a Ukrainian TB2 Bayraktar drone destroyed a TELAR missile and radar transporter and another TEL launcher of a Russian Buk-M1-2 SAM system near Malin, northwest of Kyiv.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-24 |title=Russia's intense air and missile defence operation in Ukraine War |url=https://www.key.aero/article/russias-intense-air-and-missile-defence-operation-ukraine-war |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.key.aero |language=en}}</ref>
*In 23 February 2024, the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces announced that two Russian Buk-M3 air defense missile systems were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukrainian Armed Forces destroy two Buk-M3 launchers and a Russian facility in Svitlodarsk |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/ukrainian-armed-forces-destroy-two-buk-m3-launchers-and-a-russian-facility-in-svitlodarsk/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Militarnyi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=office_zzam |title=Ukraine claims destruction of two Russian Buk-M3 air defense missile s |url=https://armyrecognition.com/focus-analysis-conflicts/army/conflicts-in-the-world/russia-ukraine-war-2022/ukraine-claims-destruction-of-two-russian-buk-m3-air-defense-missile-systems#google_vignette |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
*On 11 May 2024, a Russian drone destroyed a Ukrainian Buk-M1 missile system. The Buk-M1 system appears to have been fitted with US-made [[RIM-7 Sea Sparrow]] missiles, instead of the original 9M38 missiles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.twz.com/sea/ukraines-frankensam-that-used-rim-7-sea-sparrow-missiles-breaks-cover|title=Ukraine's FrankenSAM That Uses RIM-7 Sea Sparrow Missiles Breaks Cover|author= THOMAS NEWDICK|date=28 May 2023|publisher=TWZ}}</ref>
*On 11 June 2024 a [[AeroVironment Switchblade|Switchblade]], believed to be a model -600 or improved model, struck a Russian Buk missile launcher in Sarabash (formerly Komunarivka), Donetsk. The drone had to travel more than {{convert|30|km}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hambling |first=David |date=11 June 2024 |title=Switchblade Long-Range Loitering Munition Destroys Russian Buk SAM|url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/switchblade-long-range-loitering-munition-destroys-russian-buk-sam/ |website=mil.in.ua |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref>

==Missiles==
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = 9М38
| image              = 9M38M1 9M317.svg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = Comparison of 9M38M1, 9M317 and 9M317ME surface-to-air missiles of the Buk missile system
| origin             = Soviet Union
| type               = [[Surface-to-air missile]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = 
| is_bladed          = 
| is_explosive       = 
| is_artillery       = 
| is_vehicle         = 
| is_missile         = yes
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 
| used_by            = <!-- Production history -->
| designer           = 
| design_date        = 
| manufacturer       = 
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = 9М38, 9М38M1, 9M317
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = 9М38, 9M317
| weight             = 690 kg, (1500 lb), 715&nbsp;kg (1589 lb)
| length             = 5,550 mm (18' 3")
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 400 mm (15 3/4"); wingspan 860 mm (2' 10")
| crew               = <!-- Explosive specifications -->
| filling            = Frag-HE
| filling_weight     = 70 kg (150 lb)
| detonation         = [[Radar]] [[proximity fuse]]
| yield              = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = 
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = 
| clearance          = 
| wingspan           = 
| propellant         = [[Solid propellant]] [[rocket]]
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = {{convert|30|km|mi}}
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = {{convert|14000|m|ft}}
| boost              = 
| speed              = [[Mach number|Mach]] 3
| guidance           = [[Semi-active radar homing]]
| steering           = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = {{section link||System composition}}
| transport          = 
}}

===9М38 and 9М38M1 missile===
The 9M38 uses a single-stage X-winged design without any detachable parts; its exterior design is similar to the American [[RIM-24 Tartar|Tartar]] and [[RIM-66 Standard|Standard]] surface-to-air missile series. The design had to conform to strict naval dimension limitations, allowing the missile to be adapted for the M-22 SAM system in the [[Soviet Navy]]. Each missile is {{convert|5550|mm|abbr=on}} long, weighs {{convert|690|kg|abbr=on}} and carries a relatively large {{convert|70|kg|abbr=on}} warhead which is triggered by a radar [[proximity fuze]]. In the forward compartment of the missile, a semi-active homing radar head (9E50, {{langx|ru|link=no|9Э50, 9Э50М1}}), autopilot equipment, power source and warhead are located. The homing method chosen was [[proportional navigation]]. Some elements of the missile were compatible with the Kub's 3M9; for example, its forward compartment diameter {{convert|330|mm}}, which was less than the rear compartment diameter. 9M38M1 contains about 8000 shrapnel elements in the warhead, of which every fourth is in the shape of a butterfly.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

[[Image:9M317 surface-to-air missile of Buk-M2E.jpg|thumb|left|9M317 surface-to-air missile on the Buk-M2 quadruple launcher.]]
[[File:036 - BUK M1 (38536876252).jpg|thumb|Early Buk M1 missile in display.]]
The 9M38 surface-to-air missile uses a two-mode [[solid-fuel rocket]] engine with total burn time of about 15 seconds; the [[combustion chamber]] is reinforced by metal. For the purpose of reducing the centring dispersion while in flight, the combustion chamber is located close to the centre of the missile and includes a longer gas pipe. The 9M38 is capable of readiness without inspection for at least 10 years of service. The missile is delivered to the army in the 9Ya266 (9Я266) transport container.

===9M317 missile===
The 9M317 missile was developed as a common missile for the Russian Ground Force's Air Defence Forces (PVO) (using  ''Buk-M1-2'') as well as for ship-based PVO of the [[Russian Navy]] (''Ezh''). Its exterior design bears a resemblance to the [[Vympel NPO|Vympel]] [[R-37 (missile)|R-37]] air-to-air missile.

The unified multi-functional 9M317 (export designation 9M317E) can be used to engage aerodynamic, ballistic, above-water and [[radiolocation|radio]] [[Image resolution|contrast]] targets from both land and sea. Examples of targets include tactical [[ballistic missile]]s, strategic [[cruise missile]]s, [[anti-ship missile]]s, tactical, strategic and army aircraft and helicopters. It was designed by OJSC [[Dolgoprudny Scientific Production Plant]] (DNPP). The maximum engageable target speed was Mach 3.49<ref name="new-factoria1">{{cite web |url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml |script-title=ru:Зенитный ракетный комплекс средней дальности 9К317 "Бук-М2" &#124; Ракетная техника |publisher=Rbase.new-factoria.ru |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511222706/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml |archive-date=11 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> and it can tolerate an acceleration overload of 24G. It was first used with Buk-M1-2 system of the land forces and the Shtil-1 system of the naval forces.

In comparison with 9M38M1, the 9M317 has a larger defeat area, which is up to 45&nbsp;km of range and 25&nbsp;km of altitude and of lateral parameter, and a larger target classification. Externally the 9M317 differs from the 9M38M1 by a smaller wing chord. It uses the inertial correction control system with semi-active radar homing, using the [[proportional navigation]] (PN) targeting method.

The semi-active missile homing radar head (used in 9E420, {{langx|ru|link=no|9Э420}}) as well as 9E50M1 for the 9M38M1 missile (9E50 for 9M38) and 1SB4 for Kub missile ({{langx|ru|link=no|1СБ4}}) was designed by [[MNII Agat]] ([[Zhukovskiy (city)|Zhukovskiy]]) and manufactured by [[Mariyskiy Machine-building Plant|MMZ]] at [[Ioshkar-Ola]].

The 9M317 missile uses active homing when approaching the target.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Многоцелевой зенитный ракетный комплекс средней дальности «Бук-М2» |url=http://www.niip.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16:-l-1-2r&catid=9:2011-07-06-06-33-50&Itemid=9 |website=www.niip.ru |access-date=2 August 2015 |first=Сизова Ирина |last=Юрьевна |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104195942/http://www.niip.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16:-l-1-2r&catid=9:2011-07-06-06-33-50&Itemid=9 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===9M317M and 9M317A missiles===
Currently, several modernised versions are ordered, including the 9M317M / 9M317ME,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/mainnews/2022/0817/084269022/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / Главное / На форуме «Армия-2022» подписаны 7 и вручены 29 госконтрактов с 26 предприятиями ОПК |publisher=Armstrade.org |date= |accessdate=2022-08-29}}</ref> and [[active radar homing]] (ARH) missile 9M317A / 9M317MAE.

The lead developer, [[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design|NIIP]], reported the testing of the 9M317A missile within Buk-M1-2A ''"OKR Vskhod"'' (''Sprout'' in English) in 2005.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} Annual statement of the OJSC [[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design]] in 2005</ref> The range is reported as being up to {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}, maximum altitude around 25&nbsp;km (82,000&nbsp;ft) and maximum target speed around [[Mach number|Mach]]&nbsp;4. The weight of the missile has increased slightly to 720&nbsp;kg (1587&nbsp;lb).

The missile's ''Vskhod'' development program for the Buk-M1-2A was completed in 2011. This missile could increase the survival capability and firing performance of the Buk-M1-2A using its ability to hit targets over the horizon.<ref name="dnpp-fin-stat-2011">{{cite web |url=http://disclosure.skrin.ru/disclosure/5008000322/?DTI=7 |title=2011 Financing Statement of the OJSC DNPP |year=2012 |website=ZAO SCRIN |publisher=[[Dolgoprudny Scientific Production Plant]] |access-date=30 December 2013 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002019/http://disclosure.skrin.ru/disclosure/5008000322/?DTI=7 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, [[Dolgoprudny Scientific Production Plant|Dolgoprudny NPP]] completed preliminary trials of the new autonomous target missile system ''OKR Pensne'' (''pince-nez'' in English) developed from earlier missiles.<ref name="dnpp-fin-stat-2011"/>

====9M317M(E) missile====
The weight of the missile is 581&nbsp;kg, including the 62&nbsp;kg [[blast fragmentation]] warhead initiated by a dual-mode radar proximity fuze. Dimensions of the hull are 5.18&nbsp;m length; 0.36&nbsp;m maximum diameter. Range is 2.5–32&nbsp;km in a 3S90M / "Shtil-1" naval missile system. Altitude of targets from 15&nbsp;m up to 15&nbsp;km (and from 10&nbsp;m to 10&nbsp;km against other missiles). 9M317ME missiles can be fired at 2-second intervals, while its reaction (readiness) time is up to 10&nbsp;s.

The missile was designed to be single-staged, [[inertial guidance]], [[radio control]] [[mid-course update]] and terminal [[semi-active radar homing]].<ref name="inb-missiles"/>

The tail surfaces have a span of 0.82&nbsp;m when deployed after the missile leaves the launch container by a spring mechanism. Four gas-control vanes operating in the motor efflux turn the missile towards the required direction of flight. After the turnover manoeuvre, they are no longer used and subsequent flight controlled via moving tail surfaces. A dual-mode solid-propellant rocket motor provides the missile with a maximum speed of Mach 4.5.<ref>[http://www.defence.pk/forums/india-defence/103619-batch-2-three-project-1135-6-frigates-being-readied.html Batch 2 Of Three Project 1135.6 Frigates Being Readied] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417123530/http://www.defence.pk/forums/india-defence/103619-batch-2-three-project-1135-6-frigates-being-readied.html |date=17 April 2011 }}, Pakistan Defence, 14 April 2011</ref>

====Comparison====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 ! Missile <br /><small>(GRAU designation)</small>
 ! 3M9
 ! 9М38
 ! 9М38<br />9М38M1
 ! 9М38<br />9М38M1<br />9M317
 ! 9M317
 ! 9M317M
 ! 9M317ME
 |-
 ! System <br /><small>(GRAU and NATO designation)</small>
 ! 2K12 "Kub" <br /><small>(SA-6)</small>
 ! 9K37 <br /> "Buk" <br /><small>(SA-11)</small>
 ! 9K37M <br /> "Buk-M1" <br /><small>(SA-11)</small>
 ! 9K37M1-2 <br /> "Buk-M1-2" <br /><small>(SA-17)</small>
 ! 9K317E <br /> "Buk-M2E"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/16-05-2008/105239-russia_arms-0 |title=Russia forces USA out from its traditional arms markets |publisher=Pravda.Ru |date=16 May 2008 |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604000644/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/16-05-2008/105239-russia_arms-0/ |archive-date=4 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> <br /> <small>(SA-17)</small>
 ! 9K37M
Buk-M3
(SA-27)/ Shtil-1 
SA-N-12
! 9K37M Buk M3 or Shtil 1
SA-N-12 (export version)
|-
 ! Introduced
 | 1967<ref name="new-factoria2">{{cite web |url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/kub/kub.shtml |script-title=ru:Зенитный ракетный комплекс 2К12 Куб |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006200029/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/kub/kub.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 | adopted by 1980<ref name="new-factoria3">{{cite web |url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk/buk.shtml |script-title=ru:Зенитный ракетный комплекс 9К37 Бук |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006173452/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk/buk.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> is used from 1978<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dokwar.ru/publ/pvo_i_rvsn/zrk_buk_obzor/16-1-0-5 |script-title=ru:ЗРК БУК- обзор |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103856/http://dokwar.ru/publ/pvo_i_rvsn/zrk_buk_obzor/16-1-0-5 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 | 1983{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} is used from 1979<ref name="vpk.name">{{cite web |url=http://vpk.name/library/f/buk-m1.html#prettyPhoto[vpk]/1/ |title=-1 |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007130317/http://vpk.name/library/f/buk-m1.html#prettyPhoto |archive-date=7 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 | 1998<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/buk-m2e-air-defence-missile-system |title=Buk-M2E Air Defence Missile System – Army Technology |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122646/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/buk-m2e-air-defence-missile-system |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 | development is completed 1988,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/defense/v_indonezii_ustroili_prezentatsiyu_russkogo_grizzli_sistemy_buk_m2e/ |script-title=ru:В Индонезии устроили презентацию российского комплекса "Бук-М2Э" – ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ Информационное агентство |publisher=Arms-expo.ru |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624101401/http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/defense/v_indonezii_ustroili_prezentatsiyu_russkogo_grizzli_sistemy_buk_m2e |archive-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.9maya.ru/2012/02/15/buk_m2.html |title=-2, – "-2" |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082843/http://www.9maya.ru/2012/02/15/buk_m2.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://getwar.ru/zrk-buk-m2eh.html |script-title=ru:ЗРК "Бук-М2Э" |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073738/http://getwar.ru/zrk-buk-m2eh.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> produced from 2007
 |2016 <ref name="en.missilery.info">{{cite web | url=https://en.missilery.info/missile/bukm3 | title=9K317M "Buk-M3" medium-range anti-aircraft missile system &#124; Missilery.info }}</ref>
 | 1983 / first seen in 2004<ref name="pvo.guns.ru"/>
 |-
 !Missiles per TEL
 |3
 |4
 |4
 |4
 |4
 |12
 |12/24/36
 |-
 !Missiles per TELAR
 |3
 |4
 |4
 |4
 |4
 |6
 |
 |-
 !Missile weight
 |599&nbsp;kg <br />(1321&nbsp;lb)
 |690&nbsp;kg <br />(1521&nbsp;lb)
 |690&nbsp;kg <br />(1521&nbsp;lb)
 |9М38M1: – 690&nbsp;kg <br />(1521&nbsp;lb);<br />9M317: – 710–720&nbsp;kg <br />(1565–1587&nbsp;lb)
 |710–720&nbsp;kg <br />(1565–1587&nbsp;lb)
 |581&nbsp;kg <ref name="en.missilery.info"/>
 |581&nbsp;kg
 |-
 !Range
 |6(8)–22&nbsp;km <br />(2–15 miles)<ref name="new-factoria2"/>
 |3,5–25 (30)&nbsp;km <br />(3–19 miles)
 |3,3–35&nbsp;km <br />(2–22 miles)<ref name="new-factoria4">{{cite web |url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/bukm1/bukm1.shtml |script-title=ru:Зенитный ракетный комплекс 9К37 Бук-М1 |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140344/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/bukm1/bukm1.shtml |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |9М38M1: – 3–42&nbsp;km <br />(2–26 miles);<br />9M317: 3–50&nbsp;km <br />(2–31 miles)
 |3–50(M2),<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml |script-title=ru:Зенитный ракетный комплекс средней дальности 9К317 "Бук-М2" |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511222706/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml |archive-date=11 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> 45(M2E)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.almaz-antey.ru/catalogue/millitary_catalogue/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926124750/http://www.almaz-antey.ru/catalogue/millitary_catalogue |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 September 2011 |script-title=ru:Основная продукция военного назначения |access-date=14 November 2014 |language=ru}}</ref>&nbsp;km <br />(2–31(29) miles)
|2.5–70&nbsp;km (1.6–43.5&nbsp;mi)<ref name="defensemirror.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/16438/Almaz_Antey_Tests_Buk_M3_Air_Defense_Missile_System | title=Almaz-Antey Tests Buk-M3 Air Defense Missile System }}</ref>
|(M-22=25&nbsp;km)/3,5-32<ref name="almaz-antey1">{{cite web |url=http://www.almaz-antey.ru/catalogue/millitary_catalogue/52/274/279/292 |script-title=ru:"Штиль-1" – Алмаз-Антей |publisher=Almaz-antey.ru |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141220201301/http://www.almaz-antey.ru/catalogue/millitary_catalogue/52/274/279/292 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> up to 50&nbsp;km (taking into account the use against large targets (ships))<ref name=":1">{{cite web |script-title=ru:«Штиль» – российский зенитно-ракетный комплекс, модульные комплекты которого поступят на вооружение ВМФ России в 2014 году |url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/archive/shtil---rossiyskiy-zenitno-raketnyy-kompleks-modul-nye-komplekty-kotorogo-postupyat-na-vooruzhenie-vmf-rossii-v-2014-godu23-09-2013-14-37-00/?sphrase_id=5346551 |access-date=2 August 2015 |language=ru |date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185008/http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/archive/shtil---rossiyskiy-zenitno-raketnyy-kompleks-modul-nye-komplekty-kotorogo-postupyat-na-vooruzhenie-vmf-rossii-v-2014-godu23-09-2013-14-37-00/?sphrase_id=5346551 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 !Range of altitude
 |100–7000 m <br /><ref name="new-factoria2"/>
 |25–18000 (20000) m <br />(100-46,000&nbsp;ft)<ref name="new-factoria3"/>
 |15–22000 m <br />(100-72,000&nbsp;ft)<ref name="new-factoria4"/>
 |15–25000 m <br />(100-82,000&nbsp;ft)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.almaz-antey.ru/en/catalogue/millitary_catalogue/1218/1221/1224/1228 |title=Buk-M1-2 – Almaz Antey Corp |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141003153146/http://www.almaz-antey.ru/en/catalogue/millitary_catalogue/1218/1221/1224/1228 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 |15 of M2E<ref name="almaz-antey.ru">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130424024817/http://www.almaz-antey.ru/en/catalogue/millitary_catalogue Main defense product range] at JSC «Concern «[[Almaz-Antey]]» website</ref> 10 of M2<ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru">{{in lang|ru}} [http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml ZRK SD 9K317 "Buk-M2"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511222706/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml |date=11 May 2012 }} at Missile Technology Information System of [[Baltic State Technical University|BGTU Voenmeh]]</ref>–25000 m <br />(to-82,000&nbsp;ft)
|0.015–35&nbsp;km (49–114,829&nbsp;ft)<ref name="defensemirror.com"/>
|(M-22=10)5<ref name="new-factoria5">{{cite web |url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/schtil-1/schtil-1.shtml |script-title=ru:Корабельный зенитный ракетный комплекс "Штиль-1" &#124; Ракетная техника |publisher=Rbase.new-factoria.ru |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084935/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/schtil-1/schtil-1.shtml |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>–15000 m
 |-
 ! Missile speed <br />([[Mach number|Mach]])
 | 2.8
 | 3
 | 3
 | 3
 | 4
 | 4.6
 | 4.5 (for M-22 average speed of 1000&nbsp;m/s)
 |-
 ! Maximum target <br />speed ([[Mach number|Mach]])
 | 2
 | 800&nbsp;m/s<ref name="new-factoria3"/>
 | 4
 | 4
 | to meet (M2E – aerodynamic up to 1100<ref name="new-factoria1"/>&nbsp;m/s, of ballistic 1200&nbsp;m/s), pursuing 300–400&nbsp;m/s<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
 | 3,000&nbsp;m/s (11,000&nbsp;km/h; 6,700&nbsp;mph; Mach&nbsp;8.8 <ref name="en.missilery.info"/>
 | 830&nbsp;m/s<ref name=":1" />/?
 |-
 ! Maximum <br />manoeuvrability ([[G-force|G]]) (for missiles).
 | 19/?
 | 19<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_02.htm |script-title=ru:ЗРК "Бук"-Зенитная ракета 9М38 |publisher=Pvo.guns.ru |date=20 July 2000 |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224162556/http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_02.htm |archive-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 | 20
 | 24<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web |url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/bukm1_2/bukm1_2.shtml |script-title=ru:Зенитный ракетный комплекс Бук-М1–2 (Урал) |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614080457/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/bukm1_2/bukm1_2.shtml |archive-date=14 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 | For missiles (24<ref name="new-factoria1"/>). For target (10<ref name=":2" />).
 | 24 <ref name="en.missilery.info"/>
 | up to 19/?
 |-
 ! Simultaneous <br />fire
 | 1–2 (Kub-M4/Buk-1 )
 | (2) max 6<ref name="vpk.name"/> 18<ref name="Vasily N page 251">Vasily N. Ya, Gurinovitch AL, anti-aircraft missile systems, page 251</ref>
 | (2) 18<ref name="Vasily N page 251"/>
 | 22<ref name="Vasily N page 251"/><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web |url=http://www.niip.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16:-l-1-2r&catid=9:2011-07-06-06-33-50&Itemid=9 |script-title=ru:Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Бук-М1–2" |author=Сизова Ирина Юрьевна |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104195942/http://www.niip.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16:-l-1-2r&catid=9:2011-07-06-06-33-50&Itemid=9 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>  6 old/12 update 1997<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
 | 24<ref name="almaz-antey.ru"/><ref name="niip.ru">[http://www.niip.ru/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17:-q-2q-9317&catid=9:2011-07-06-06-33-50&Itemid=9 Multichannel middle-range ADMC «Buk-М2E»] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001312/http://www.niip.ru/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17%3A-q-2q-9317&catid=9%3A2011-07-06-06-33-50&Itemid=9 |date=31 December 2013 }} at [[Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design|NIIP]] website</ref>
| 36 <ref name="en.missilery.info"/>
| 2–12<ref name="new-factoria5"/> (For Shtil-1 directs to 3 missiles simultaneously at each target)<ref name="almaz-antey1"/>
|}

===Other variants===
===Original design tree===
* 9K37-1 'Buk-1' – First Buk missile system variant accepted into service, incorporating a 9A38 TELAR within a 2K12M3 Kub-M3 battery.
* 9K37 'Buk'- The completed Buk missile system with all new system components, back-compatible with [[2K12 Kub]].
* 9K37M1 'Buk-M1' – An improved variant of the original 9K37 which entered into service with the then Soviet armed forces.
* 9K37M1-2 'Buk-M1-2' ('Gang' for export markets) – An improved variant of the 9K37M1 'Buk-M1' which entered into service with the Russian armed forces.
* 9K317 'Ural' – initial design of Buk-M2 which entered into service with the Russian armed forces
[[File:Buk-M2-MAKS-2007-2.jpg|thumb|Backside of the 9A317 TELAR of Buk-M2E (export version) at the 2007 MAKS Airshow]]
[[File:Buk-m2 ky.jpg|right|thumb|Wheeled [[MZKT-6922]] TELAR of Buk-M2EK SAM system at [[Kapustin Yar]], 2011]]
* 9K317E 'Buk-M2E' – revised design for export markets{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
* 9K37M1-2A 'Buk-M1-2A' – redesign of Buk-M1-2 for the use of 9M317A missile
* 'Buk-M2EK'<ref name="Buk-m2ek">[http://www.tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/rossiya_otmechaet_den_voennogo_2905.html Russia celebrates the Day of military drivers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403022424/http://www.tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/rossiya_otmechaet_den_voennogo_2905.html |date=3 April 2011 }}, 29 May 2010 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> – A wheeled variant of Buk-M2 on MZKT-6922 chassis exported to Venezuela and Syria.
* 9K317M 'Buk-M3' – A SAM battalion has 36 target channels in total.

===Naval version design tree===
* 3S90/M-22 '''Uragan''' (SA-N-7 "Gadfly") – Naval version of the 9K37 Buk missile system with 9M38/9M38M1 missile.
* 3S90 '''Ezh''' (SA-N-7B/SA-N-12 'Grizzly') – Naval version of the 9K37M1-2 with 9M317 missile.
* 3S90 '''Shtil''' (SA-N-7C 'Gollum') – Naval export version of the 9K37M1-2 with 9M317E missile.
* 3S90E.1 "Shtil-1" (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') – Naval export version with 9M317ME missile.
* 3S90M '''Smerch'''  (SA-N-12 'Grizzly') – naval version with 9M317M missile.

===Copies===
[[File:Buk-MB3K missile launcher (6).jpg|right|thumb|Wheeled [[MZKT-69225]] TELAR of Buk-MB3K SAM system at Milex military exhibition, 2021]]
* {{Flagu|Belarus}} – In May on the [[MILEX]]-2005 exposition in [[Minsk]], Belarus presented their own digital upgrade package for early models of 9K37 Buk, called Buk-MB.<ref name="charter97-2005-10-11-buk">[http://www.charter97.org/eng/news/2005/10/11/buk Army prepares to test upgraded BUK missile system] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925094346/http://www.charter97.org/eng/news/2005/10/11/buk |date=25 September 2008 }}, [[Charter'97]], 11 October 2005</ref> On 26 June 2013 an exported version of Buk-MB was displayed on a military parade in [[Baku]]. It included the new 80K6M Ukrainian-build radar on an MZKT chassis (instead the old 9S18M1) and the new Russian-build missile 9M317 (as in Buk-M2).<ref>{{in lang|ru}}[http://www.belvpo.com/ru/27636.html Buk-MB on a military parade in Baku] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719095133/http://www.belvpo.com/ru/27636.html |date=19 July 2013 }}, Voenno-politicheskoe obozrenie, 26 June 2013</ref>  Buk-MB has been sold to Azerbaijan.
[[File:HQ-16A Surface-to-air missiles 20170919.jpg|thumb|HQ-16A]]
*{{Flagu|Iran}} – [[Raad Air Defense System|Ra'ad]] (Thunder) Medium Ranged Surface-to-Air Missile System using Ta'er 2 missiles. It has very similar layout to wheeled Buk-M2EK 9M317. It was shown during 2012 military parade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Sep-25/189087-iran-tests-new-anti-air-missile-defense-guard.ashx#axzz27SgGt3po |title=Iran tests new anti-air missile defense: Guard |website=The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127030200/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Sep-25/189087-iran-tests-new-anti-air-missile-defense-guard.ashx#axzz27SgGt3po |archive-date=27 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flagu|Ukraine}} – Soviet copies of M1 variants, designed by Artem Luch Arsenal (Kyiv) KBs and built in KhAZ (Kharkiv) and Yuzhmash (Dnipro) plants, planned [[Dnipro (surface-to-air missile)|''Dnipro'' SAM system]] (between Buk and S-300P type).<!--
Text to be slotted in elsewhere
(export version tagged with "E")
-->

=== HQ-16 ===
{{main|HQ-16}}
The '''HQ-16''' is a medium range [[semi-active radar homing]] [[surface-to-air missile]] developed by the [[People's Republic of China]].

Development of the HQ-16 began in 2005 as a joint development with [[Russia]]n company [[Almaz-Antey]], based on the older Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 surface-to-air missile systems.<ref>{{cite web |author=ARG |url=http://www.military-today.com/missiles/hq16.htm |title=HQ-16 Medium-Range Air Defense Missile System |website=Military-today.com |date= |access-date=2022-03-02}}</ref>

==System composition==
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
 |+ Composition{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
 |-
 ! Complex <br /><small>(GRAU and NATO designation)</small>
 ! 9K37 <br />"Buk" <br /><small>(SA-11)</small>
 ! 9K37-1 <br />"Buk-1" <br /><small>(SA-11)</small>
 ! 9K37M1 <br />"Buk-M1" <br /><small>(SA-11)</small>
 ! 9K37M1-2 <br />"Buk-M1-2" <br /><small>(SA-17)</small>
 ! 9K317E <br />"Buk-M2E"
 |-
 ! [[Command post]]
 | 9S470
 | N/A
 | 9S470M1
 | 9S470M1-2
 | 9S510
 |-
 ! Surveillance radar <br />(SURN, SOTs, or [[target acquisition radar|TAR]])
 | 9S18 Kupol
 | 1S91M3
 | 9S18M1 Kupol-M1
 | 9S18М1-1
 | 9S112, <br />9S36
 |-
 ! [[Transporter erector launcher|TELAR]]
 | 9А310, <br />9А38
 | 9A38
 | 9A310M1
 | 9A310M1-2
 | 9A317
 |-
 ! [[Transporter erector launcher|TEL]]
 | 9А39
 | 2P25M3
 | 9A39M1
 | 9A39M1, <br />9A39M1-2
 | 9A316
|}
<!--More precise name for 9S18М1-1 will be "Target acquisition, designation and guidance radar" - something like TADAGR, in Russian РПН - Радиолокатор подсвета цели и наведения. I used a shorter one that was already used here. -->

===9K37 Buk===
[[File:BUK file2.jpg|thumb|TEL 9A316]]
[[File:BUK file1.jpg|thumb|TELAR 9A317]]
* Upper level CP (PBU of the zrbr – zenith-rocket brigade) from the structure of [[automatic control system|ASU]] [[Polyana-D4]]
** 4 × zrdn (zenith-rocket division)
*** CP 9S470
*** SOTs 9S18 Kupol range up to 120&nbsp;km (45&nbsp;km at a height 30 meters).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_12.htm |script-title=ru:ЗРК "Бук"-Станция обнаружения и целеуказания |publisher=Pvo.guns.ru |date=20 July 2000 |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712230046/http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_12.htm |archive-date=12 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
** 3 × zrbat (zenith-rocket battery)
*** 2 × TELAR 9А310
*** 1 × TEL 9А39
** Technical service division
** Сommunication service platoon

===2K12M4 Kub-M4 (9K37-1 Buk-1)===
* 1 × SURN 1S91M3 (from the structure of 2K12M3 [[2K12 Kub|Kub-M3]])
* 4 × TEL 2P25M3 (from the structure of 2K12M3 Kub-M3)
* 1 × TELAR '''9A38''' (from the structure of 9K37 Buk)

===9K37M1 Buk-M1 (Ganges)===
====Technical service division====
* 9V95M1E – mobile automatized control and test station vehicle based on a [[ZIL-131]] with a trailer
* 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 – repair and technical service vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012
* 9V881E – technical service workshop based on Ural-43203-1012
* 9T229 – transporter vehicle for 8 missiles or 6 containers with missiles based on a [[KrAZ-255|KrAZ-255Б]]
* 9T31M – auto crane
* MTO-ATG-M1 – technical service workshop based on ZIL-131
Preparing to fight (inversely) – 5 min. Translation in battle mode, not for the first time in battle (after moving to another place) – no more than 20 seconds.<ref name="rusarmy.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vsk/zrk_buk.html |title=RusArmy.com - |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102519/http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vsk/zrk_buk.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
During the exercise, "Defense 92" (1992) SAM family of "Buk" conducted successful firing at targets on the basis of ballistic missile [[R-17 Elbrus]], and on the basis of MLRS rockets "Smerch" (caliber 0.3 meters).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_2.htm |script-title=ru:ЗРК "Бук-М1" |publisher=Pvo.guns.ru |date=21 July 2000 |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018102720/http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_2.htm |archive-date=18 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{anchor|9K37M1-2 Model (SA-17)}}

===9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 (Ural)===
A command post vehicle '''9S470M1-2''' may take control over 4 batteries, each has 1 TELAR '''9A310M1-2''' with 1 × TEL '''9A39M1'''/'''9A39M1-2''' or 2 batteries, each has 1 target acquisition radar '''9S18М1-1''' and 2 × TELs '''9A39M1'''

Additionally, the TELAR 9A310M1-2 may take control over the [[2K12 Kub|Kub]] vehicles – just the TEL 2P25 or the self-propelled unit of reconnaissance and guidance 1S91 with a TEL 2P25. In this configuration complex can simultaneously fire two goals instead of one.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Probability of hitting of one rocket is:<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
* Statically flying aircraft, 0.7–0.9;
* Manoeuvring aircraft with overdrive to 7–8 G, 0.5–0.7;
* Tactical ballistic missiles, 0.5–0.7;
* Anti-radar missiles, 0.6–0.8;
* Cruise missiles, 0.6–0.8.

The composition:<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
* command post 9S470M1-2
* 6 self-propelled fire units 9A310M1-2 can perform all combat functions,<ref name="ReferenceB"/> including identification of the state of the owner of the object detected.<ref name="rusarmy.com"/>
* 3 launchers (can fire, transporting and loading of other launchers) installation 9A39M1,
* target detection station 9S18M1,
* machine of maintenance 9V881M1-2 with caravan ZIP 9T456,
* workshop of maintenance SPA-M1,
* machine of repair and maintenance.

The maximum range of fire against ballistic missiles is 20&nbsp;km, and the maximum target speed is 1200&nbsp;m/s.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Бук-М1-2 – Алмаз-Антей |url=http://www.almaz-antey.ru/catalogue/millitary_catalogue/52/273/276/286 |website=www.almaz-antey.ru |access-date=2 August 2015 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006154541/http://www.almaz-antey.ru/catalogue/millitary_catalogue/52/273/276/286 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its capacity of protecting against ballistic missiles are comparable with that of the Patriot [[MIM-104 Patriot|PAC-2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/sites/default/files/missile/c300v/s-300vm-envel.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030043441/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/sites/default/files/missile/c300v/s-300vm-envel.jpg |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the engagement ceiling is lower.<ref name="rusarmy.com"/>
Preparing to fight (inversely) – 5 min.<ref name=":0" /> Translation in battle mode, not for the first time in battle (after moving to another place) – no more than 20 seconds.<ref name="rusarmy.com"/> The range for engaging targets on land is 15&nbsp;km, 25&nbsp;km on the water.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:ЗРК "Бук-М1–2"/ (экспорт. "Урал") |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_3.htm |website=pvo.guns.ru |access-date=2 August 2015 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713020851/http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_3.htm |archive-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The capture distance of targets with RCS = 5&nbsp;m{{sup|2}} – 40&nbsp;km.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> It automatically provides a high resistance to interference and work in several different combat modes, detection range of the locator of early detection 160&nbsp;km.<ref name="rusarmy.com"/>

====Technical service division====
* Technical service vehicle MTO 9V881M1-2 with a trailer ZIP 9T456
* Technical service workshop MTO AGZ-M1
* Technical service and maintenance vehicles MRTO: MRTO-1 9V883M1, MRTO-2 9V884M1, MRTO-3 9V894M1
* Transport vehicle (TM) 9T243 with a technological equipment set KTO 9T3184
* Automated control and test mobile station AKIPS 9V95M1
* Workshop vehicle for the missile maintenance 9T458
* Unified compressor station UKS-400V
* Mobile power plant PES-100-T/400-AKP1

===9K317 Buk-M2===
There was an experimental '''9А320''' TEL (with 8 missiles).

Some works were performed to use a wheeled vehicles for Buk-M2-1 on a [[KrAZ-260]] chassis, but they were not completed.<ref name="ru-emba">{{Cite web |url=http://emba.ucoz.ru/publ/2-1-0-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405222114/http://emba.ucoz.ru/publ/2-1-0-14 |url-status=dead |title=History of the testings on Emba firing range |archive-date=5 April 2008 |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>

Developed in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/1981868 |script-title=ru:Дальность "Бук-М3" достигла 70 км, по ряду параметров он превзошел С-300 |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002101941/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/1981868 |archive-date=2 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Accepted for service in 2008.

The structure of the Buk-M2<ref name="almaz-antey.ru"/><ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201111241831-aehz.htm |script-title=ru:Зенитно-ракетный комплекс "Бук-М2" принят на вооружение в башкирской бригаде ПВО |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033618/http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201111241831-aehz.htm |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Fighting means
** Anti-aircraft missiles: 9М317
** Self-propelled firing installation: 9А317 and 9А318 (towed), has everything for self-War, reaction time – 5 sec, range to 20&nbsp;km (reflecting surface, 1–2&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>; height 3&nbsp;km), 18–20&nbsp;km (rs 1–2&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>, height 10–15&nbsp;m), range of work in the system −5 to + 85 degrees for missile guidance (to search for up to 70 if alone)<ref name="new-factoria1"/>
** Installation of charging 9А317 and 9А318 or shooting teams 9С510: 9А316 and 9А320;<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Зенитный ракетный комплекс "Бук-М2Э" {{!}} Армейский вестник|url = http://army-news.ru/2011/01/zenitnyj-kompleks-buk-m2e/|website = army-news.ru|access-date = 2 August 2015|date = 6 January 2011|language = ru|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150530060805/http://army-news.ru/2011/01/zenitnyj-kompleks-buk-m2e/|archive-date = 30 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>
* Management tools
* Command post 9С510, reaction time 2 seconds.
** Radar of targets detection (all directions – 360°) 9С18М1–3, range to 160&nbsp;km (1–2&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>)
* Radar of illumination and guidance of missiles or radar of targets detection of range ±60° 9С36.
** '''9S36-1''' (if derrick is raised as much as possible) range to 120&nbsp;km (reflecting surface 1–2&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>, height 3&nbsp;km), 30–35&nbsp;km (rs 1–2&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>, height 10–15&nbsp;m) <ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru"/>

Translation in battle mode for the first time in battle-not more than 5 minutes, but 10–15 minutes when using derrick in which the radar of 9S36-1. Translation in battle mode, not for the first time in battle (after moving to another place) – no more than 20 seconds.<ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru"/>

The probability of hitting targets one missile is: (data from the developer and several other sources)
* Aircraft of tactical aviation, 0.9–0.95
* Tactical ballistic missiles, 0.6–0.7 maximum speed of ballistic targets 1200&nbsp;m/s.
* Cruise missiles, 0.7–0.8
* Hovering helicopters, 0.3–0.4<ref name="niip.ru"/>
* Helicopter, 0.7–0.8<ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru"/>
* Anti-radiation missile, 0.5–0.7.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The minimum rs to 0.05 square meters. Day-and-night passive optical system for target detection, thermal imager with minimal radiation (9А317 and 9А318).<ref>{{cite web |title="Бук" и "Тунгуска": опции совершенства |url=http://www.oborona.ru/includes/periodics/defense/2011/0722/12336841/detail.shtml |website=www.oborona.ru |access-date=2 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054441/http://www.oborona.ru/includes/periodics/defense/2011/0722/12336841/detail.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The system operates in a mountainous area without glare.<ref name="new-factoria1"/>

The normal range of a ballistic missile to intercept with the use of Buk is up to 200&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Источник: комплекс ПВО "Бук-М3" примут на вооружение до конца года |url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/1815947 |access-date=2 August 2015 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717110918/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/1815947 |archive-date=17 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Buk-M3==
[[File:Расчеты ЗРК «Бук-М3» отразили удар условного противника по пункту базирования кораблей Каспийской флотилии в Дагестане.jpg|thumb|9A316M launcher of the Buk-M3 surface-to-air missile system]]
The 9K317M 'Buk-M3' (9K37M3) is the latest production version, based on new hardware.<ref name="nevskii-bastion.ru">{{cite web |url=http://nevskii-bastion.ru/buk-m3/ |title=ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM 9К317М "BUK-M3" |publisher=Nevskii-bastion.ru |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092208/http://nevskii-bastion.ru/buk-m3/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="arms-expo1">{{cite web |author=МОСКВА, ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ www.arms-expo.ru 12 |url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/novye_razrabotki/do_kontsa_2015_goda_kompleks_pvo_buk_m3_budet_primyat_na_vooruzhenie/ |script-title=ru:До конца 2015 года комплекс ПВО "Бук-М3" будет принят на вооружение – ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ Информационное агентство |publisher=Arms-expo.ru |date=22 May 2015 |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085356/http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/novye_razrabotki/do_kontsa_2015_goda_kompleks_pvo_buk_m3_budet_primyat_na_vooruzhenie/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> It has 36 target channels and features advanced electronic components. Specifications include a maximum target speed of {{convert|3000|m/s|km/h mph Mach|abbr=on}}, an altitude range of {{convert|0.015–35|km|ft|abbr=on}} and a distance range of {{convert|2.5-70|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Extensive trials began in 2015,<ref name="ria.ru">{{cite web |url=http://ria.ru/interview/20140303/997574544.html#ixzz2uyA74Fi7 |script-title=ru:НИИП им. Тихомирова: госиспытания Т-50 начнутся в марте-апреле &#124; РИА Новости |publisher=Ria.ru |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519030634/http://ria.ru/interview/20140303/997574544.html#ixzz2uyA74Fi7 |archive-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=live |date=3 March 2014}}</ref> with the first deliveries planned for 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vz.ru/news/2013/12/28/666431.html |script-title=ru:ВЗГЛЯД / Минобороны: Поступление ЗРК "Бук-М3" в войска ожидается в 2016 году |publisher=Vz.ru |date=28 December 2013 |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221013224/http://www.vz.ru/news/2013/12/28/666431.html |archive-date=21 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> (2 in 2016).{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} The probability of hitting a target with one missile is: aircraft – 0.95; [[tactical ballistic missile]] – 0.7; cruise missile – 0.8. It offers increased efficiency against electronic countermeasures and manoeuvring targets.<ref>{{cite web |author=Имя * |url=http://rus-guns.com/buk-m3-samoxodnyj-zrk.html |title=Бук-М3 самоходный ЗРК &#124; огнестрельное оружие России |publisher=Rus-guns.com |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071507/http://rus-guns.com/buk-m3-samoxodnyj-zrk.html |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> They are more compact, increasing the TELAR's carrying capacity to six missiles.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} The missile's new [[fragmentation (weaponry)|HE-fragmentation]] warhead can more easily penetrate armor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201601060753-g1ze.htm |script-title=ru:"Бук-М3" против ATACMS: почему российские ракеты превосходят американский комплекс |date=6 January 2016 |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009042539/http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201601060753-g1ze.htm |archive-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The complex is highly mobile and designed against air, ground and sea targets (e.g. destroyers).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oborona.ru/includes/periodics/priority/2016/0629/174618663/detail.shtml |script-title=ru:Национальная оборона / Приоритеты / Новейший ЗРК "Бук-М3" успешно поразил баллистическую цель |website=www.oborona.ru |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005758/http://www.oborona.ru/includes/periodics/priority/2016/0629/174618663/detail.shtml |archive-date=6 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The missile reaches a speed of {{convert|1550|m/s|km/h mph Mach|abbr=on}}, and manoeuvres by air rudders and reactive rudders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://army-news.ru/2015/06/buk-m3-vyvedet-armejskuyu-pvo-na-novyj-uroven/ |script-title=ru:"Бук-М3" выведет армейскую ПВО на новый уровень – Армейский вестник |website=army-news.ru |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217114432/http://army-news.ru/2015/06/buk-m3-vyvedet-armejskuyu-pvo-na-novyj-uroven |archive-date=17 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The interval between shots is one second in any direction. Targeting is by commands or active homing, or in combination. Thermal radar works on any target at any time in any weather. Russian sources claim the system can destroy the [[MGM-140 ATACMS]], though this has never been actually attempted.<ref name="tvzvezda.ru">{{cite web |url=http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201601060753-g1ze.htm |script-title=ru:"Бук-М3" против ATACMS: почему российские ракеты превосходят американский комплекс |first=Редакция |last=tvzvezda.ru |website=tvzvezda.ru |date=6 January 2016 |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009042539/http://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201601060753-g1ze.htm |archive-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://army-news.ru/images_stati/0_22c010_c21536d3_XL.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411195103/http://army-news.ru/images_stati/0_22c010_c21536d3_XL.jpg |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Radar, guidance and target detection operates at a range of ±60° 9S36. A target at an altitude of 7–10&nbsp;m can be detected at a distance of up to 35&nbsp;km,{{Citation needed|reason=This is below radar horizon unless the radar is 35+ meters up|date=March 2022}} targets like the [[AGM-158]]A "JASSM" at an altitude of 20&nbsp;m, and RCS over 0.1 m{{sup|2}} at a distance of 17–18&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://army-news.ru/2015/06/buk-m3-vyvedet-armejskuyu-pvo-na-novyj-uroven/ |script-title=ru:"Бук-М3" выведет армейскую ПВО на новый уровень – Армейский вестник |first=Евгений |last=Даманцев |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130134722/http://army-news.ru/2015/06/buk-m3-vyvedet-armejskuyu-pvo-na-novyj-uroven/ |archive-date=30 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The radar sees targets at an altitude of 5 meters and in practical shooting, the system demonstrated its ability to destroy anti-ship missiles flying at that altitude.<ref name="tvzvezda.ru"/>

In June 2016 Almaz-Antey announced successful trials of the anti-aircraft complex. Firing at [[Kapustin Yar]] in the [[Astrakhan]] region was carried out at a ballistic target, which was made by the missile-target. The first brigade set of the "Buk-M3" was delivered in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://latestnewsresource.com/en/news/breaking-news-rogozin-rasskazal-o-rossijskih-zenitnyh-raketah-novogo-pokolenija |title=Rogozin told the Russian anti-aircraft missiles of the new generation. |work=[[LNRMedia]] |date=6 August 2016 |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812042109/https://latestnewsresource.com/en/news/breaking-news-rogozin-rasskazal-o-rossijskih-zenitnyh-raketah-novogo-pokolenija |archive-date=12 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is in active service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2016/10/24/pervyj-divizion-zrk-buk-m3-prishel-v-vojska.html |script-title=ru:Первый дивизион ЗРК "Бук-М3" пришел в войска |date=24 October 2016 |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205150536/https://rg.ru/2016/10/24/pervyj-divizion-zrk-buk-m3-prishel-v-vojska.html |archive-date=5 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A missile uses active guidance, the system has radio and thermal guidance (any weather, day / night), the missile uses guidance 1) on commands, 2) only active homing, 3) mixed. The missile uses a directional explosion, Minimum target height 5 meters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201601060753-g1ze.htm |script-title=ru:"Бук-М3" против ATACMS: почему российские ракеты превосходят американский комплекс |first=Редакция |last=tvzvezda.ru |website=tvzvezda.ru |date=6 January 2016 |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821003804/https://tvzvezda.ru/news/forces/content/201601060753-g1ze.htm |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2018, [[Rosoboronexport]] announced that it would be promoting the Buk-M3 "''Viking''" version for export.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |title=Russia offers Buk-M3 for export |first=Alexander |last=Zudin |date=9 April 2018 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/79121/russia-offers-buk-m3-for-export?from_rss=1 |quote=Russian state arms export corporation Rosoboronexport says it has begun promoting the latest M3 variant of the Buk medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system for export. |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411030034/http://www.janes.com/article/79121/russia-offers-buk-m3-for-export?from_rss=1 |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The system can be integrated with the launchers of the [[Antey 2500]] complex, increasing its range from 65 to 130&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/vzaimodeystvie/rosoboroneksport_vpervye_predlozhil_zarubezhnym_zakazchikam_noveyshiy_zrk_viking/ |title=&quot;Рособоронэкспорт&quot; впервые предложил зарубежным заказчикам новейший ЗРК &quot;Викинг&quot; |website=ИА «Оружие России» |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101003007/http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/vzaimodeystvie/rosoboroneksport_vpervye_predlozhil_zarubezhnym_zakazchikam_noveyshiy_zrk_viking/ |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The "Viking" is reported to be able to operate both autonomously and in cooperation with other air defence systems, using their radar data for targeting, and have a gap of 20 seconds between stopping and launching missiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.rambler.ru/weapon/39470906-viking-vystavili-na-prodazhu/ |title="Викинг" выставили на продажу |website=Рамблер/новости |date=28 March 2018 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071521/https://news.rambler.ru/weapon/39470906-viking-vystavili-na-prodazhu/ |archive-date=24 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The probability of intercept is reported to be close to 100%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvzvezda.ru/news/opk/content/201803281211-p3ql.htm |title=Иностранным заказчикам предложили уникальный российский ЗРК "Викинг" |date=28 March 2018 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071704/https://tvzvezda.ru/news/opk/content/201803281211-p3ql.htm |archive-date=24 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The complex is also reported to be effective against tactical ballistic missiles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2018/03/28/zrk-viking-podgotovili-k-eksportnym-postavkam.html |title=ЗРК "Викинг" подготовили к экспортным поставкам |website=Российская газета |date=28 March 2018 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071451/https://rg.ru/2018/03/28/zrk-viking-podgotovili-k-eksportnym-postavkam.html |archive-date=24 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:Buk operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Map with Buk operators{{legend|#0360d5|Current}}{{legend|#dd001e|Former}}]]
[[File:Buk-M1-2.jpg|thumb|Buk-M1-2 of Armenian Army]]
[[File:Military parade in Baku 2013 40.JPG|thumb|9K37 Buk in Azerbaijan service]]

===Current operators===
* {{Flag|Algeria}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.janes.com/article/73123/algeria-confirms-buk-delivery |title=Algeria confirms Buk delivery {{!}} Jane's 360|date=16 August 2017|work=archive.is|access-date=16 January 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170816185819/http://www.janes.com/article/73123/algeria-confirms-buk-delivery|archive-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> 48 systems Buk-M2.
* {{Flag|Armenia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://panarmenian.net/eng/news/221011/Buk_system_spotted_during_Armenias_Independence_Day_parade_rehearsal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917135851/http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/221011/Buk_system_spotted_during_Armenias_Independence_Day_parade_rehearsal |archive-date=2016-09-17 |title=Buk system spotted during Armenia's Independence Day parade rehearsal - PanARMENIAN.Net}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}<ref name="az1">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.az/articles/politics/80615 |title=Azerbaijan to demonstrate "BUK" anti-aircraft missile complex |access-date=23 June 2013 |date=20 June 2013 |publisher=News.Az |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623020806/http://www.news.az/articles/politics/80615 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 4 dvizion Buk-MB
* {{Flag|Belarus}}<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |url=http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/yb/jlad/jlad0109.htm |title=Tikhomirov Instrument Research Institute 9K37 Buk (SA-11 'Gadfly') low to high-altitude surface-to-air missile system |access-date=4 August 2008 |date=20 March 2008 |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}} {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> – 12 complexes as of 2016.
[[File:9K37 Buk of the Ukrainian military, Independence Day parade in Kiev.JPG|thumb|Ukrainian 9K37 Buk SAMS during the [[Kyiv Independence Day Parade]] (2008)]]
* {{Flag|Cyprus}} <ref name="cyp">{{cite web |url=http://defense-update.com/20140217_israel_cyprus_air_force_exercise.html |title=Israeli Fighter Jets Challenge Cypriot Air Defense in Mock Battle Exercise |date=17 February 2014 |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928023455/http://defense-update.com/20140217_israel_cyprus_air_force_exercise.html |archive-date=28 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Egypt}} – more than 40 Buk-M1-2 and Buk-M2E, as of 2023 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 air defense system and 100 9M317 delivered in 2007 from Russia , another 9K317 Buk-M2 air defense system was delivered (or upgraded from the previously supplied Buk-M1-2 air defense system) from Russia in 2014 and Cairo has requested Buk-M3 missiles from Moscow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kommersant.com/p718548/r_527/Egypt_arms_trade/ |title=Egyptian President Reinforces Friendship with Russia – Kommersant Moscow |publisher=Kommersant.com |access-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224174018/http://www.kommersant.com/p718548/r_527/Egypt_arms_trade/ |archive-date=24 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt Requests Buk-M3 Surface-To-Air Missiles From Russia |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/17469/Egypt_Requests_Buk_M3_Surface_To_Air_Missiles_From_Russia |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.defensemirror.com}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Georgia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo-army.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=9&lang=en |title=Armament of the Georgian Army |publisher=Geo-army.ge |access-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309192408/http://geo-army.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=9&lang=en |archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref>
* {{Flag|India}}{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
* {{Flag|Kazakhstan}} – 1 Buk-M2E ordered in 2018 and delivered in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/kazakhstan-receives-first-buk-m2e-air-defence-system-from-russia |title=Kazakhstan receives first Buk-M2E air-defence system from Russia |website=Janes.com |date=3 February 2021 |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Iran}}
* {{Flag|North Korea}}<ref>[http://www.polit.ru/analytics/2006/10/16/kndr.html Армия Ким Чен Ира] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517165817/http://www.polit.ru/analytics/2006/10/16/kndr.html |date=17 May 2011 }}, Анатолий Цыганок. ПОЛИТ.РУ, 16 October 2006</ref>
* {{Flag|Pakistan}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/68661/pakistan-army-inducts-chinese-made-ly-80-sam-system |title=Pakistan Army inducts Chinese-made LY-80 SAM system – Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204020313/http://www.janes.com/article/68661/pakistan-army-inducts-chinese-made-ly-80-sam-system |archive-date=4 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://quwa.org/2017/03/13/pakistan-formally-inducts-ly-80-hq-16-air-defence-system/ |title=Pakistan formally inducts LY-80 (HQ-16) air defence system |website=quwa.org |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029233917/http://quwa.org/2017/03/13/pakistan-formally-inducts-ly-80-hq-16-air-defence-system/ |archive-date=29 October 2017 |url-status=live |date=13 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-deploys-chinese-air-defence-system-where-does-india-stand/articleshow/57630076.cms |title=Pakistan deploys Chinese air defence system: Where does India stand? |first=Akash |last=Sinha |date=14 July 2018 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051329/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-deploys-chinese-air-defence-system-where-does-india-stand/articleshow/57630076.cms |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flag|People's Republic of China}}<ref>[http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/new-hq-16-surface-to-air-missile-ready-for-action-pla.html New HQ-16 surface to air missile ready for action: PLA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002204228/http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/new-hq-16-surface-to-air-missile-ready-for-action-pla.html |date=2 October 2011 }}, China Military News, 28 September 2011</ref> – Improved variant as the [[HQ-16]], a navalized VLS system. Joint People's Republic of China/Russian project to upgrade the naval 9K37M1-2 system 'Shtil' (SA-N-12).
* {{Flag|Russia}} – more than 440 9К37 and 9К317 as of 2016 (350 in land forces and 80 in air force).<ref>Source: Military Balance 2016, page 190</ref><ref>Source: Military Balance 2016, page 195</ref><ref>Source: Military Balance 2016, page 197</ref><ref>Source: Military Balance 2016, page 199</ref> Replacement of the 9К37 complex with the newer 9К317 Buk M2 is planned to be completed by 70% or more by 2020.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://news.rambler.ru/11979191/ |title=Buk-M2 goes on combat duty for anti-aircraft defence |date=30 November 2011 |website=[[Rambler (portal)|Rambler]] News |access-date=30 December 2013 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101125821/http://news.rambler.ru/11979191/ |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>Moscow Defense Brief № 1, 2011</ref> 1 battalion of Buk-M3 was delivered in 2016.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} 66 Buk-M-1-2s, 36 M2s and 36 M3s were delivered in 2012–2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1107/142043988/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Валерий Герасимов: за пятилетний период принято на вооружение более 300 новых образцов ВиВТ |website=armstrade.org |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222249/http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1107/142043988/detail.shtml |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of December 2017, 3 missile brigades are fully equipped with Buk-M3.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} 7 Buk-M3 brigade sets on order as of early 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/0508/102557781/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Минобороны заключило контракты на поставку комплексов ПВО "Тор-М2", "Тор-М2ДТ", "Бук-МЗ" и С-300В4 |website=Armstrade.org |date= |access-date=2022-03-02}}</ref> (see [[List of equipment of the Russian Ground Forces]]) Deliveries reportedly continue as of late 2023.<ref>{{cite web | title=ЦАМТО / / Министр обороны РФ проверил выполнение ГОЗ на предприятии Концерна ВКО "Алмаз-Антей" в Ульяновске | website=ЦАМТО / Центр анализа мировой торговли оружием | date=2023-10-10 | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/1010/152075753/detail.shtml | language=ru | ref={{sfnref | ЦАМТО / Центр анализа мировой торговли оружием | 2023}} | access-date=2023-11-01}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Syria}}<ref name="Janes2">{{cite web |url=http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/yb/jlad/jlad0109.htm |title=9K37 Buk |access-date=19 November 2008 |date=17 November 2008 |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]]}} {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> 8 complexes 9К317E Buk-M2E delivered from [[Russia|Russian Federation]] in 2011 (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute – Arms Transfers Database) for Land Forces + 10/8<ref>{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade Registers |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Buk-M2E for Air Defence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vpk.name/news/95907_chem_budet_voevat_siriya_v_sluchae_agressii_stran_zapadnoi_koalicii.html |title=Чем будет воевать Сирия в случае агрессии стран западной коалиции? |date=30 August 2013 |access-date=14 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082427/http://vpk.name/news/95907_chem_budet_voevat_siriya_v_sluchae_agressii_stran_zapadnoi_koalicii.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> + 20 Buk-M1-2s.<ref>The International Institute
For Strategic Studies IISS The Military Balance 2012. — Nuffield Press, 2012. — С. 349 с</ref>
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.uos.ua/produktsiya/tehnika-pvo/75-zenitniy-raketniy-kompleks-buk |title=The "BUK" Ground Force Air Defense System |website=State Company "[[Ukrspetsexport|Ukroboronservice]]" |place=Ukraine |access-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720110244/http://en.uos.ua/produktsiya/tehnika-pvo/75-zenitniy-raketniy-kompleks-buk |archive-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> – 72 9K37M1 as of 2016.<ref>Source: Military Balance 2016, page 206</ref> Modernisation of stored systems to Buk M1-2 standard planned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uprom.info/en/news/vpk/ukrayina-modernizuye-zenitni-ustanovki-zrk-buk-m1/ |title=Україна модернізує зенітні установки ЗРК &quot;Бук М1&quot; |first=Vladislav |last=Hristoforov |date=3 March 2018 |access-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304173012/http://uprom.info/en/news/vpk/ukrayina-modernizuye-zenitni-ustanovki-zrk-buk-m1/ |archive-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Venezuela}} 12 Buk-M2E in service.<ref>[https://es.rbth.com/technologias/82610-venezuela-misiles-rusos-buk-ejercicios-militares-video Russia Beyond] {{cite web |url=https://es.rbth.com/technologias/82610-venezuela-misiles-rusos-buk-ejercicios-militares-video |date=12 February 2019 |title=Así probó Venezuela sus misiles antiaéreos rusos Buk-M2E en unos ejercicios militares (Vídeo)}}</ref>

===Former operators===
* {{Flag|Finland}} – In 1996 Finland started operating the missile systems that they received from Russia as debt payment.<ref>[http://tietokannat.mil.fi/lohtaja209/gallery.php?language=fi_FI&page_id=8 Video of Buk firing]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Finnish Defence Forces]] website {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Due to concerns about susceptibility to electronic warfare, Finland has replaced the missile system with [[NASAMS 2]].<ref name="suomenkuvalehti">{{cite web |url=http://suomenkuvalehti.fi/jutut/kotimaa/paakaupunkiseudun-ilmasuojassa-paljastui-aukko/ |title=Pääkaupunkiseudun ilmasuojassa paljastui aukko |date=3 June 2008 |website=[[Suomen Kuvalehti]] |publisher=Pekka Ervasti |language=Fi |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002110/http://suomenkuvalehti.fi/jutut/kotimaa/paakaupunkiseudun-ilmasuojassa-paljastui-aukko/ |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defenseindustrydaily">{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/finland-updating-its-air-defense-systems-05398/ |title=Finland Updating Its Air Defense Systems |date=10 September 2013 |website=Defense Industry Daily |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225050811/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Finland-Updating-Its-Air-Defense-Systems-05398/ |archive-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="YLE">{{cite web |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/buk_m1_-ilmatorjuntajarjestelma_loytyy_edelleen_myos_suomesta__video/7372188 |title=BUK M1 -ilmatorjuntajärjestelmä löytyy edelleen myös Suomesta – video |date=23 July 2014 |website=[[YLE]] |language=Fi |access-date=2 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728170405/http://yle.fi/uutiset/buk_m1_-ilmatorjuntajarjestelma_loytyy_edelleen_myos_suomesta__video/7372188 |archive-date=28 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Finland still does use this, mainly in storage. Still ready for wartime use and are all in "operational condition".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://areena.yle.fi/1-2339304 |title=Uutisvideot &#124; Uutisvideot: BUK M1 –ilmatorjuntajärjstelmä löytyy edelleen myös Suomesta |date=23 July 2014}}</ref>
* {{USSR}} - Passed on to successor states.

===Potential operators===
* {{flag|Argentina}}: Russia offered the Buk-M2E to the [[Argentine Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zona-militar.com/2021/02/04/como-son-los-sistemas-de-defensa-aerea-que-ofrece-rusia/ |title=¿Como son los sistemas de defensa aérea que ofrece Rusia? |date=4 February 2021}}</ref>

===Failed bids===
* {{flag|People's Republic of Bulgaria}}
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
* {{flag|East Germany}}
* {{flag|Hungarian People's Republic}}
* {{flag|Polish People's Republic}}
* {{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania}}
Before 1990, 9K37M1E "Ganga" launchers were supposed to enter the armies of the [[Warsaw Pact]], but did not enter their armaments because they ceased to exist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samolotypolskie.pl/samoloty/2453/126/9K37-Buk |title=samolotypolskie.pl – 9K37 "Buk" |website=www.samolotypolskie.pl |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026185747/http://www.samolotypolskie.pl/samoloty/2453/126/9K37-Buk |archive-date=26 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*{{lwc|HISAR (surface to air missile system)|HISAR}}
*{{lwc|Khordad 15 (air defense system)|Khordad 15}}
*[[List of surface-to-air missiles]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* [https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2014/07/20/what-is-a-buk-missile-at-a-glance/ What is a buk missile?] at ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131226070954/http://www.niip.ru/eng/ V. Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design Website (Russian manufacturer of Buk)]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-11.htm |title=SA-11 GADFLY (9K37M1 BUK-M1) |date=20 June 2000 |website=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=22 December 2006 |archive-date=4 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404085725/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-11.htm |url-status=dead}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080611172804/http://milparade.udm.ru/29/066.htm Buk-M1-2 air defense missile system has no equals in terms of combat employment], Yevgeny Pigin, Gennady Kaufman, [[Military Parade]], 1998.
* {{cite web |url=http://warfare.be/db/catid/264/linkid/1690/title/SA-11-Gadfly-/-9K37M1-Buk/ |title=SA-11 Gadfly / 9K37M1 Buk |date=2004–2013 |website=warfare.be |access-date=30 December 2013}}
* [http://www.enemyforces.com/missiles/buk.htm Buk SA-11 Gadfly. Prospects for Buk-M1-2 air defense missile system] at enemyforces.com

===Russian sources===
* {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.ump.mv.ru/index.htm Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant]
* {{in lang|ru}} [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk.htm 9K37-1 Buk-1 (SA-11 Gadfly)] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_01.htm TELAR 9A38] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_1.htm 9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly)] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_11.htm CP 9S470] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_12.htm SURN 9S18 Kupol (NATO classification – Tube Arm)] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_13.htm TELAR 9A310] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_14.htm TEL 9A39] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_2.htm Buk-M1 (export name – Gang)] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_3.htm Buk-M1-2 (export name – Ural)] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_4.htm Comparison table of technical specifications of Buk, Buk-M1, Buk-M1-2] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_5.htm Closing article for Buk] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/foto/foto_buk_finn.htm Photos of Buk-M1 in Finnish Army] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m22.htm M-22 Uragan (SA-N-7 Gadfly)] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/buk/buk_02.htm 9M38] · [http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/m22_9m317.htm 9M317] at ''Vestnik PVO'' website

===Video===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtBf9gsd0Fs BUK and other air missile system in teamwork], 9 min.

==External links==
{{commons category|Buk surface-to-air missile system}}
{{Wiktionary|Buk}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130424024817/http://www.almaz-antey.ru/en/catalogue/millitary_catalogue Main defense product range] of [[Almaz-Antey]]

{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}
{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SAM}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buk Missile System}}
[[Category:Naval surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Almaz-Antey products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s]]

[[fr:9K38 Buk-M1-2]]