View source for Holland America Line

{{Short description|Cruise line; former transatlantic passenger and cargo line}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Holland America Line N.V.
| logo = Holland America Line logo.svg
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1873|df=yes}} (as Netherlands-America Steamship Company)<br/>in [[Rotterdam, Netherlands]]
| location = [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], U.S.
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Jan Swartz]] (Group-President Holland America Group)|Gustavo Antorcha ([[President (corporate title)|President]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eturbonews.com/576222/carnival-corporation-names-new-president-of-holland-america-line/|title=Carnival Corporation announces important moves within its leadership team|date=9 July 2020|website=eTurboNews|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref>)}}
| area_served = 
| industry = {{ubl|[[Hospitality]]|[[Tourism]]}}
| products = [[Cruising (maritime)|Cruise]]s
| revenue = 
| operating_income = 
| net_income = 
| num_employees = 
| parent = [[Carnival Corporation & plc]]
| subsid = 
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.hollandamerica.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Holland America Line N.V. (HAL)''' is an American-owned [[cruise line]], a subsidiary of [[Carnival Corporation & plc]] headquartered in [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States.

Holland America Line was founded in [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands, and from 1873 to 1989, it operated as a Dutch shipping line, a passenger line, a cargo line and a cruise line operating primarily between the Netherlands and North America. As part of the company's legacy, it was directly involved in the transport of many hundreds of thousands of emigrants from the Netherlands to North America.<ref name="maritime">{{cite news |title=Holland America Line – A History of Distinction, Innovation and Growth |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/holland-america-line-history-distinction-innovation-and-growth|access-date=14 October 2020 |work=The Maritime Executive |date=22 December 2010}}</ref>

Holland America has been a subsidiary of Carnival Corporation since 1989.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-12-tr-2780-story.html |title=Carnival Buys Up Holland America |date=12 February 1989 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=11 January 2021 |quote=$625-million purchase}}</ref>

==History==
===Early decades===
[[File:Holland-Amerika Lijn 1898.jpg|thumb|upright|1898 Holland-Amerika Lijn poster]]
Holland America Line was founded in 1873, as the '''Nederlandsch-Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij''' (Dutch-American Steamship Company), in short '''Holland-Amerika Lijn''', a shipping and passenger line.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=News-Pilot | location=San Pedro, California | date=20 April 1948 | page=14 | title=Holland Line Jubilee | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-pilot-hal-orig-name/133314744/}}</ref> It was headquartered in Rotterdam, in the building which is now the [[Hotel New York (Rotterdam)|Hotel New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.europeana.eu/2018/11/hotel-new-york-and-lloyd-hotel-migration-stopovers-between-europe-and-the-americas/|title=Hotel New York and Lloyd Hotel: migration stopovers between Europe and the Americas|date=7 November 2018|website=blog.europeana.eu|publisher=Europeana (CC BY-SA)|language=en-GB|access-date=30 November 2018}}</ref> The company was formed as a result of the reorganization of an earlier company, Plate, Reuchlin & Co. The company's first ship was the original {{SS|Rotterdam|1872|3}}, which sailed its 15-day maiden voyage from the Netherlands to New York City on October 15, 1872. Cargo service to New York started in 1909.

HAL's main route was between Rotterdam and [[New York City|New York]]. Its "New York" terminal was in fact in [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], on the opposite side of the [[Hudson River]] from New York City. By 1892, HAL ships sailing between Rotterdam and Hoboken were scheduled to call en route at [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] in [[French Third Republic|France]].<ref name=Larsson>{{cite web |url= http://timetableimages.com/maritime/images/nasm.htm |last=Larsson |first=Björn |title=Holland-America Line |work=Marine Timetable Images |date=24 June 2019 |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref>

In its first 25 years, the company carried 400,000 people from Europe to the Americas. Other North American ports were added during the early 20th century.<ref name="maritime"/>

===Larger ships===
[[File:Rotterdam 1897 by Fred Pansing.jpg|thumb|A painting of the third ''[[SS Dwinsk|Rotterdam]]'', launched by [[Harland & Wolff]] in 1897]]
[[Harland & Wolff]] in [[Belfast]] launched the third [[SS Dwinsk|''Rotterdam'' (1897)]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=5591 |title=Rotterdam – ID 5591 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> She was the first HAL ship built by H&W. H&W next launched {{SS|Statendam|1898|3}}:<ref name=Statendam-I>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=6176 |title=Statendam – ID 6176 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> the first HAL ship of that name, and the first HAL ship of more than {{GRT|10000}}. In 1899 [[Blohm+Voss]] in [[Hamburg]] launched {{SS|Potsdam||2}}, which was {{convert|550|ft}} long and {{GRT|12606}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=5248 |title=Potsdam – ID 5248 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> H&W built two sister ships for ''Potsdam'': {{USS|Rijndam||2}} (1901)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=5630 |title=Noordam – ID 5630 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> and {{SS|Noordam|1902|3}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=4701 |title=Noordam – ID 4701 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref>

In 1902 [[William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie|William Pirrie]], Chairman of H&W, negotiated to buy 51 percent of HAL's share capital. Pirrie was acting on behalf of [[J. P. Morgan]]'s [[International Mercantile Marine Company]] (IMM), which already owned HAL's Belgian competitor [[Red Star Line]]. Pirrie did not disclose the fact that IMM had formed a [[cartel]] with [[Albert Ballin]]'s [[Hamburg America Line]] (HAPAG) and [[Norddeutscher Lloyd]] (NDL), and wanted to buy HAL to control passenger and cargo rates across the North Atlantic.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://titanichistoricalsociety.org/international-mercantile-marine-company/ |title=The White Star Line and the International Mercantile Marine Company |date=11 January 2023 |publisher=Titanic Historical Society, Inc. |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref>

HAL continued to order ever larger ships from H&W. {{SS|Nieuw Amsterdam|1905|3}} was {{convert|600|ft}} long and {{GRT|16967}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=4633 |title=Nieuw Amsterdam – ID 4633 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |date=6 June 2023}}</ref> The fourth {{SS|Rotterdam|1908|3}} was {{convert|650|ft}} long and {{GRT|24149}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=5592 |title=Rotterdam – ID 5592 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |date=6 June 2023}}</ref>

In 1895 HAL offered its first [[Cruise ship|cruise]]. Its second cruise, from New York to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], was offered in 1910.

===First World War===
In July 1914 H&W launched a new ''Statendam'' that was {{convert|740|ft}} and {{GRT|32120}}. However, a month later, the [[World War I|First World War]] started, and in 1915 the UK government requisitioned the new ship in H&W's shipyard and had her completed as the [[troopship]] {{SS|Justicia||2}}. A U-boat sank her in 1918, and HAL accepted the UK government's offer of 60,000 tons of steel as compensation.<ref name=Justicia>{{cite web |url= http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=436 |title=Justicia |work=Harland and Wolff Shipbuilding and Engineering Works |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Rotterdam hotel newyork.jpg|thumb|Former head office in Rotterdam, completed in 1917, now the [[Hotel New York (Rotterdam)|Hotel New York]]]]
In the First World War [[Netherlands in World War I|the Netherlands were neutral]], but numerous Dutch merchant ships were sunk. HAL lost five cargo ships, totalling more than {{GRT|30000}}. In 1915 two German [[Naval mine|mines]] sank ''Eemdijk'',<ref name=Eemdijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=1900 |title=Eemdyk – ID 1900 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> and in 1916 {{SMU|U-53||2}} stopped and sank {{SS|Blommersdijk||2}}.<ref name=Blommersdijk>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/837.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Blommersdijk |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> On 22 February 1917 {{SMU|U-21|Germany|2}} sank an entire Dutch convoy, including the HAL ships ''Noorderdijk'' and ''Zaandijk''.<ref name=Noorderdijk>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/4422.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Noorderdijk |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=Zaandijk>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/6612.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Zaandijk |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>

After the First World War began, Dutch capitalists bought HAPAG and NDL's shares in HAL. In December 1917, the same Dutch interests paid $3.5 million for half of IMM's shares in HAL. This amounted to about $800 per share, which was far more than IMM had paid for them in 1902. In 1916, IMM had received a dividend of 50 percent on its HAL shareholding.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mercantile Marine sells Dutch stock |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 December 1917 |page=16 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/12/21/96282059.html?pageNumber=16 |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>

In March 1918 President [[Woodrow Wilson]] issued a proclamation seizing under [[angary]] 89 Dutch merchant ships in US ports. They included the HAL liner ''Rijndam'', which was converted into a US troopship,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/r/rijndam.html |title=Rijndam |work=[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships|DANFS]] |publisher=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]] |date=29 September 2005 |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> and eight HAL cargo ships. One of these, {{USS|Oosterdijk||2}}, was sunk in a collision while being used by the [[United States Navy]].<ref name=Oosterdijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=4893 |title=Oosterdyk– ID 4893 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> The [[United States Shipping Board]] returned ''Rijndam'' and the surviving cargo ships to HAL in the course of 1919.

===Between the World Wars===
[[File:VOLENDAM - Sjöhistoriska museet - Fo202902.tif|thumb|{{SS|Volendam||2}}, completed in 1922]]
In 1921–22 HAL introduced its first [[steam turbine]] passenger liners: the {{GRT|8800}} {{SS|Maasdam|1920|2}}, ''Edam'', ''Leerdam'' and ''Spaarndam''. They served a route between Rotterdam and [[Tampico]] in Mexico. On westbound voyages, their ports of call were [[Port of Antwerp|Antwerp]], [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]], [[Port of Bilbao|Bilbao]], [[Santander, Spain|Santander]], [[El Musel|Gijón]], [[Port of A Coruña|A Coruña]], [[Port of Vigo|Vigo]], [[Havana]] and [[Veracruz (city)|Vera Cruz]]. On eastbound voyages, they called at Vera Cruz, [[Port of New Orleans|New Orleans]], Havana, A Coruña and Santander.<ref name=Larsson/>{{sfn|Talbot-Booth|1936|p=498}}

In 1922 H&W launched two larger passenger liners for HAL's Rotterdam – Hoboken route: the {{GRT|15000}} {{SS|Volendam||2}} and {{SS|Veendam|1922|2}}.<ref name=Volendam>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=7073 |title=Volendam – ID 7073 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=Veendam>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=6942 |title=Veendam – ID 6942 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> By 1925 the Rotterdam – Hoboken route included calls at [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]] and [[Port of Halifax|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]] on westbound crossings only, and [[Plymouth]], [[Devon]] on eastbound crossings only, as well as serving Boulogne in both directions.<ref name=Larsson/>

[[File:Statendam 3.png|thumb|The third {{SS|Statendam|1924|2}} was laid down in 1921 but not completed until 1929]]
The third {{SS|Statendam|1924|2}}, built to replace ''Justicia'', was also a turbine steamship, but building her took eight years. H&W [[Keel laying|laid her down]] in 1921 and launched her in 1924, but then stopped work because HAL lacked the funds to pay for her to be completed. In 1927 the Dutch government gave HAL a loan to get the ship towed to the Netherlands and completed at [[Wilton's Dok- en Werf Maatschappij]] in [[Schiedam]]. She was completed in 1929, on the eve of the [[Great Depression]], but proved economical to run. She was HAL's [[flagship]] on the transatlantic run for most of the 1930s. ''Statendam'' also gave annual winter cruises from New York, usually to the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]].<ref name=Statendam-III>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=6177 |title=Statendam – ID 6177 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref>

In 1920 van der Giessen & Zonen in [[Krimpen aan den IJssel]] launched ''Burgerdijk'',<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=1175 |title=Burgerdyk – ID 1175 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> which was HAL's first steam turbine cargo ship. She was the first of eight {{GRT|6850}} sister ships, all with a name beginning with "B", built between 1920 and 1922. In 1922 and 1923 Scheepsbouw-Maatschappij 'Nieuwe Waterweg' in Scheidam launched a pair of larger turbine cargo ships for HAL, the {{GRT|8350}} ''Gaasterdijk'' and ''Grootendijk''.<ref name=Gaasterdijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=2352 |title=Gaasterdyk – ID 2352 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=Grootendijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=2592 |title=Grootendyk – ID 2592 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> However, HAL sold both ships in 1931.<ref name=Gaasterdijk/><ref name=Grootendijk/>

In 1921 and 1922 H&W launched the {{GRT|9350}} ''Dinteldijk'' and ''Drechtdijk'', which were HAL's first [[motor ship]]s. They were [[Reefer ship|refrigerated cargo]] ships, and they also had berths for 18 or 19 first class passengers.<ref name=Dinteldijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=1710 |title=Dinteldyk – ID 1710 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=Drechtdijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=1792 |title=Drechtdyk – ID 1792 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> In 1929 and 1930 Wilton's in Schiedam launched two more motor ships for refrigerated cargo, the {{GRT|10200}} ''Delftdijk'' and ''Damsterdijk''. These were [[cargo liner]]s, with berths for 50 first class passengers.<ref name=Delftdijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=1642 |title=Delftdyk – ID 1642 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=Damsterdijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=1589 |title=Damsterdyk – ID 1598 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>

[[File:ZAANDAM JPG.jpg|thumb|The {{GRT|11000}} [[motor ship]] {{MV|Zaandam||2}}, launched in 1938]]
By 1930 HAL was operating routes between Rotterdam and the [[British Columbia Coast]] via [[Port of London|London]], [[Panama Canal]] and [[West Coast of the United States]].{{sfn|Harnack|1930|p=399}} By 1937 HAL worked these routes jointly with [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company#Reconstitution as Royal Mail Lines|Royal Mail Lines]]. This was mainly a refrigerated cargo service, but the ships carried some passengers. ''Damsterdijk'', ''Delftdijk'', ''Dinteldijk'' and ''Drechtdijk'' shared the route with RML's refrigerated cargo ships ''Lochmonar'', ''Lochkatrine'' and ''Lochgoil''. As well as London, they were scheduled to call at various other ports in Britain, the Caribbean, California, [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and British Columbia, terminating at [[Port of Vancouver|Vancouver]]. On westbound voyages ''Damsterdijk'', ''Delftdijk'' and ''Lochmonar'' also served [[Guayaquil]] in [[Ecuador]], whereas ''Dinteldijk'', ''Drechtdijk'', ''Lochkatrine'' and ''Lochgoil'' served [[Bermuda]].<ref name=Larsson/>

A new HAL flagship, the {{GRT|36287}} {{SS|Nieuw Amsterdam|1937|2}}, was launched in 1937 and entered service in 1938.<ref name=Nieuw-Amsterdam-II>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=4634 |title=Nieuw Amsterdam – ID 4634 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> In 1939 HAL bought the former Red Star liners {{SS|Westernland||2}} and  {{SS|Pennland||2}}, a pair of {{GRT|16000}} [[sister ship]]s that [[Nazi Germany]] had forced the Jewish shipping magnate [[Arnold Bernstein]] to forfeit.<ref name=Westernland>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=7246 |title=Westernland – ID 7246 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=Pennland>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=5111 |title=Pennland – ID 5111 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref>

===Second World War===
[[File:Statendam (1929) in brand, Veendam (1923).tif|thumb|Ships in Rotterdam including {{SS|Statendam|1924|2}} (far left) and {{SS|Veendam|1922|2}} (right), burning on 11 May 1940]]
In the [[World War II|Second World War]], HAL lost five passenger ships and eight cargo ships: a total of more than {{GRT|140000}}. Three were while the Netherlands were still neutral. Mines sank ''Binnendijk'' and ''Spaarndam'' in October and November 1939,<ref name=Binnendijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=981 |title=Binnendyk – ID 981 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=Spaarndam>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=6060 |title=Spaarndam – ID 6060 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> and {{GS|U-48|1939|2}} sank ''Burgerdijk'' in February 1940.<ref name=Burgerdijk>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/239.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Burgerdijk |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>

On 10 May [[German invasion of the Netherlands|Germany invaded the Netherlands]]. A number of HAL ships were burnt out in the battle for Rotterdam, including the liner ''Statendam'' and cargo ships ''Boschdijk'' and ''Dinteldijk''. ''Statendam'' was scrapped three months later.<ref name=Statendam-III/> German forces towed ''Boschdijk'' to the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], where the [[Luftwaffe]] used her for [[target practice]] until she sank in April 1942.<ref name=Boschdijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=1067 |title=Boschdyk – ID 1067 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> German forces [[Scuttling|scuttled]] ''Dinteldijk'' as a [[blockship]] in 1944.<ref name=Dinteldijk/>

By 27 May, Germany had occupied the whole of the Netherlands. By 7 June, the [[Dutch government-in-exile]] and the UK government had formed a British-Netherlands shipping committee in London, and NASM announced that it would charter to the UK government all of its transatlantic ships except ''Nieuw Amsterdam''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Allies to charter many Dutch ships |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 June 1940 |page=34 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/06/08/93983066.html?pageNumber=34 |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> ''Pennland'' became a troop ship.<ref name=Pennland/> The Dutch government-in-exile requisitioned ''Westernland'', berthed at [[Falmouth, Cornwall]]. She became an [[accommodation ship]] for the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]], and was later sold to the UK [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]].<ref name=Westernland/> By October 1940 ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' had also become an Allied troop ship. She sailed half a million miles and carried 400,000 military personnel.

[[File:Rotterdam monument NASM-HAL katendrecht.jpg|thumb|HAL's Second World War [[war memorial|memorial]] in [[Katendrecht]], Rotterdam]]
Nearly 200 people were killed in wartime sinkings of HAL ships. The biggest loss of life was in November 1942, when {{GS|U-174||2}} sank the cargo-passenger ship {{MV|Zaandam||2}}. 135 of her passengers and crew were killed.<ref name=Zaandam>{{cite web |url= http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2357.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Zaandam |work=Uboat.net |access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref> 39 people were killed in January 1941, when a mine sank the cargo ship {{SS|Beemsterdijk||2}}.<ref name=Beemsterdijk>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=873 |title=Beemsterdyk – ID 873 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>

In October 1940 {{GS|U-38|1938|2}} sank ''Bilderdijk''.<ref name=Bilderdijk>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/630.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Bilderdijk |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> In 1941 {{GS|U-564||2}} sank the cargo-passenger liner ''Maasdam'', and an air attack in [[German invasion of Greece]] sank the troopship ''Pennland''.<ref name=Pennland/><ref name=Maasdam>{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/1014.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Maasdam |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref> In September 1942, {{GS|U-34|1936|2}} sank ''Breedijk''.<ref name=Breedijk>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2175.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Breedijk |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref> In 1940 German forces requisitioned ''Drechtdijk''. In 1945 she hit a mine in the Baltic, and a week later was badly damaged in an air raid.<ref name=Drechtdijk/>

===Post-war era===
[[File:Vertrek van de s.s. Nieuw Amsterdam bij de Nieuwe Maas 1960 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The second {{SS|Nieuw Amsterdam|1937|2}} entered service in 1938, became a troop ship, and survived the Second World War]]
After the war, HAL took part in transporting a great wave of immigrants from the Netherlands to Canada and elsewhere.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Dalkmann |first1=H.A. |last2=Schoonderbeek |first2=A.J. |year=1998 |title=125 Years of Holland America Line |place=Edinburgh |publisher=The Pentland Press Ltd |isbn=1-85821-590-0 |pages=5–17}}</ref> Its Rotterdam – Hoboken route continued to serve Southampton, but by 1948 the port of Boulogne was still not in a condition to resume handling large ocean liners. Instead, from February 1948 ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' started calling at [[Port of Le Havre|Le Havre]] as well as Southampton. At first she was the only HAL ship to do so. ''Veendam'' made intermediate calls at Southampton only, and ''Noordam'' and ''Westerdam'' ran direct between Rotterdam and Hoboken.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liner Nieuw Amsterdam To Call at a French Port |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 January 1948 |page=39 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/01/12/106929220.html?pageNumber=39 |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> By 1959 HAL ships were calling also at [[Cobh]], and running a service to [[Port of Quebec|Quebec]] and [[Port of Montreal|Montreal]]. By 1963 they also served [[Bremerhaven]].<ref name=Larsson/>

A notable ship in the post-war era was the fifth {{SS|Rotterdam||2}}, launched in 1959. She was one of the first North Atlantic ships equipped for two-class transatlantic crossing and one-class luxury cruising.

By the late 1960s, the golden era of transatlantic passenger ships had been ended by the introduction of transatlantic jet air travel. HAL ended transatlantic service in the early 1970s.

In 1973, it sold its [[cargo ship|cargo]] shipping division, which continued to operate freight liner services with cargo ships, a [[Lighter aboard ship]] ('LASH' ship, MV ''Bilderdyk'') and then [[container ship]]s under the trade name Incotrans, with headquarters in Rotterdam, with some of its North American services operated in partnership with the French shipping line [[Compagnie Générale Maritime]].

HAL ceased operating as a Dutch line in 1989, when Carnival bought it for 1.2 billion guilders (€530 million). The proceeds were put into an investment company (HAL Investments), the majority of which is owned by the van der Vorm family.

===Former fleet (before 1989)===
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2023}}
HAL ships sold, scrapped or lost before Carnival took over.<ref name=":0"/>
* SS ''Aagtedijk'', 1950–63 — Launched in 1945 as ''Turand''. Spelling changed to ''Aagtedyk'' in 1953. Scrapped after a collision.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=5 |title=Aagtedyk – ID 5 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* {{SS|Beemsterdijk||2}}, 1922 — Sunk by a [[Naval mine|mine]] in 1941.<ref name=Beemsterdijk/>
* SS {{USS|Beukelsdijk||2}}, 1916 — Wrecked on rocks in 1923.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=8485 |title=Grängesberg – ID 8485 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* SS ''Bilderdijk'' (I), 1922 — Sunk by torpedo by {{GS|U-38|1938|2}} in 1940.<ref name=Bilderdijk/>
* SS ''Binnendijk'', 1921 — Sunk by a mine in 1939.<ref name=Binnendijk/>
* SS ''Blommersdijk'' (I), 1916 — Launched in 1907 as ''Blötberg''. Sunk by shellfire by {{SMU|U-53||2}} in 1916.<ref name=Blommersdijk/>
* SS ''Boschdijk'', 1922 — Burnt ont in 1940, sunk in 1942 as Luftwaffe target practice.<ref name=Boschdijk/>
* SS ''Breedijk'', 1922 — Sunk by torpedo by {{GS|U-34|1936|2}} in 1942.<ref name=Breedijk/>
* SS ''Burgerdijk'', 1921 — Sunk by torpedo by {{GS|U-48|1939|2}} in 1940.<ref name=Burgerdijk/>
* MV ''Damsterdijk'', 1930 — Scrapped in 1966.<ref name=Damsterdijk/>
* MV ''Delftdijk'', 1929 — Scrapped in 1963.<ref name=Delftdijk/>
* MV ''Dinteldijk'' (I), 1922 — Burnt out in 1940, sunk as a [[blockship]] in 1944, scrapped in 1947.<ref name=Dinteldijk/>
* MV ''Drechtdijk'', 1923 — Captured by German forces in 1940, renamed ''Russelheim'', sunk by an air attack in 1945.<ref name=Drechtdijk/>
* SS ''Edam'' (I), 1881 — Sunk in a collision in 1882<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=8172 |title=Edam – ID 8172 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* SS ''Edam'' (II), 1883 — Sunk in a collision in 1895<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=1882 |title=Edam – ID 1882 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* SS ''Eemdijk'' (I), 1915 — Launched in 1913 as ''Oceanos''. Sunk by a mine in 1915.<ref name=Eemdijk/>
* SS ''Gaasterdijk'', 1922 — Sold in 1931, sunk in 1942.<ref name=Gaasterdijk/> Sister of ''Grootendijk''.
* SS ''Gorredijk'' (I), 1909–23 — Launched in 1902 as ''Como''. Sold and renamed ''Benmacdhui''. Scrapped in 1931.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=2537 |title=Gorredyk – ID  |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* {{SS|Groote Beer||6}}, 1951–63 — Launched in 1944, scrapped in 1971.<ref name=autogenerated3/>
* SS ''Grootendijk'', 1923 — Sold in 1931, sunk in 1941.<ref name=Grootendijk/> Sister of ''Gaasterdijk''.
* SS ''Leerdam'' (I), 1882 — Launched in 1881 as ''Nederland''. Sunk in a collision in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=8268 |title=Nederland – ID 8268 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* SS {{USS|Maartensdijk||2}}, 1909–23 — Built in 1902 as ''Rapallo''. Sold and renamed ''Benvrackie''. Scrapped in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=3842 |title=Maartensdyk – ID 3842 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* {{SS|Maasdam|1920|6}} (III), 1921 — Sunk by torpedo by {{GS|U-564||2}} in 1941.<ref name=Maasdam/>
* SS ''Maasdam'' (IV), 1952–68 — became Polish Ocean Lines' {{ship|TSS|Stefan Batory}}. Scrapped in 2000.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url= http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/HollandAmericaLinePCs2.html |title=Holland America Ocean Liner Postcards |website=www.simplonpc.co.uk}}</ref>
* {{SS|Nieuw Amsterdam|1905|6}} (I), 1905–32 — Largest HAL ship until ''Rotterdam'' (IV) was completed in 1908.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=4633 |title=Nieuw Amsterdam – ID 4633 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* {{SS|Nieuw Amsterdam|1937|6}} (II), 1937–74 — UK troopship in Second World War<ref name=Nieuw-Amsterdam-II/>
* {{SS|Noordam|1902|6}} (I), 1902 — Scrapped in 1927. Warned {{RMS|Titanic}} of sea ice on the latter's maiden voyage.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://cruise.bwatts.org/HAL22808/Noordamhistory.htm|title=Some History of the MS Noordam |website=Cruise Information |publisher=Bill Watts Family}}</ref>
* MV ''Noordam'' (II), 1938 — Sold in 1963, scrapped in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=4702 |title=Noordam – ID 4702 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |date=6 June 2023}}</ref> Sister of ''Zaandam'' (II)
* SS ''Noorderdijk'' (I), 1913 — Sunk by torpedo by {{SMU|U-21|Germany|2}} in 1917.<ref name=Noorderdijk/>
* SS {{USS|Oosterdijk||2}}, 1913–18 — Sister of ''Westerdijk''. Sunk in a collision.<ref name=Oosterdijk/>
* SS ''P. Caland'', 1874–97. Sister of ''W. A. Scholten''. Sold and renamed ''Ressel''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=8298 |title=P. Caland – ID 8298 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* {{SS|Pennland}}, 1939 — launched in 1920 as ''Pittsburgh''. Troopship from 1940. Sunk by air raid in 1941.<ref name=Pennland/> Sister of ''Westernland''.
* {{SS|Potsdam|1899|6}}, 1900–15 — Largest HAL ship when she entered service. Sold and renamed ''Stockholm''. Scuttled in 1944, scrapped in 1947.
* {{MS|Prinsendam|1972|6}}, 1973–80 — Sank as a result of fire in her [[engine room]].
* SS {{USS|Rijndam||2}} (I), 1901 — US troopship 1918–19. Scrapped 1929.
* {{SS|Rotterdam|1872|6}} (I), 1873 — Wrecked in 1883.
* {{SS|Rotterdam|1886|6}} (II), 1886 — Scrapped in 1895.
* [[SS Dwinsk|SS ''Rotterdam'']] (III), 1897–1906 — Sold and renamed ''C. F. Tietgen''. Sunk by torpedo by {{SMU|U-151||2}} in 1918.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/1765.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Dwinsk |work=Uboat.net |access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
* {{SS|Rotterdam|1908|6}} (IV), 1908 — Scrapped in 1940. Largest HAL ship until ''Statendam'' (III) entered service in 1929.
* {{SS|Ryndam|1950|6}} (II), 1951–73 — Sank in 2003 on her way to be scrapped.<ref name=autogenerated1/>
* MV ''Sloterdijk'' (II) 1940 — Sister of ''Sommelsdijk'' (III). US troopship in the Second World War. Dutch troopship in the [[Indonesian National Revolution]]. Scrapped in 1966.<ref name=theshipslist/><ref>{{cite web |title=Sloterdyk (2) (1940 – 1966)|first=John |last=Van Kuijk |url= https://www.verenigingdelijn.nl/index.php/vlootlijst/hal/322-sloterdijk-2-1940-1966?showall=1&limitstart= |publisher=Vereniging de Lijn |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=Dutch}}</ref>
* SS ''Soestdijk'' (I), 1901–23 — Sold and renamed ''Callandia''. Scrapped in 1931.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=6033 |title=Soestdyk – ID 6033 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* MV ''Sommelsdijk'' (III) 1939 — Wartime service as US troopship. Scrapped in 1965.<ref name=theshipslist>{{cite web |url= http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/hollandam.shtml|title=Nederlandsch-Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij / Holland America Line |last1=Swiggum |first1=Susan |last2=Kohli |first2=Marjorie |date=18 January 2006 |work=TheShipsList |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/43/43b0896.pdf |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II.–Steamers & Motorships of 300 Tons, Trawlers, Tugs, Dredgers, etc. |year=1943 |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=[[Southampton City Council]] |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref>
* SS ''Spaarndam'' (II), 1922 — Combined passenger and cargo ship. Sunk by a mine in 1939 with the loss of six lives.<ref name=Spaarndam/>
* {{SS|Statendam|1898|6}} (I), 1898–1911 — Sold to [[Allan Line]]<ref name=Statendam-I/>
* SS ''Statendam'' (II) — Requisitioned before completion as the troopship {{SS|Justicia}}<ref name=Justicia/>
* {{SS|Statendam|1924|6}} (III), 1929–40 — Scrapped after being burnt out at Rotterdam<ref name=Statendam-III/>
* {{SS|Statendam|1956|6}} (IV), 1956–82 — Last in service for Regent Star as ''Regency''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/HAL-Statendam1956.html |title=Holland America – Statendam (1956) Ocean Liner and Cruise Ship Postcards |website=www.simplonpc.co.uk}}</ref>
*SS ''Veendam'' (I) 1888. Built in 1871 as ''Baltic''. Sank in 1898 after striking a submerged wreck.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=6939 |title=Veendam – ID 6939 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
*{{SS|Veendam|1922|6}} (II), 1923 — Sister of ''Volendam'' (I). In 1940, bombed in Rotterdam, repaired and requisitioned by German forces. Used as [[submarine tender]] in Hamburg. Returned to HAL service 1947, scrapped in 1953.<ref name=Veendam/>
* [[SS Argentina (1958)|SS ''Veendam'']] (III), 1972–74, 1975–76, 1978–84 — Last in service for Commodore Cruise Line as ''Enchanted Isle''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/Argentina_1958.html#anchor82535 |title=Moore-McCormack Liner Argentina 1958 – Ship Postcards |website=www.simplonpc.co.uk}}</ref>
* SS ''Veendijk'' 1914–33<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=6945 |title=Veendyk – ID 6945 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* {{SS|Volendam||6}} (I), 1922–52 — 1940–45 Escaped to Britain in WW2, became troopship<ref name=Volendam/>
* [[SS Brasil (1957)|SS ''Volendam'']] (II), 1972–76, 1978–84 — Sister of ''Veendam'' (III); Later ''Universe Explorer'' of World Explorer Lines.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/Brazil_1958.html#anchor484194 |title=Moore-McCormack Liner Brasil 1958 – Ship Postcards |website=www.simplonpc.co.uk}}</ref>
* {{SS|W. A. Scholten}}, 1874 — Sister of ''P. Caland''. Sunk in a collision in 1887 with the loss of 122 lives.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=8382 |title=W. A. Scholten – ID 8382 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* SS ''Waterman'', 1951–63 — Launched in 1945, scrapped in 1970.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web |url= http://www.ssmaritime.com/DutchVictoryTrio-1.htm|title=SS Zuiderkruis, Groote Beer, Waterman |website=www.ssmaritime.com}}</ref>
* MV ''Westerdam'' (I), 1940–65 — Cargo and first class passenger ship. Launched in 1940, but damaged by fire and not completed. Sunk in 1942, 1944 and 1945. Completed in 1946. Scrapped in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=7233 |title=Westerdam – ID 7233 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |access-date=12 June 2023}}</ref>
* {{SS|Westerdijk}} 1913–33 — Sister of ''Oosterdijk''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=7237 |title=Oosterdyk– ID 7237 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* {{SS|Westernland}}, 1939–43 — Launched in 1918 as ''Regina''. Sold to the UK [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]].<ref name=Westernland/> Sister of ''Pennland''.
* {{MV|Zaandam}} (II), 1938 — Sunk by torpedo by {{GS|U-174||2}} in 1942 with the loss 134 lives.<ref name=Zaandam/> Sister of ''Noordam'' (II)
* SS ''Zaandijk'' (I), 1909 — Built in 1899 as ''Ohio''. Sunk by torpedo by {{SMU|U-21|Germany|2}} in 1917.<ref name=Zaandijk/>
* SS {{USS|Zuiderdijk||2}}, 1912–23 — Sold and renamed ''Misty Law''. Scrapped in 1957.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=7501 |title=Zuiderdyk – ID 7501 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
* SS ''Zuiderkruis'', 1951–63 — Launched in 1944, scrapped in 1969.<ref name=autogenerated3/>

===US-based cruise line (1989–present)===
[[File:MS Rotterdam and MS Eurodam docked in Tallinn Estonia DSCN0400.jpg|thumb|{{MS|Rotterdam||2}} and {{MS|Eurodam||2}} docked in [[Tallinn]], Estonia in 2014]]
In 1989, the Holland America Line was bought by [[Carnival Corp]], thus becoming a [[United States|US]]–owned [[cruise line]] headquartered in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estonia|url=https://www.hollandamerica.com/|access-date=2019-08-13|archive-date=2018-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505104912/https://www.hollandamerica.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the summer of 2011, {{MS|Rotterdam||2}} did two transatlantic crossings, the first traditional transatlantic runs made by the line in more than 40 years.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

Beginning in September 2012, ''Rotterdam'' was based year-round out of [[Rotterdam]], sailing to Europe, the Caribbean, as well as Asia, before returning to more varied itineraries and home ports by 2016.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

{{MS|Amsterdam||2}} makes annual "Grand Voyages" lasting more than 60 days, including a grand circle of the Pacific Ocean each fall and a World Voyage sailing around the world, usually ranging from January to April/May.

The line currently operates four different classes of ship: the R class, the {{sclass2|Vista|cruise ship|4||2002}}, the {{sclass2|Signature|cruise ship|4}}, and the newest and largest Pinnacle class.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vista Class|publisher=Holland America Line|url=https://www.hollandamerica.com/en_US/cruise-ships.html|access-date=13 August 2019|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907003054/https://www.hollandamerica.com/en_US/cruise-ships.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

All HAL ships have a dark blue hull with white superstructure, with the company's logo featured prominently on the functional smoke stacks.

Holland America also owns the following:
* the Westmark hotel chain operating in [[Alaska]] and the [[Yukon]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.westmarkhotels.com/about-us/|website=Westmark Hotels – Alaska/Yukon|access-date=1 July 2015}}</ref>
* [[Half Moon Cay]], a private [[Caribbean]] island (known officially as [[Little San Salvador Island]]) with most Caribbean cruises spending a day there.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

On October 26, 2012, it was announced that a memorandum of agreement had been signed with Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri for the construction of a 2,660-passenger ship for Holland America Line scheduled for delivery in spring 2016. ''Koningsdam'', which became a new class of ship for the line (The Pinnacle Class), and the first new Holland America ship since {{MS|Nieuw Amsterdam|2009|2}}, delivered in 2010. Also noted was that the addition of new ships would maintain passenger capacity if some of the older Carnival Corporation ships are sold.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/8145-carnival-cruise-lines-and-holland-america-line-order-new-ships.html|title=Carnival Cruise Lines and Holland America Line Order New Ships|work=Cruise Industry News|date=26 October 2012}}</ref>

The Holland America Group of HAL and Princess Cruises have a letter of understanding to buy the [[White Pass and Yukon Route]] between [[Skagway, Alaska]] and the US-Canadian border. The purchase closed July 31, 2018.

On July 15, 2020, it was announced by Holland America that {{MS|Maasdam||2}}, {{MS|Veendam||2}}, ''Rotterdam'', and ''Amsterdam'' were sold to two undisclosed buyers. The ships were sold in pairs, with the ''Maasdam'' and ''Veendam'' transferring to one company in August 2020, while the ''Amsterdam'' and ''Rotterdam'' moved to another company in fall 2020. One pair went to a new cruise brand and the other to an existing brand.<ref name="Sold">{{cite web |title=Four Holland America Line Ships Sold|work=Cruise Industry News|date=15 July 2020|url=https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/23246-four-holland-america-line-ships-sold.html}}</ref>

Most cruise lines suspended their sailings because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.traveloffpath.com/first-large-cruise-line-with-2-ships-back-in-operation/ |title=First Large Cruise Line With 2 Ships Back In Operation |date=20 September 2020|publisher=Travel Off Path|quote=As of 19 September "Costa became the first large cruise line to relaunch the operations of a second ship"}}</ref> As of January 6, 2021, all Holland America sailings were cancelled to at least April 30, 2021, according to an industry news item. That report listed no specific sailings for Holland America prior to the first week of June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cruisehive.com/holland-america-and-princess-cruises-extend-suspensions/45450 |title=Holland America and Princess Cruises Extend Suspensions |date=6 January 2021 |publisher=Cruise Hive |quote=The cruise line which has been hit hard by the global pandemic has announced a further suspension on cruise operations.}}</ref>

In October 2023, Holland America announced that it was about halfway through converting its fleet Wi-Fi to [[Starlink]]. The cruise line also announced that it expected to have Starlink fully operational across its entire fleet by mid-December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=Holland America Rolls Out Starlink to More than Half of Fleet |url=https://www.travelmarketreport.com/articles/%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Holland-America-Rolls-Out-Starlink-to-More-than-Half-of-Fleet |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.travelmarketreport.com |language=en}}</ref> With the move, Holland America joined its sister-brands in [[Carnival Corporation & plc]], including [[Princess Cruises]] and [[Cunard Line]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=Cunard Rolls Out Starlink Wi-Fi |url=https://www.travelmarketreport.com/articles/%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Cunard-Rolls-Out-Starlink-Wi-Fi |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.travelmarketreport.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Fleet==
===Current fleet===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
!scope="col" style="width:150px;"| Ship name 
!scope="col" style="width:70px;"| In HAL<br/>service
!scope="col" style="width:70px;"| Gross<br/>tonnage 
!scope="col" style="width:70px;"| Maximum<br/>speed 
!scope="col" style="width:90px;"| Passenger<br/>complement
!scope="col" style="width:90px;"| Enclosed<br/>passenger decks
!scope="col" style="width:90px;"| Flag
!scope="col" style="width:90px;"| Image
|-
! colspan="9" | ''Rotterdam'' class (R class)
|-
| colspan="9"| Holland America Line's R-class ships did not all start out with identical layouts. ''Rotterdam'', the first of the four, was similar to the previous S class, but slightly longer and wider, with a third set of passenger stairs/elevators, twin funnels, and some new facilities. The twin [[sister ship]]s ''Volendam'' and ''Zaandam'' followed, similar to ''Rotterdam'', but with a different (single) funnel and larger because the aft pool was moved up one deck to the Lido level, creating more space for passenger accommodations below. The final R-class ship, ''Amsterdam'', like a hybrid of ''Rotterdam'' and ''Volendam''/''Zaandam'', incorporates ''Rotterdam''{{'}}s twin funnels as well as the Lido deck aft pool. Together, ''Rotterdam'' and ''Amsterdam'' were considered HAL's flagships.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} On July 15, 2020, it was announced by Holland America that {{MS|Rotterdam}} and {{MS|Amsterdam}} were sold to undisclosed buyers. The ships were sold as a pair, with the two joining an existing cruise brand in fall 2020.<ref name="Sold"/> It was further announced on the same day, that this pair would join [[Fred. Olsen Cruise Line]].<ref name="Sold"/>
|-
| {{MS|Volendam}} || 1999 || 61,214 || 23 knots || 1,432 || 9 || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[File:Kobe MS Volendam01n4272.jpg|200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Zaandam}} || 2000 || 61,396 || 23 knots || 1,432 || 9 || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[File:MS Zaandam.JPG|200px]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Vista class (V class)
|-
| colspan="9" | HAL's four {{sclass2|Vista|cruise ship|0||2002}} ships are named for the points of the compass in Dutch. Noord for north, Zuid for south, Oost for east and West for West. These ships were designed mainly for shorter (less than two weeks) cruises in the Caribbean, Alaska and Europe. These ships are notable because of the exceptionally great number of oceanview and verandah staterooms - more than 85% and 67% respectively. The first three Vista-class ships were built as identical triplets. ''Noordam'' incorporated a few design changes, including a more vertical aft profile, which makes her larger, with a slightly greater passenger capacity. The success of ''Noordam''{{'}}s revised design caused HAL to modify the other three Vista-class ships with aft expansions to mimic ''Noordam''.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} In 2006, the Vista-class cruise ships were awarded the 2006 Green Planet Award for outstanding environmental standards by Kuoni Switzerland.<ref>[http://www.planyourmeetings.com/newsbrief/2007/01/03/sailing-the-seas-of-green/ Sailing the Seas of Green] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208123551/http://www.planyourmeetings.com/newsbrief/2007/01/03/sailing-the-seas-of-green/|date=8 February 2007}}{{dead link|date=June 2023}}</ref> ''Zuiderdam'', ''Oosterdam'' and ''Westerdam'' received the first phase of the line's Signature of Excellence upgrades between 2005 and 2006, while ''Noordam'' was built to SOE1 standards.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}
|-
| {{MS|Zuiderdam}} || 2002 || 82,305 || 24 knots || 1,916 || 10 || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[File:20080921-Piraeus-MS Zuiderdam.JPG|200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Oosterdam}} || 2003 || 82,305 || 24 knots || 1,916 || 10 || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[File:MS Oosterdam, Princes Wharf, 2013 (cropped).JPG|200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Westerdam}} || 2004 || 82,305 || 24 knots || 1,916 || 10 || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[File:Westerdam Nov 24 2015.png|200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Noordam}} || 2006 || 82,318 || 24 knots || 1,924 || 10 || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[File:Noordam.jpg|200px]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Signature class
|-
| colspan="9" | The Signature-class ships are essentially an enhanced Vista-class design. The main difference is the addition of a deck between the Lido and Observation decks. This allows for more cabins (mostly spa accommodations) and some additional facilities including the specialty restaurant, Tamarind, and the Silk Den lounge.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} Both Signature-class ships were built to the line's Signature of Excellence (first phase) standards.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}
|-
| {{MS|Eurodam||6}} || 2008 || 86,273 || 23.9 knots || 2,104 || 11 || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[File:Eurodam.JPG|200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Nieuw Amsterdam|2009|6}} || 2010 || 86,700 || 23.9 knots || 2,106 || 11 || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[File:Nieuw Amsterdam San Juan.JPG|frameless|200x200px]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Pinnacle class
|-
| colspan="9" | Constructed at the Fincantieri shipyards, ''Koningsdam'' is the largest ship to be built for Holland-America, and is the size of the ex-''Ryndam'' and ex-''Statendam'' joined.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> The new ship has a beam of {{convert|35|m|ftin}}, complying with the [[New Panamax]] dimensions and allowing it to cruise through the new wider locks currently under construction at the [[Panama Canal]]. It was launched on February 15, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cruisecritic.com/news/news.cfm?ID=5327|title=Holland America Line Confirms Date, Size and Class of New Build Cruise Ship - Holland America Line|website=www.cruisecritic.com}}</ref> All Pinnacle class ships were built to the line's Signature of Excellence (first phase) standards.
|-
| {{MS|Koningsdam}} || 2016 || 99,863 || 22.2 knots || 2,650 || 12 || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[File:Koningsdam (ship, 2016) 004.jpg|frameless|200x200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Nieuw Statendam}} || 2018 || 99,863 || 22.2 knots || 2,650 || 12 || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} ||[[File:NIEUW STATENDAM (49895575701).jpg|alt=|200x200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Rotterdam|2020|6}} || 2021 || 99,863 || 22.2 knots || 2,650 || 12 || {{flag|Netherlands}} ||[[File:MS Rotterdam in Rotterdam 2021-10-14.jpg|frameless|200x200px]]
|}

===Former fleet===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width:150px;"| Ship name !! scope="col" style="width:70px;"| Built !! scope="col" style="width:70px;"| In HAL<br/>service !! scope="col" style="width:70px;"| Gross<br/>tonnage !! scope="col" style="width:150px;"| Current<br/>flag !! scope="col" style="width:510px;"| Notes !! scope="col" style="width:90px;"| Image
|-
| {{MS|Amsterdam||2}} || align="Center" | 2000 || align="Center"| 2000–2020 || align="Center"| 62,735 tons|| style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || ''Rotterdam'' class<br/>Sold to [[Fred. Olsen Cruise Line]] in 2020 and renamed ''Bolette''.|| [[File:Amsterdam at Kobe07s3872.jpg|200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Rotterdam||2}} || align="Center"| 1997 || align="Center"| 1997–2020 || align="Center"| 61,849 tons || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands}} || ''Rotterdam'' class<br/>Sold to [[Fred. Olsen Cruise Line]] in 2020 and renamed ''Borealis''.|| [[File:Rotterdam at Pier Tallinn 31 May 2013.JPG|200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Veendam||2}} ||align="Center"| 1996 || align="Center"| 1996–2020 ||align="Center"| 57,092 tons || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Greece}} || ''Statendam'' class (S class)<br/><br/>As the first ships ordered and delivered under the line's ownership by Carnival Corporation & plc, the S-class ships were the first new Holland America Line ships to incorporate features including the atrium, the two-deck main dining room and show lounge, and the Lido pool with retractable roof.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.captainalbert.com/holland-line-ships-past-and-present/an-outline-of-the-history-of-holland-america-line-part-4/|title=0004 An Outline of the History of Holland America Line part 4 |work=Captain Albert's Website and Blog|language=en-US|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> Sold to Seajets in 2020 and renamed ''Aegean Majesty''.<ref name="Sold"/> || [[File:MS Veendam Near Gloucester (recropped).jpg|200px]]
|-
| [[Pacific Aria|''Ryndam'']] || align="Center"| 1994 || align="Center"| 1994–2015 || align="Center"| 55,819 tons || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Greece|civil}} || ''Statendam'' class (S class)<br/><br/>MS ''Ryndam'' for Holland America Line from 1994 to 2015. ''Pacific Aria'' for P&O Cruises Australia from 2015 to 2020. After the deal to sell to CMV failed due to their administration P&O sold ''Pacific Aria'' to Seajets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iliopoulos strikes again with another Carnival cruiseship buy|url=https://www.tradewindsnews.com/cruise-and-ferry/iliopoulos-strikes-again-with-another-carnival-cruiseship-buy/2-1-892950|access-date=17 October 2020|website=TradeWinds {{!}} The Global Shipping News Source|date=14 October 2020|language=en}}</ref> ||[[File:Ryndam near Flåm 4.JPG|200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Maasdam||2}} || align="Center" | 1993 || align="Center"| 1993–2020 || align="Center"| 55,575 tons || align="Center"| {{Flag|Bermuda}}|| ''Statendam'' class (S class)<br/><br/>Sold to Seajets in 2020 and renamed ''Aegean Myth'',<ref name="Sold" /> then bought by Compagnie Française de Croisières and renamed ''Renaissance''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=New French cruise line CFC to revive long sea voyages |url=https://www.seatrade-cruise.com/news/new-french-cruise-line-cfc-revive-long-sea-voyages |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=seatrade-cruise.com |language=en}}</ref>.|| [[File:Charlottetown Waterfront, Prince Edward Island (471303) (9450771460).jpg|200px]]
|-
| [[Pacific Eden|''Statendam'']] || align="Center"| 1993 || align="Center"| 1993–2015 || align="Center"| 55,819 tons || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|United Kingdom|civil}} || ''Statendam'' class (S class)<br/><br/>MS ''Statendam'' for Holland America Line from 1992 to 2015. ''Pacific Eden'' for P&O Cruises Australia from 2015 to 2019. ''Vasco da Gama'' for TransOcean Tours since 2019. After CMV entered administration in 2020 sold to Mystic Invest.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 October 2020|title=Mystic Cruises buys Vasco da Gama, first CMV ship to be auctioned|url=https://www.seatrade-cruise.com/europe/mystic-cruises-buys-vasco-da-gama-first-cmv-ship-be-auctioned|access-date=17 October 2020|website=seatrade-cruise.com|language=en}}</ref> ||[[File:MS Statendam(js)02.jpg|200px]]
|-
| {{MS|Prinsendam|1988|2}} || align="Center"| 1988 || align="Center"| 2002–19 || align="Center"| 38,848 tons || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamas]] || ''Prinsendam'' had a career with [[Royal Viking Line]], [[Cunard Line]], and [[Seabourn Cruise Line]] before joining the HAL fleet after an extensive refit in 2002. Transferred to [[Phoenix Reisen]] and renamed ''Amera'' in 2019 || [[File:Prinsendam arriving at Tallinn 6 July 2015.JPG|200px]]
|-
|''[[MS Marella Dream|Westerdam]]''|| align="Center" | 1986 || align="Center"| 1988–2002 || align="Center"| 54,763 tons || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Malta|civil}} ||''Homeric'' for Home Lines from 1986 to 1988. MS ''Westerdam'' for Holland America Line from 1988 to 2002. ''Costa Europa'' for Costa Cruises from 2002 to 2010. ''Marella Dream'' for Marella Cruises from 2010 to 2020. Laid up from 2020 to 2022. Sold for scrap as ''Ella'' in 2022.|| [[File:"Westerdam" - Québec City, 1997 (cropped).jpg|200px]]
|-
| [[MS Thomson Celebration|''Noordam'']] ||align="Center"| 1984 || align="Center"| 1984–2005 || align="Center"| 33,960 tons || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Malta|civil}} ||MS ''Noordam'' for Holland America Line from 1984 to 2005. ''Marella Celebration'' for Marella Cruises from 2005 to 2020. Laid up from 2020 to 2022. Sold for scrap as ''Mare'' in 2022. ||[[File:Noordam in Vancouver.jpg|200px]]
|-
| [[MS Thomson Spirit|''Nieuw Amsterdam'']] ||align="Center"| 1983 || align="Center"| 1984–2000 || align="Center"| 33,930 tons || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Malta|civil}} ||MS ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' for Holland America Line 1983 to 2000. MS ''Patriot'' for American Classic Voyages from 2000 to 2002. Laid up as MS ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' by Holland America Line 2002. MS ''Spirit'' for Louis Cruise Lines from 2002 to 2003. ''Marella Spirit'' for Marella Cruises from 2003 to 2018. Sold for scrap as ''Mare S'' and ''La Spirit'' in 2018 || [[File:Nieuw Amsterdam at Vancouver (cropped).jpg|200px]]
|-
| {{SS|Rotterdam|1958|2}} || align="Center"| 1959 || align="Center"| 1959–97 || align="Center"| 38,645 tons || style="text-align:Center;"| {{flag|Netherlands|civil}} ||SS ''Rotterdam'' for Holland America Line from 1959 to 1997. ''Rembrandt'' for Premier Cruises from 1997 to 2000. Laid up as ''Rembrandt'' from 2000 to 2003. SS ''Rotterdam'' for WestCord Hotels since 2013.|| [[File:Valdez - SS Rotterdam (3847789627).jpg|200px]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Companies|Netherlands|United States|Transport}}
* [[Carnival Corporation & plc]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=de Balbian Verster|first=J.F.L.|year=1921|title=Holland-America: an historical account of shipping and other relations between Holland and North America|place=Amsterdam|publisher=Bernard Houthakker for the Holland America Line|oclc=19792377}}
*{{cite book|last1=van Berkum|first1=Sandra|last2=Maes|first2=Tal|year=2011|title=Captain's Dinner: Koken met de Holland-Amerika Lijn|trans-title=Captain's Dinner: Cooking with the Holland America Line|place=Schiedam|publisher=Scriptum|isbn=978-9055948161|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last=de Boer|first=G.J.|year=1998|title=125 jaar Holland-Amerika Lijn, 1873–1998|trans-title=125 Years Holland America Line, 1873–1998|place=Alkmaar|publisher=De Alk|isbn=906013074X|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last=de Boer|first=Michiel George|year=1923|title=Holland-America Line, 1873–1923|place=Rotterdam|publisher=Holland America Line|oclc=602295517}}
*{{cite book|last=Card|first=Stephen J.|year=2005|title=Holland America Line, "The Spotless Fleet" : Maritime Paintings|place=London|publisher=Carmania Press|isbn=0954366654}} 
*{{cite book|last=Collard|first=Ian|year=2018|title=Holland America Cruise Ships|place=Stroud|publisher=Amberley Publishing|isbn=978-1445667607}}
*{{cite book|last1=Dalkmann|first1=H.A.|last2=Schoonderbeck|first2=A.J.|year=1998|title=125 years of Holland America Line: a company history|place=Edinburgh|publisher=Pentland Press|isbn=1858215900}}
*{{cite book|last=Gischler|first=Arnout C.|year=2003|title=De Holland-Amerika Lijn in Zwaar Weer|trans-title=The Holland America Line in Heavy Weather|series=Historische publicaties Roterodamum series, no. 148|place=Zutphen|publisher=Walburg Pers|isbn=9057302624|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last1=de Groot|first1=Edward P.|year=1980|title=Per mailboot naar Amerika: vijftig jaar Noordatlantische passagiersvaart onder Nederlandse vlag|trans-title=By Mail Boat to America: Fifty years of North Atlantic passenger travel under the Dutch flag|place=Bussum|publisher=Unieboek|isbn=9022818314|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last1=Guns|first1=Nico|year=2004|title=Holland America Line: Short History of a Shipping Company|place=Zutphen|publisher=Walburg Pers|isbn=9057303167}}
*{{cite book|last1=Guns|first1=Nico|last2=van Rikxoort|first2=Ronald|year=2006|title=Holland-Amerika Lijn: Schepen van 'De Lijn' in beeld|trans-title=Holland America Line: Ships of 'The Line' in focus|place=Zutphen|publisher=Walburg Pers|isbn=9057304600|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last=Guns|first=Nico|year=2013|title=Een zeevarend zondagskind: de memoires van HAL-kapitein Roelof ten Kate|trans-title=A Seafaring Sunday's Child: the memoirs of HAL Captain Roelof ten Kate|place=Zutphen|publisher=Walburg Pers|isbn=978-9491354281|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last=Harnack|first=Edwin P|orig-year=1903|year=1930|title=All About Ships & Shipping|place=London|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|edition=4th}}
*{{cite book|last=Haws|first=Duncan|year=1995|title=Holland America Line|series=Merchant Fleets series|volume=28|place=Uckfield|publisher=Travel Creatours Ltd Publications|isbn=0946378258}}
*{{cite book|last1=van Herk|first1=C.|last2=van der Elst|first2=J.H.|year=1981|title=De schepen van de Holland Amerika Lijn|trans-title=The Ships of the Holland America Line|series=Erato-monografieën series, no. 5.|place=Haarlem|publisher=Historische Boekhandel ERATO; Bussum: De Boer Maritiem|isbn=9022818632|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last=Holdermans|first=Rob|year=2006|title=Holland-Amerika Lijn van boven bekeken, 1921–1964|trans-title=Holland America Line from above, 1921–1964|place=Hoogeveen|publisher=V+W Collective|isbn=978-9059780347|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kohler|first1=Peter C.|year=1993|title=The Holland America Line: A 120th Anniversary Celebration in Postcards|place=Coltishall|publisher=Ship Pictorial Publications|isbn=0951603841}}
*{{cite book|last=Le Fleming|first=H.M.|year=1965|title=Ships of the Holland – America Line|place=London|publisher=John Marshbank Ltd|oclc=834361608|edition=2nd}}
*{{cite book|last=Miller|first=William H.|year=1998|title=Going Dutch: The Holland America Line Story|publisher=Carmania Press|place=London|isbn=0951865684}}
*{{cite book|last1=Oosterwijk|first1=Bram|last2=van de Ven|first2=Daniël|year=2002|title=Holland-Amerika Lijn: achteromkijkend naar de Wilhelminakade|trans-title=Holland America Line: looking back to the Wilhelminakade|place=Alkmaar|publisher=De Alk|isbn=9060132424|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last=Payne|first=Stephen M.|year=1990|title=Grande Dame: Holland America Line and the S.S. Rotterdam|place=London|publisher=RINA Ltd|isbn=0903055120}}
*{{cite book|last=Schaap|first=Dick|year=1973|title=A Bridge to the Seven Seas|place=New York|publisher=D. McKay|oclc=701048}}
*{{cite book|last=Seabrook|first=William C.|year=1950|title=In the War at Sea: a record of Rotterdam's largest merchant fleet and its gallant crews, from 1940 to 1945|place=Rotterdam|publisher=Holland America Line|oclc=604175934|edition=2nd}}
*{{cite book |last=Talbot-Booth |first=EC |year=1936 |title=Ships and the Sea |edition=Third |place=London |publisher=[[Sampson Low]], Marston & Co Ltd}}
*{{cite book|last1=Verdure|first1=Michel|last2=Lasley|first2=Paul|last3=Harryman|first3=Elizabeth
|year=2007|title=The Art of Cruising: Fine Art and Antiques of Holland America Line|place=Seattle|publisher=Holland America Line|isbn=978-0977802838}}
*{{cite book|last=Wendtholt|first=A.D.|year=1973|title=Brug over de oceaan: Een eeuw geschiedenis van de Holland Amerika Lijn|trans-title=Bridge over the Ocean: A centenary history of the Holland America Line|place=Rotterdam|publisher=Nijgh & Van Ditmar|isbn=9023692292|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last=Zuidhoek|first=Arne|year=1997|title=Droomschepen: Holland-Amerika Lijn|trans-title=Dream Ships: Holland America Line|place=Alkmaar|publisher=De Alk|isbn=9060130685|language=nl}}
*{{cite book|last=Zuidhoek|first=Arne|year=2004|title=De mooiste schepen van 'De Lijn': Holland-Amerika Lijn|trans-title=The most beautiful ships of 'The Line: Holland America Line|series=De mooiste schepen van... series|place=Zaltbommel|publisher=Aprilis|isbn=905994027X|language=nl}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{PM20|FID=co/011364|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}
* {{cite web |url= https://www.ggarchives.com/OceanTravel/SteamshipLines/Holland-AmericaLine.html |title=Holland-America Line History and Ephemera |work=Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.lastoceanliners.com/cgi/lolline.pl?HAL |title=Holland America Line |work=The Last Ocean Liners}} – routes and ships of the line during the 1950s and 60s.
* {{cite web |url= http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/hollandam.shtml|title=Nederlandsch-Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij / Holland America Line |last1=Swiggum |first1=Susan |last2=Kohli |first2=Marjorie |date=18 January 2006 |work=TheShipsList}}

{{Holland America Ships}}
{{Members of the Carnival Corporation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Holland America Line]]
[[Category:Carnival Corporation & plc]]
[[Category:Companies based in Seattle]]
[[Category:Cruise lines]]
[[Category:Dutch companies established in 1873]]
[[Category:History of Rotterdam]]
[[Category:Shipping companies of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Shipping companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Transatlantic shipping companies]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1873]]
[[Category:1989 mergers and acquisitions]]