View source for Chinook Jargon

{{Short description|Pidgin trade language from the Pacific Northwest}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox language
 |name = Chinook Jargon
 |nativename = {{lang|chn-Latn|chinuk wawa, wawa, chinook lelang, lelang, chinook}}<br/>{{lang|chn-Dupl|𛰣𛱇‌𛰚𛱛𛰅 𛱜‌𛱜}}
 |states = Canada, United States
 |region = Pacific Northwest (Interior and Coast): Alaska, The Yukon, British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Northern California
 |speakers = 1
 |date = 2013
 |ref=<ref name="apics-online">{{cite web |last1=Grant |first1=Anthony |title=Chinuk Wawa structure dataset |url= https://apics-online.info/contributions/74 |website=Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180114140553/https://apics-online.info/contributions/74 |archive-date=January 14, 2018 |location=Leipzig |date=2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |familycolor = pidgin
 |family = Mainly [[Wakashan]] ([[Nootka Jargon]]), [[Chinookan]], and [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ([[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Italic languages|Italic]])
 |iso2 = chn
 |iso3 = chn
 |glotto = pidg1254
 |glottoname = (pidgin)
 |glottorefname = Pidgin Chinook Jargon
 |glotto2 = chin1272
 |glottoname2 = (creole)
 |glottorefname2 = Creolized Grand Ronde Chinook Jargon
 |script = {{lang|la|De facto}} [[Latin script|Latin]],<br />historically [[Duployan shorthand|Duployan]];<br />currently standardized [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]-based orthography
 |nation = {{lang|la|De facto}} in Pacific Northwest until about 1920
 |map = Lang Status 20-CR.svg
 |mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Chinook Jargon is classified as Critically Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
}}
'''Chinook Jargon''' (''{{lang|chn|Chinuk Wawa}}'' or ''{{lang|chn|Chinook Wawa}}'', also known simply as ''Chinook'' or ''Jargon'') is a language originating as a [[pidgin language|pidgin trade language]] in the [[Pacific Northwest]]. It spread during the 19th century from the lower [[Columbia River]], first to other areas in modern [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]], then to [[British Columbia]] and parts of [[Alaska]], [[Northern California]], [[Idaho]] and [[Montana]]. It sometimes took on the characteristics of a [[creole language]].<ref name="lang">{{Cite book |last=Lang |first=George |title=Making Wawa: The Genesis of Chinook Jargon |publisher=UBC Press |date=2008 |location=Vancouver |pages=127–128 |isbn=9780774815260}}</ref> The contact language Chinook Jargon should not be confused with the Indigenous language [[Chinookan languages|Chinook]].<ref name="dene">{{cite web |url= http://www.ydli.org/bcother/chinook.htm |title=Chinook Jargon |access-date=December 2, 2009 |publisher=Yinka Dene Language Institute}}</ref> 

Reflecting its origins in early trade transactions, approximately 15 percent of its lexicon is French. It also makes use of English loan words and those of other language systems. Its entire written form is in the [[Duployan shorthand]] developed by French priest Émile Duployé.

Many words from Chinook Jargon remain in common use in the [[Western United States]] and British Columbia. It has been described as part of a multicultural heritage shared by the modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest. The total number of Jargon words in published lexicons is in the hundreds.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gibbs |first=George |date=1863 |url= http://content.lib.washington.edu/curriculumpackets/treaties/Chinook_Dictionary_Abridged.pdf |title=Dictionary of the Chinook Language, or, Trade Language of Oregon |edition=Abridged |location=New York |publisher=Cramoisy Press |via=University of Washington Library |access-date=July 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120904223643/http://content.lib.washington.edu/curriculumpackets/treaties/Chinook_Dictionary_Abridged.pdf |archive-date=September 4, 2012}}</ref> It has a simple grammatical system. In Chinook Jargon, the consonant {{IPA|/r/}} is rare. Such English and French loan words as ''rice'' and {{lang|fr|merci}}, for instance, have changed after being adopted to the Jargon, to ''{{lang|chn|lays}}'' and ''{{lang|chn|mahsi}}'', respectively.

==Name==
Most books written in English still use the term Chinook Jargon, but some linguists working with the preservation of a [[creolized]] form of the language used in [[Grand Ronde, Oregon]], prefer the term ''Chinuk Wawa'' (with the spelling 'Chinuk' instead of 'Chinook'). Historical speakers did not use the name ''Chinook Wawa'', but rather ''"the Wawa"'' or ''"Lelang"'' (from Fr. {{Lang|fr|la langue}}, the language, or tongue).{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} ''Wawa'' also means speech or words; "have a wawa" means "hold a parley", even in modern idiomatic English,<ref name="lillard"/><!--I'm from the Pacific Northwest, and no one who I have spoken to recognizes that phrase.--><!--cite available for that usage is from Begbie's/Bushby's field notes c.1859-60, don't have 'em here--> ''Lelang'' also means the physical bodypart, the tongue.<ref name="chinuk wawa dictionary project">{{Cite book |title=Chinuk Wawa / kakwa nsayka ulman-tili̩xam ɬaska munk-kəmtəks nsayka / As Our Elders Teach Us to Speak It |publisher=Chinuk Wawa Dictionary Project / University of Washington Press |date=2012 |isbn=9780295991863}}</ref>

The name for the Jargon varied throughout the territory in which it was used. For example: ''skokum hiyu'' in the [[Boston Bar, British Columbia|Boston Bar]]-[[Lytton, British Columbia|Lytton]] area of the [[Fraser Canyon]]. In many areas it was simply "the old trade language" or "the Hudson Bay language".<!--I'll try and get cite backup for that; it's first person reportage from Siska BC--><!--This is what I've heard it called in Klemtu and Bella Coola -->

==History==
[[File:Gill's Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon 01B.jpg|thumb|Cover, ''[[J. K. Gill Company|Gill]]'s Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon'', 13th Edition, 1891. Photographed at [[Log House Museum]], [[Seattle, Washington]].]]

===Origins===
Whether Jargon was a post-contact or pre-contact language has been the subject of debate among scholars.<ref name="harris" /> In 2016, linguist John Lyon studied the word lists collected by [[Francis Drake]] and his crew on the 1579 voyage that took them to the Oregon coast. Lyon compared the seven words and phrases found on the Native vocabulary list recorded by Drake and his men with the vocabularies of Native languages on the west coast (Lyon 2016).<ref>"Francis Drake's 1579 Voyage: Assessing Linguistic Evidence for an Oregon Landing", ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 58, no. 1.</ref> 

Of the five single words on the list, Lyon found that the word ''petáh,'' which was the Native word for a root that can be eaten raw or made into cakes called ''cheepe'', were meaning matches for the Jargon words 'wapato' (a root that tastes like a potato) and 'chaplill', the word for the bread cakes made from this root (Lyon 2016:41). The word recorded for 'king' by Drake was 'hióh' (recorded also as 'hioghe'). Lyon thought it was a match for the Wawa word hi-yú, meaning a gathering, or much, plenty. Lyon was not able to conclude whether Drake encountered people of the Northwest Coast.

In 2021, Melissa Darby studied the ethnographic records and the records left by Francis Drake's expedition. She found new evidence that the people Drake met were speaking some Jargon words to Drake and his men.<ref>Melissa Darby, "New Light on the Antiquity of Chinook Jargon (Chinuk Wawa) from Francis Drake's Exploration of the Northwest Coast", ''Journal of Northwest Anthropology'', Fall 2021, Vol. 55 No. 2.</ref>

The pre-contact hypothesis states that the language developed prior to European settlement as an intra-indigenous [[contact language]] in a region marked by divisive geography and intense linguistic diversity. It eventually expanded to incorporate elements of European languages, with approximately 15 percent of its lexicon derived from [[French language|French]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zenk |first1=Henry |title=Chinook Jargon (Chinuk Wawa) |url= https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/chinook_jargon/#.YEWynZ1KhPY |website=Oregon Encyclopedia |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="holton">{{cite book |last=Holton |first=Jim |date=1999 |title=Chinook Jargon: The Hidden Language of the Pacific Northwest}}</ref> The Jargon also acquired [[English language|English]] loanwords, and its written form is entirely in the [[Duployan shorthand]] created by French priest [[Émile Duployé]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Vancouver |first=J. S. "Skit" |last=Matthews |publisher=City of Vancouver Archives |date=1936}}</ref><ref name="lillard">{{Cite book |last1=Lillard |first1=Charles |author1-link=Charles Lillard |first2=Terry |last2=Glavin |title=A Voice Great Within Us |publisher=New Star Books |date=1998 |location=Vancouver |isbn=0921586566 |url= https://archive.org/details/voicegreatwithin0000lill}}</ref>

The post-contact hypothesis suggests the language originated in Nootka Sound after the arrival of Russian and Spanish traders as a means of communicating between them and indigenous peoples. It eventually spread further south due to commercial use.<ref name="harris" /> [[University of Ottawa]] linguist David Lang has argued for this conclusion.<ref name="lanngg">{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=George |title=Making Wawa: The genesis of Chinook Jargon |date=2008 |publisher=UBC Press |ref=langg}}</ref>

Linguist Barbara Harris suggests a dual genesis, positing that both origins probably have some legitimacy and that the two varieties eventually blended together.<ref name="harris">{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Barbara |title=Chinook Jargon: Arguments for a Pre-Contact Origin |journal=Pacific Coast Philology |date=September 1994 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=28–36 |doi=10.2307/1316345 |jstor=1316345 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/1316345}}</ref>

By 1840, Chinook Jargon had [[creolization|creolized]] into a native language for some speakers.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_yRvZM3mN-U4C |title=United States Exploring Expedition: During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1842 Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N.. Ethnography and philology |last=Hale |first=Horatio |date=1846 |publisher=Lea and Blanchard}}</ref>

===Use===
[[File:Wawatest2.jpg|thumb|An example of the shorthand "Chinuk Pipa" writing system used in the ''[[Kamloops Wawa]]'' newspaper]]
In the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamloops|Diocese of Kamloops]], British Columbia, hundreds of speakers learned to read and write the Jargon using [[Duployan shorthand]] via the publication ''[[Kamloops Wawa]]''. As a result, the Jargon had the beginnings of its own literature, mostly translated [[Bible|scripture]] and [[Classics|classical works]], some local and [[Bishop (Catholic Church)#Diocesan bishops or eparchs|episcopal]] news, community gossip and events, and [[Personal journal|diaries]].<ref name="holton" /> [[Marah Ellis Ryan]] (c. 1860–1934), an early Native American activist and novelist,   used Chinook words and phrases in her writing.<ref>''Squaw Elouise'', Chicago; New York: Rand, McNally, 1892; ''Told in the Hills'', Chicago; New York: Rand, McNally, 1891, 1905.</ref>

In [[Oregon]], Chinook Jargon was widely used by natives, trappers, traders, employees of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], missionaries, and pioneers who came across the Oregon Trail from the 1830s to the 1870s. In [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]'s first half century (1840s–1890s), there were frequent trade interactions between pioneers and Native Americans. Many Oregonians used Jargon in casual conversation. Jones estimates that in pioneer times in the 1860s<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20181002-north-americas-nearly-forgotten-language |title=North America's nearly forgotten language |publisher=BBC |access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> there were about 100,000 speakers of Chinook Jargon.<ref>Jones (1972), p. 97.</ref> It peaked in usage from approximately 1858 to 1900, and declined as a result of widespread deaths from the [[Spanish flu]] and [[World War I]].<ref name="The Tyee">{{cite web |url= https://thetyee.ca/Life/2006/01/10/StillSpeakChinook/ |title=Can We Still Speak Chinook? |date=January 10, 2006 |work=The Tyee}}</ref>

As late as the 1940s, native children were born in [[Tiller, Oregon]], who grew up speaking Chinook Jargon as their first language.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.hcn.org/issues/51.15/tribal-affairs-when-federal-lands-become-tribal-lands-again-public-lands |title=When public lands become tribal lands again |date=August 16, 2019 |first=Anna V. |last=Smith |website=HCN.org |access-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref> But by 1962, the [[SIL International|Summer Institute of Linguistics]] (SIL) estimated that only 100 speakers were left.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} 

In the 2000s, [[Lane Community College]] in [[Eugene, Oregon]], started a three-semester university program teaching Chinook Jargon.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.lanecc.edu/llc/language/chinuk-wawa |title=Chinuk Wawa |website=LaneCC.edu |access-date=January 15, 2020 |publisher=Lane Community College |location=Eugene, Oregon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://nativestudies.uoregon.edu/tag/chinuk-wawa/|title=Chinuk Wawa |publisher=Native American Studies Dept., University of Oregon |location=Eugene |website=NativeStudies.UOregon.edu |access-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref> 

In 2013, it was reported that there was one native speaker of Chinook Jargon (specifically the Grand Ronde variety). An estimated 1,000 people had oral or written knowledge of Chinook Jargon as a second language.<ref name="apics-online" /> In 2015, the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated based on the self-reported [[American Community Survey]] that around 45 people (with a margin of error of 25) spoke Chinook Jargon at home in the period 2009–2013.<ref name="US-census">{{cite web |title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013 |url= https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=US Census Bureau |location=Washington, DC |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151106035547/http://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html |archive-date=November 6, 2015 |date=October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[Nard Jones]], Chinook Jargon was still in use in [[Seattle]] until roughly the eve of [[World War II]], especially among the members of the Arctic Club. Seattle was the last city where the language was widely used. Writing in 1972, Jones  remarked that "Only a few can speak it fully, men of ninety or a hundred years old, like [[Henry Broderick (realtor)|Henry Broderick]], the realtor, and [[Joshua Green (seaman and banker)|Joshua Green]], the banker."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Nard |author-link=Nard Jones |title=Seattle |date=1972 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=0385018754 |location=Garden City, New York |pages=94 ''et. seq.''}} Quotation is from p. 97.</ref>

==Evolution==
There is some controversy about the origin of the Jargon, but the consensus is that the pidgin peaked in use during the 19th century. During this era, many dictionaries were published to help settlers interact with the [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] people living in the Pacific Northwest. Local settler families exchanged communiqués that were stylishly composed entirely in "the Chinook." Many residents of the [[British Columbia]] city of [[Vancouver]] spoke Chinook Jargon as their [[first language]], even using it at home in preference to English. Among the first Europeans to use Chinook Jargon were [[merchant|traders]], [[animal trapping|trappers]], [[voyageurs]], [[coureur des bois|coureurs des bois]], and [[Catholic missionaries]].<ref>[http://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/149202.Chinook%20Jargon.pdf Goulet, George and Terry Goulet.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Barkwell|first= Lawrence J.|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/142973621/Chinook-Metis-Trade-Language|title=Chinook: Metis Trade Language|website=[[Scribd]]}}</ref>

The original Jargon was a pidgin, originally used as a second language by speakers of other Native American languages in the area. It had sentence-initial negation, which is atypical of regional languages, and also didn't have typical [[Polysynthetic language|complex morphology]]. It had an [[Subject–verb–object word order|SVO structure]], while [[Chinookan languages|Chinookan]] and [[Salishan languages]] were VSO. However, local [[Athabaskan languages]] were SOV, so this was probably a result of contact — a cross-language compromise. Only later did Chinook Jargon acquire significant English and French lexical items.

The Jargon is influenced by individuals' accents and terms from their native languages; as [[Kanakas]] married into First Nations and non-native families, their particular mode of the Jargon is believed to have contained [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] words or Hawaiian styles of pronunciation. In some areas, the adoption of further non-aboriginal words has been observed. During the [[gold rush]], Chinook Jargon was used in British Columbia at first by gold prospectors and [[Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment|Royal Engineers]]; as industry developed, Chinook Jargon was often used by cannery workers, hop pickers, loggers, fishermen, and ranchers. It is possible that, at one point, the population of British Columbia spoke Chinook Jargon more than any other language, even English.<ref name="Barman 1991">{{cite book |last1=Barman |first1=Jean |title=The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia |date=2007 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=9780802093097 |pages=180–181 |edition=3rd}}</ref> Historian Jane Barman wrote:<ref name="Barman 1991" />
{{Blockquote|text=The persistence of everyday relationships between Natives and Europeans is embodied in Chinook. Emerging out of early contact and the fur trade, the Chinook jargon possesses at most 700 words derived in approximately equal proportions from the powerful Chinook Indians of the lower Columbia, from the Nootka people of Vancouver Island, and from French and English... jargon provided 'an important vehicle of communication for trading & ordinary purposes.'&nbsp;... <p>Chinook was the language of instruction in the school for Indian children that Hills established near Victoria in 1860.&nbsp;... Chinook entered the mainstream.&nbsp;... It was only after mid-century, when almost all Indian adults had learned basic English in school, that everyday use of Chinook died out in British Columbia.</p>}}

A heavily creolized form of Chinook Jargon is still spoken as a first language by some residents of [[Oregon]], much as the [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] language [[Michif]] is spoken in [[Canada]].{{Clarify|reason=Much as in?|date=March 2024}} Hence, Chinuk Wawa, as it is known in Oregon, is now a [[creole language]], distinct from the varied pronunciation of the Chinook Jargon. There is evidence that in some communities (e.g., around [[Fort Vancouver]]) the Jargon had become creolized by the early 19th century, and that would have been among the mixed French/Métis, Algonkian, Scots and Hawaiian populations, as well as among the natives around the Fort. At Grand Ronde, the resettlement of tribes from all over Oregon in a multi-tribal agency led to the use of Chinuk Wawa as a common tongue among the linguistically diverse population. These circumstances led to the creolization of Chinuk Wawa at Grand Ronde.<ref name="zenk">{{Cite book |last=Zenk |first=Henry |title=Chinook Jargon and Native Cultural Persistence in the Grand Ronde Indian Community, 1856-1907: A Special Case of Creolization |publisher=University of Oregon |date=1984}}</ref> There is also evidence that creolization occurred at the [[Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians|Confederated Tribes of Siletz]] reservation paralleling Grand Ronde,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livingtongues.org/hotspots/hotspot.siletz.html |title=Siletz Dee-Ni Talking Online Dictionary Project Western North America |publisher=Living Tongues Institute For Endangered Languages |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131110013331/http://www.livingtongues.org/hotspots/hotspot.siletz.html |archive-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> although, due to language revitalization efforts being focused on the [[Tolowa language]], Chinuk fell out of use.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

No studies of British Columbia versions of the Jargon have demonstrated creolization. The range of varying usages and vocabulary in different regions suggests that localization did occur—although not on the pattern of Grand Ronde where Wasco, Klickitat and other peoples adopted and added to the version of the Jargon that developed there. First-language speakers of the Chinook Jargon were common in BC (native and non-native), until the mid-20th century. After 1850, the Wawa was still used in the United States portion of the Chinook-speaking world, especially in wilderness areas and work environments.<ref name="lillard" /> Local creolization's probably did occur in British Columbia, but recorded materials have not been studied as they were made due to the focus on the traditional aboriginal languages.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

There is a belief that something similar to the Jargon existed before European contact—without European words in its vocabulary.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Edward Harper |title=Chinook: A History and Dictionary |location=Portland, Oregon |publisher=Binfords & Mort |date=1935 |page=10 |isbn=0832302171}}</ref> There is some evidence for a Chinookan-Nuu-chah-nulth [[lingua franca]] in the writings of [[John Jewitt]] and in what is known as the Barclay Sound word-list, from the area of [[Ucluelet]] and [[Port Alberni|Alberni]]. Others{{who|date=November 2012}} believe that the Jargon was formed during contact.<ref name="holton" />

Current scholarly opinion{{who|date=November 2012}} holds that a trade language probably existed before European contact, which began "morphing" into the more familiar Chinook Jargon in the late 1790s, notably at a dinner party at Nootka Sound where Capts [[George Vancouver|Vancouver]] and [[Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra|Bodega y Quadra]] were entertained by Chief Maquinna and his brother Callicum performing a theatrical using mock English and [[mock Spanish]] words and mimicry of European dress and mannerisms. There evidently was Jargon in use in Queen Charlotte, but this "[[Haida language|Haida]] [[Jargon]]" is not known to have shared anything in common with Chinook Jargon or with the Nootkan-Chinookan "proto-jargon", which is its main foundation.

==Orthographies==
There are a few main spelling variations of Chinook Jargon but each individual writer also had their own spelling variations.

# English, French and German-based spelling – In a general sense, when words were derived from English or French, the original English/French spellings were used. Words not derived from English/French were written in an approximate spelling based on mainstream English, French or German spelling. This would mean, for example, "kloochman" (from [[Nootka language|Nootka]] ''[[wikt:łuucmaa#Nootka|łuucmaa]]'') for "woman, wife", "house" (English origin) for "house", and "le clou" (French origin) for "nail, claw". This spelling doesn't take into account the actual mainstream pronunciation of the words in Chinook Jargon.
# Approximate sound-based spelling – With every writer having their own variation of a fairly standardized spelling based on their own dialect, the same examples above could be "tlotchmin, haws, leklo".
# IPA-based spelling for use on smartphones and early computers – This was used on the Chinook Jargon Listserve in the 1990s and other places where it was difficult or impossible to type using actual IPA symbols. Compare [[X-SAMPA]], another [[ASCII]] transcription of IPA.
# IPA-based Grand Ronde spelling – This is only used by speakers of the Grand Ronde dialect in Oregon.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Spelling variations
!Listserv symbol<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Tony |date=November 11, 1998 |title=ChInuk-wawa |url= https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/chinook/1998-November/000161.html |access-date=January 18, 2020}}</ref>
!Grand Ronde variations
!Other variations
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!English
|-
| {{math|?}}, {{math|7}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
| uh<u> Ɂ</u>oh ([[glottal stop]])
|-
| {{math|!}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ʼ}}
| [[ejective]] (comes ''after'' the ejective consonant)
|-
| {{math|h}}
|
|
|ʰ
| [[Aspirated consonant|aspiration]] (comes ''after'' the aspirated consonant)
|-
| {{math|w}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|V̹}}
| [[rounded vowel|rounded]] (comes ''after'' the vowel/consonant to be rounded)
|-
| {{math|a}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɑː}}
| f<u>a</u>ther
|-
| {{math|ay}}, {{math|ai}}
|
|
|{{IPA|aɪ}}
| sk<u>y</u>, b<u>i</u>te
|-
| {{math|aw}}, {{math|ow}}
|
|
|{{IPA|aʊ}}
| c<u>ow</u>, m<u>ou</u>th
|-
| {{math|b}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|b}}
| <u>b</u>ill
|-
| {{math|c}}
|
| {{math|ts}}
|{{IPA link|ts}}
| po<u>ts</u>
|-
| {{math|ch}}
|
| {{math|tj}}, {{math|ty}}, {{math|sh}}, {{math|s}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
| <u>ch</u>urch
|-
| {{math|e}}, {{math|eh}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|e}}
| b<u>e</u>t
|-
| {{math|E}}, {{math|V}}, {{math|v}}
|
| {{math|u}}, {{math|o}}, {{math|e}}
|{{IPA link|ʌ}}
| b<u>u</u>t, m<u>u</u>tt
|-
| {{math|ey}}, {{math|ei}}
|
|
|{{IPA|eɪ}}
| s<u>ay</u>
|-
| {{math|d}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|d}}
| <u>d</u>og
|-
| {{math|f}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|f}}
| <u> f </u>a t
|-
| {{math|g}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|g}}
| <u> g </u>e t
|-
| {{math|h}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
| <u>h</u>appy
|-
| {{math|I}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}
| b<u> i </u>t
|-
| {{math|iː}}
|
| {{math|ee}}
|{{IPA link|i}}
| b<u>e</u>at
|-
| {{math|k}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
| <u>c</u>ow, an<u>c</u>hor ([[unaspirated]])
|-
| {{math|kw}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|kʷ}}
| <u>qu</u>een ([[unaspirated]])
|-
| {{math|l}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
| <u>l</u>ove
|-
| {{math|L}}, {{math|hl}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɬ}}
| c<u>l</u>ock ([[lateral fricative]])
|-
| {{math|tl}}, {{math|thl}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|tɬ}}
| [[lateral affricate]]
|-
| {{math|m}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|m}}
| <u>m</u>om
|-
| {{math|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|n}}
| <u>n</u>o (note that in some native languages and thus CJ dialects, "n" and "l" were pronounced so similarly they would switch between one and the other)
|-
| {{math|o}}
|
|
|{{IPA|oʊ}}
| n<u>o</u>
|-
| {{math|p}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|p}}
| s<u>p</u>it ([[unaspirated]])
|-
| {{math|q}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|qʷ}}
| deep "<u>qu</u>een" ([[uvular]] "k" with lips rounded) ([[unaspirated]])
|-
| {{math|r}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɹ}}
| <u>r</u>ob (note that most northern dialects pronounce "l" <br />in place of "r": e.g. "rob" and "lob" are said the same)
|-
| {{math|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
| <u>s</u>ink
|-
| {{math|sh}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
| <u>sh</u>oot
|-
| {{math|t}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|t}}
| s<u>t</u>yle ([[unaspirated]])
|-
| {{math|uw}}
|
| {{math|oo}}, {{math|u}}
|{{IPA link|uː}}
| m<u>oo</u>n
|-
| {{math|u}}
|
| {{math|ê}}
|{{IPA link|ʊ}}
| b<u>oo</u>k, p<u>u</u>t
|-
| {{math|uy}}
|
|
|{{IPA|uɪ}}
| b<u>uoy</u> (depending on dialect)
|-
| {{math|w}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|w}}
| <u>w</u>ater
|-
| {{math|x}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|x}}
| [[velar fricative]] (Scottish English "lo<u>ch</u>")
|-
| {{math|X}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|χ}}
| [[uvular fricative]]
|-
| {{math|y}}
|
| {{math|i}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
| |<u>y</u>ear
|}

Jargon Chinook Alphabet (Grande Ronde):<ref>{{cite book |title=Chinuk Wawa: kakwa nsayka ulman-tilixam laska munk-kemteks nsayka / As Our Elders Teach Us to Speak It |date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde |isbn=9780295991863}}</ref> {{hlist
| a |ch |c’h |ə |h
| i |k |kʰ |kw |kʰw
| k’ |k’w |l |ɬ |m
| n |p |pʰ |p’ |q
| qʰ
| qw |qʰw |q’ |q’w
| s |sh |t |tʰ |t’
| tɬ |t’ɬ |ts |t’s |u
| w |x |xw |x̣ |x̣w
| y |ʔ
}}

==Contemporary status==
{{Further|List of Chinook Jargon place names}}
Many words are still used throughout Oregon, [[Washington (state)|Washington]], British Columbia, the [[Yukon]], and Alaska. It was the working language in canneries on the [[British Columbia Coast]]. Place names throughout this region bear Jargon names and words that are preserved in various rural industries such as logging and fishing. Linguist David Douglas Robertson and others have described Chinook Jargon as part of the shared cultural heritage of modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=David |date=May 9, 2019 |title=Cascadia and Chinuk Wawa |url=https://chinookjargon.com/2019/05/09/cascadia-and-chinuk-wawa/ |access-date=March 17, 2021 |website=chinookjargon.com}}</ref><ref name="lanngg" />

{{As of|2009}}, the [[Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon]] was taking steps to preserve Chinook Jargon use through a full immersion head start/preschool that was conducted in Chinuk Wawa.<ref name="hhs">{{cite web |url= http://nccic.acf.hhs.gov/tribal/effective/grandronde/litoutreach.html |title=Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon |access-date=December 2, 2009 |publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref><ref name="register">McCowan, Karen. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CXkVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0esDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4040,4691776&hl=en "Grand Ronde tribe saves a dying language, one child at a time"], ''[[The Register-Guard|The Eugene Register-Guard]]'', 2003-07-20. Retrieved on 2009-12-02.</ref> The Confederated Tribes also offer Chinuk Wawa lessons at their offices in Eugene and Portland.<ref name="signals">{{cite web |publisher=Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon. |url= http://www.grandronde.org/uploadedFiles/ctgr-public/News/PDF_issues/07-15-2009.pdf |page=15 |title=Cultural Resources slates classes |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090731090611/http://www.grandronde.org/uploadedFiles/ctgr-public/News/PDF_issues/07-15-2009.pdf |archive-date=July 31, 2009 |work=Smoke Signals |date=July 15, 2009 |access-date=December 2, 2009}}</ref> In addition, Lane Community College offers two years of Chinuk Wawa study that satisfy the second-language graduation requirements of Oregon public universities.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.lanecc.edu/llc/language/american-indian-languages |title=Language Studies Department - American Indian Languages |date=2014 |access-date=June 23, 2014 |website=LaneCC.edu |publisher=Language, Literature and Communication Department, Lane Community College |location=Eugene, Oregon}}</ref> In March 2012, the tribe published a Chinuk Wawa dictionary through [[University of Washington Press]].<ref name="chinuk wawa dictionary project" />

At her swearing-in as lieutenant governor in 2001, [[Iona Campagnolo]] concluded her speech in Chinook, saying "{{lang|chn|konoway tillicums klatawa kunamokst klaska mamook okoke huloima chee illahie}}"{{snd}}Chinook for "everyone was thrown together to make this strange new country [British Columbia]", {{Lit|All people go together they make this strange new land}}.<ref name="The Tyee" />

An art installation featuring Chinook Jargon, "Welcome to the Land of Light" by [[Henry Tsang (artist)|Henry Tsang]], can be viewed on the [[Seawall (Vancouver)|Seawall]] along [[False Creek]] in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, between Davie and Drake streets.<ref>{{Cite web  |title=Artwork: Welcome To the Land of Light  |publisher=City of Vancouver  |date=June 4, 2008  |url= http://vancouver.ca/publicart_wac/publicart.exe/indiv_artwork?pnRegistry_No=213  |access-date=December 10, 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Translation into Chinook Jargon was done by [[Duane Pasco]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://app.vancouver.ca/PublicArt_Net/ArtworkDetails.aspx?ArtworkID=213&Neighbourhood=&Ownership=&Program= |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616083329/http://app.vancouver.ca/PublicArt_Net/ArtworkDetails.aspx?ArtworkID=213&Neighbourhood=&Ownership=&Program= |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |title=Public Art Registry |website=App.Vancouver.ca |publisher=Community Services Group}}</ref>

A short film using Chinook Jargon, ''Small Pleasures'' by [[Karin Lee]], explores intercultural dialogue between three women of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds in 1890s [[Barkerville]] in northern British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVwLkajJcBU |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/AVwLkajJcBU| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live |title=Small Pleasures (Short Film) - Chinook Jargon Barkerville Film |date= May 3, 2012|via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Revitalization attempt ==

=== Grand Ronde ===
In 1997, the Grand Ronde reservation in Northern Oregon hired [[Tony Johnson (Chinook)|Tony Johnson]], a Chinook linguist, to head its language program. Chinuk Wawa was chosen due to its strong connection to native identity on the reservation as well as being the only indigenous language still spoken at Grand Ronde.<ref name=":2" /> Prior to this, there were formal Chinuk Wawa classes taught by Eula Holmes from 1978 until her death in 1986. Eula Holmes' sister, Ila, held informal and sporadic classes to teach the language to the public.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Denham |first=Kristin |author-link=Kristin Denham |title=Northwest Voices: Language and Culture in the Pacific Northwest |publisher=Oregon State University Press |date=2019 |isbn=9780870719639 |pages=63–80}}</ref> Henry Zenk was brought onto the project in 1998 after having previous experience with the language, documenting it in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Community classes were started in the summer of 1998, and a dictionary was released in 2012. This dictionary was compiled from the Chinuk Wawa of Grand Ronde elders, chiefly from the Hudson, Wacheno and Riggs families.<ref>{{Cite book |last=scientifique. |first=The Chinuk Wawa dictionary Project. Éditeur |url= http://worldcat.org/oclc/819160594 |title=Chinuk Wawa : kakwa nsayka ulman-tilixam laska munk-kemteks nsayka=As our elders teach us to speak it |date=2012 |publisher=Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon |isbn=9780295991863 |oclc=819160594}}</ref>  The dictionary features a section on Chinuk Wawa recorded by natives of the lower Columbia but not used by the elders at Grand Ronde.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zenk |first=Henry |date=2012 |title=Bringing "good Jargon" to Light: The New Chinuk Wawa Dictionary of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, Oregon |url= http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ohq.2012.0035 |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=560–569 |doi=10.1353/ohq.2012.0035 |issn=2329-3780}}</ref> In 2014, the tribe made an app spanning traditional and modern vocabulary.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinuk Wawa App |url= https://www.grandronde.org/services/education/chinuk-wawa-education-program/chinuk-wawa-app/ |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=GrandRonde.org |publisher=Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde}}</ref>

In 2001, with funding from the [[Administration for Native Americans]], the tribe started an immersion preschool.<ref name=":0" />  A kindergarten was started in 2004 by Kathy Cole, a tribal member and certified teacher, which has since expanded to a half-day immersion K–4 with slots for 25 students at Willamina Elementary School.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Chinuk Wawa Education Program |url= https://www.grandronde.org/services/education/chinuk-wawa-education-program/ |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde}}</ref> Cole also started Chinuk Wawa elective classes at [[Willamina High School]] in 2011. Students there and at Willamina Middle School can earn high school and college credit for completion of the course.<ref name=":1" /> [[Lane Community College]] also teaches a two-year course of Chinuk Wawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinuk Wawa |url= https://www.lanecc.edu/llc/language/chinuk-wawa |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=LaneCC.edu |publisher=Lane Community College |location=Eugene, Oregon}}</ref>

=== British Columbia ===
By 2012, it was discovered that there was only one person left in British Columbia who had learned Chinook Jargon from Elders. That person was Jay Powell,<ref>{{Cite web |title=UBC |url=https://m.directory.ubc.ca/index.cfm?detail=642418417 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=m.directory.ubc.ca}}</ref> a [[University of British Columbia]] anthropological linguist who had dedicated himself to the revitalization of Indigenous languages. A small group led by [[Sam Sullivan]] formed around him, organizing learning sessions and starting the BC Chinook Jargon initiative website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BC Chinook Jargon |url= https://bcchinookjargon.ca/tlaksta-nesaika-about-us/ |website=BCChinookJargon.ca}}</ref> Sullivan's efforts to expand public awareness of Chinook Jargon have included an interview with Powell conducted entirely in that language. The interview was organized through Kumtuks, a British Columbia focused educational video series whose name comes from the Chinook word for knowledge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pacific Northwest once had a language |url= https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/05/09/the-pacific-northwest-once-had-a-language-all-its-own-one-of-the-few-words-still-in-use-is-skookum.html |website=thestar.com |date=May 9, 2020}}</ref>

The online magazine ''Kaltash Wawa'' was founded in November 2020 using BC Chinook Jargon and written in Chinuk Pipa, the alphabet based on Dupoyan shorthand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2021 |title=About |url= https://kaltashwawa.ca/about/ |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=The Kaltash Wawa}}</ref>

==Influence on English==
[[British Columbian English]] and [[Pacific Northwest English]] have several words still in current use which are loanwords from the Chinook Jargon,<ref>{{cite web |title=North America's Nearly Forgotten Language |website=[[BBC News]] |url= https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20181002-north-americas-nearly-forgotten-language}}</ref> which was widely spoken throughout the Pacific Northwest by all ethnicities well into the middle of the 20th century. These word tend to strongly index a local settler identity.<ref>Dollinger, Stefan and Alexandra Doherty. 2023. Mahkook, skookum, tillicum: Chinook Jargon and the discursive construction of British Columbia identities. ''Languages in conflict with English'', ed. by Gabriella Mazzon. Berne: Lang (Austrian Studies). 

</ref> Some words used to be shared with the Yukon, Alberta, [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Alaska]] and, to a lesser degree, [[Idaho]] and western [[Montana]].

===Chinook Jargon words used by English-language speakers===
{{see also|List of Chinook Jargon placenames}}
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2015}}
<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
* '''Cheechako''' – 'newcomer'; the word is formed from ''chee'' ('new') + ''chako'' ('come') and was used to refer to non-native people.
* '''Chuck''' – 'water'; and thus ''saltchuck'' 'salt water'. [[Colchuck Peak]] and [[Colchuck Glacier]] in the [[Alpine Lakes Wilderness]] take their name from [[Colchuck Lake]], 'cold water'.<ref name="bright">{{cite book |last=Bright |first=William |date=2004 |title=Native American Placenames of the United States |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|page=115 |isbn=0806135980}}
</ref> The name of the [[Skookumchuck|Skookum-chuck]] river means 'strong-water', 'rapids'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Walter Shelley |date=1913 |title=The Chinook Book: A descriptive analysis of the Chinook Jargon in plain words, giving instructions for pronunciation, construction, expression, and proper speaking of Chinook with all the various shaded meanings of the words |publisher=R. L. Davis Printing Co. |location=Seattle |pages=86–87 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wjBOAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Skookum%22&pg=PA86}}</ref>
* '''Cultus''' – 'bad, worthless, useless', 'ordinary', or 'evil, taboo'. ''Cultus iktus'' means 'worthless junk'.
* '''Hiyu''' –  less common nowadays, but still heard in some places to mean 'party' or 'gathering'.  From the Chinook for 'many, several, lots of'. The Big Hiyu (also known as "The July") was a week-long joint celebration of the July 1 [[Dominion Day]] and July 4 [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] holidays in the Fraser Canyon town of [[Lillooet, British Columbia|Lillooet]], featuring horse races, gambling, a rodeo and other festivities. A ''tenas hiyu'' ('small gathering') was on a much smaller scale. The community of [[West Seattle]] has celebrated the month of July for more than 75&nbsp;years with the HiYu Summer Festival.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hiyu.com |title=[Homepage] |website=HiYu.com}}</ref>
* '''Iktus''' – 'stuff'; also pronounced ''itkus'' with ''t'' and ''k'' reversed.
* '''Klootchman''' or '''klootch''' – in the Jargon meaning simply 'a woman' or 'female" (of anything) – ''klootchman kiuatan'' ('mare'), ''klootchman lecosho'' ('sow'), ''tenas klootchman'' or ''klootchman tenas'' ('girl, female child'). Still in use in English in some areas and with people of an older background to mean a First Nations woman, or to refer to the wives/women attached to a certain group in a joking way e.g. "we sent all the klootchman to the kitchen while we played cards". Unlike its male equivalent ''siwash'', ''klootchman'' does not generally have a derisive tone nowadays (when used).
* '''Masi'''  – 'thank you'. In northern British Columbia and the [[Yukon]], and used in broadcast English in those areas, the Chinook Jargon adaption of the French {{lang|fr|merci}} remains common, i.e. ''mahsi'' or ''masi'', with the accent on the first syllable (unlike in French).
* It is possible that the slang term [[Slang terms for money|''moolah'']], meaning 'money' in American slang, comes from the Jargon word ''moolah'' meaning 'mill' in Chinook (lumber mills were a source of wealth in the [[Pacific North West|PNW]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Cayoosh |website=cayoosh.net |url= http://www.cayoosh.net/hiyu/money.html#engl |access-date=November 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110805211632/http://www.cayoosh.net/hiyu/money.html#engl |archive-date=August 5, 2011}}</ref>
* '''Mucky muck''' or '''[[wikt:muckamuck|muckamuck]]''' – in the Jargon means 'plenty of food' and came to connote one who lived well, thus in colloquial English an important or officious person. On long-distance journeys such as for trade the "muckamuck" of the expedition referred to an experienced trustworthy person (but not necessarily wealthy) chosen to lead the expedition and among other duties was tasked with portioning out and protecting the food supply. Related to this is ''high muckety muck'', or Chinook ''hyas muckamuck''.
* '''[[Potlatch]]''' – in Chinook Jargon is a ceremony among certain tribes involving food and exchange of gifts, nowadays sometimes used to refer to a [[potluck dinner]] or sometimes the giving away of personal items to friends.{{R|bright|p=396}}
* '''[[Quiggly|Quiggly, quiggly hole]]''' – refers to the remains of an old Indian pit-house, or underground house, from ''kickwillie'' or ''kekuli'', which in the Jargon means 'down' or 'underneath, beneath'.
* '''Siwash''' – ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|w|ɑː|ʃ}} {{respell|SY|wahsh}}) properly a First Nations man, but sometimes used for women as well.  The origins and meaning may be considered pejorative and derogatory French {{lang|fr|sauvage}}.{{R|bright|p=452}}  When pronounced {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|w|ɑː|ʃ}} {{respell|sə|WAHSH}}, with the rhythm of the original French, it is used by modern speakers of the Chinook Jargon in [[Grand Ronde, Oregon]], with the context of meaning a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]], or as an adjective connoting connection thereto, such as in [[Siwash Rock]] or [[Cowichan knitting|Siwash Sweaters]]. The {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|w|ɑː|ʃ}} pronunciation is considered offensive in Grand Ronde.
* '''[[Skookum]]''' – The most versatile is ''skookum'', which was used in the Jargon either as a verb auxiliary for 'to be able' or an adjective for 'able, strong, big', 'genuine', 'reliable' – which sums up its use in British Columbian English, although there is a wide range of possible usages: ''skookum house'' is 'jail', prison' (''house'' in the Jargon could mean anything from a building to a room). "He's a skookum guy" means that the person is solid and reliable, while "we need somebody who's skookum" means that a strong and large person is needed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Birght |first=William |date=2004 |title=Native American Placenames of the United States |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |page=452 |isbn=0806135980}}
</ref> A carpenter, after banging a stud into place, might check it and decide, "Yeah, that's skookum".  Asking for affirmation, someone might say "is that skookum" or "is that skookum with you?" ''Skookum'' can also be translated simply as 'O.K.', but it means something a bit more emphatic.
* '''Tenas''' – 'small'.
* '''Tillicum''' – 'people/person', 'family', and 'people'.
* '''Tolo''' –  used in Western Washington to mean a semi-formal dance, analogous to the homecoming ball, to which girls ask boys. From the Chinook for 'to win'.
* '''Tyee''' – 'leader, chief, boss'.  Also ''Big Tyee'' in the context of 'boss' or well-known person. In Campbell River and in the sport-fishing business, a really big chinook salmon is a Tyee. In the Jargon ''Tyee'' meant chief, and could also be an adjective denoting 'big', as with ''tyee salmon'' or ''tyee lamel'' ('boss mule'). A ''hyas tyee'' means 'important/big ruler/leader', and is also sometimes used in English in the same way as ''Big Tyee''. e.g. "He was the undisputed hyas tyee of all the country between the [[Johnstone Strait]] and Comox". This was also the common title used for the famous chiefs of the early era, such as Maquinna, for whom it was applied by Captain Vancouver and others in the context of 'king'. The ''Hyas Klootchman Tyee'' – 'Great Woman Ruler', roughly 'Her Majesty' – was the historical term for [[Queen Victoria]]. The word ''tyee'' was commonly used and still occurs in some local English usages meaning 'boss' or 'someone in charge'. Business and local political and community figures of a certain stature from some areas are sometimes referred to in the British Columbia papers and histories by the old chiefly name worn by [[Maquinna]], [[Comcomly|Concomly]] and [[Nicola (Okanagan leader)|Nicola]]. A man called ''hyas tyee'' would have been a senator, a longtime MP or MLA, or a business magnate with a strong local powerbase, long-time connections, and wealth from and because of the area. There is a popular British Columbia news site named ''The Tyee''. Beginning in 1900, ''Tyee'' was also the title of the University of Washington yearbook.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://content.lib.washington.edu/uwdocsweb/index.html|title=University of Washington Yearbooks and Documents}}</ref>

===Notable non-natives known to speak Chinook Jargon=== <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---><!---♦♦♦ Only people with an article on Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
*[[Francis Jones Barnard]]
*[[Francis Stillman Barnard]]
*[[Matthew Baillie Begbie|Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie]]
*[[Franz Boas]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=Douglas |title=Franz Boas: The Early Years 1858–1906 |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre / University of Washington Press |date=1999 |isbn=0295979038 |location=Vancouver, Toronto, Seattle, and London |page=101}}</ref>
*[[James Douglas (governor)|Sir James Douglas]]
*[[Joshua Green (businessman)|Joshua Green]]
*[[Phoebe Judson|Phoebe Goodell Judson]]
*[[Jean-Marie-Raphaël Le Jeune|Father Jean-Marie-Raphaël Le Jeune]]
*[[Richard McBride|Sir Richard McBride]]
*[[John McLoughlin]]
*[[Morley Roberts]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Morley |title=The Prey of the Strongest |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |date=1906 |location=London}}</ref>
*[[Robert William Service]]
*[[Sam Sullivan]]
*[[Theodore Winthrop]]

==See also==
*[[List of Chinook Jargon placenames]]
*[[American Indian Pidgin English]]
*[[Maritime fur trade]]
*[[Medny Aleut language]]
*[[Nootka Jargon]]
*[[Tlingit noun#Chinook Jargon|Tlingit noun]]
*[[Wobbly lingo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code= chn}}
{{wiktionary category|category=Chinook Jargon language}}
'''Note:''' The Incubator link at right will take you to the Chinuk Wawa test-Wikipedia, which is written in a variation of the standardized orthography of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde which differs significantly from the orthographies used by early linguists and diarists recording other versions of the Jargon:
*[https://archive.today/20121215011841/http://archon.archives.pdx.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=52&q=chinook Portland State University Chinook Jargon Collection]—dictionaries, books, & journal articles documenting the etymology, grammar, history, origins, and use of the Chinook Jargon trade language collected by Donald W. Bushaw.
*[http://www.rjholton.com/cj/ Selected references for students and scholars]—including study guides and four dictionaries
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929044825/http://timetemple.com/index.php?id=4 British Columbia Time Temple Archive] Excellent resource compiling public domain texts written about and in the Chinook Wawa
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090839/http://www.cayoosh.net/hiyu/kamloops.html Kamloops Wawa page, Chinook Jargon Information Superhighway site]
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/nw/chinook/index.htm ''Chinook Texts'' by Franz Boas]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140422074336/http://www.grandronde.org/ikanum/index.html ''ntsayka ikanum (Our Story)'' Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Culture website]—written and spoken examples of elder wawa from Grand Ronde as well as information on the history of the tribe and language.

===Archives===
*[https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv14669?q=Thomas%20Wickham%20Prosch%20papers Thomas Wickham Prosch papers]. 1775–1915. 1 linear foot (3 boxes). Includes dictionary of Chinook jargon. At the [https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/ University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections].

===Free e-books===
*{{cite book |author-link=Franz Boas |last=Boas |first=Franz |title=Chinook: An Illustrative Sketch |url= https://archive.org/details/chinookanillust00boasgoog |access-date=August 25, 2012 |date=1910 |publisher=US Government Printing Office}}
*{{cite book |author-link=Franz Boas |last=Boas |first=Franz |title=Chinook texts |url= https://archive.org/details/chinooktexts01boasgoog |access-date=August 25, 2012 |date=1894 |publisher=US Government Printing Office}}
*{{cite book |first=Horatio |last=Hale |title=An International Idiom: A Manual of the Oregon Trade Language or "Chinook Jargon" |url= http://www.language-archives.org/item/oai:rosettaproject.org:rosettaproject_chn_morsyn-1 |location=London |publisher=Whittaker & Co. |date=1890}}
*{{cite book |first=Walter Shelley |last=Phillips |title=The Chinook Book: A Descriptive Analysis of the Chinook Jargon in Plain Words, Giving Instructions for Pronunciation, Construction, Expression and Proper Speaking of Chinook with All the Various Shaded Meanings of the Words |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wjBOAAAAYAAJ |access-date=August 25, 2012 |date=1913 |publisher=R. L. Davis Printing Company}}
*{{cite book |first=Charles Montgomery |last=Tate |url= https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.16237/3 |title=Chinook as spoken by the Indians of Washington Territory, British Columbia and Alaska for the use of traders, tourists and others who have business intercourse with the Indians: Chinook-English, English-Chinook |publisher=M. W. Waitt |location=Victoria, British Columbia |date=c. 1889}}
*{{cite book |first=James Constantine |last=Pilling |title=Bibliography of the Chinookan Languages (Including the Chinook Jargon) |url= https://archive.org/details/bibliographychi00ethngoog |access-date=August 25, 2012 |date=1893 |publisher=Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution / US Government Printing Office}}

=== Dictionaries online ===
*[http://www.rjholton.com/cj/dictnote.htm Directory to on-line Jargon dictionaries]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120904223643/http://content.lib.washington.edu/curriculumpackets/treaties/Chinook_Dictionary_Abridged.pdf Abridged Chinook Dictionary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514063549/http://www.cayoosh.net/hiyu/ Chinook Jargon history, dictionary and phrasebook]—includes annotated version of Shaw's dictionary, augmented by content from other word lists.
*{{cite book |first=George |last=Gibbs |title=A Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon: Or, the Trade Language of Oregon |url= https://archive.org/details/adictionarychin00gibbgoog |access-date=August 25, 2012 |date=1863 |publisher=Cramoisy Press}}
*{{cite book |title=Gill's Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon: With examples of use in conversation and notes upon tribes and tongues |url= https://archive.org/details/gillsdictionary01goog |access-date=August 25, 2012 |date=1909 |publisher=[[J. K. Gill Company]]}}
*{{cite book |first=Horatio |last=Hale |title=An International Idiom: A manual of the Oregon trade language, or "Chinock jargon" |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=w_RLAAAAMAAJ |access-date=August 25, 2012 |date=1890 |publisher=Whittaker & Co.}}
*{{cite book |first=George Coombs |last=Shaw |title=The Chinook Jargon and How to Use It: A complete and exhaustive lexicon of the oldest trade language of the American continent |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924027107899 |access-date=August 25, 2012 |date=1909 |publisher=Rainier Printing Company}}

===News and newsletters===
*[http://www.duanepasco.com/tw/ Tenas Wawa]—Archive of early 1990s newsletter about Chinook Jargon, also includes audio of a song in the Jargon.
*[https://thetyee.ca/Life/2006/01/10/StillSpeakChinook/ Can We Still Speak Chinook?] from B.C.'s ''The Tyee'', January 2006
*{{Cite web |title=Status Report: Chinuk Wawa Language Nights in Portland |work=The Where Are Your Keys? LLC blog |access-date=August 2, 2012 |date=November 23, 2011 |url =http://blog.whereareyourkeys.org/2011/11/23/status-report-chinuk-wawa-language-nights-in-portland/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120706030017/http://blog.whereareyourkeys.org/2011/11/23/status-report-chinuk-wawa-language-nights-in-portland/ |archive-date=July 6, 2012}}

===Other links===
*First People's Language Map: [https://web.archive.org/web/20171228080137/http://maps.fpcc.ca/node/1503 Chinuk Wawa]
*First People's Language Map: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050551/http://maps.fpcc.ca/node/1503/resources Chinuk Wawa Resources Resources]

{{Metis}}
{{Languages of Canada}}
{{Languages of British Columbia}}
{{Languages of Yukon}}
{{Languages of the United States}}
{{Languages of Oregon}}
{{Languages of Alaska}}

[[Category:Chinook Jargon| ]]
[[Category:North America Native-based pidgins and creoles]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau]]
[[Category:Culture of the Pacific Northwest]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of North America]]
[[Category:Oregon Country]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Oregon]]
[[Category:Chinookan languages]]
[[Category:Anglic languages]]
[[Category:Métis culture]]
[[Category:Hudson's Bay Company]]
[[Category:History of the Pacific Northwest]]
[[Category:Native American language revitalization]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 19th century]]
[[Category:Languages of the United States]]
[[Category:Languages of Canada]]