View source for List of sovereign states in the 1990s

{{Short description|None}}
{{use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=January 2023}}
This is a '''list of sovereign states in the 1990s''', giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 1999. It contains 241 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and [[Diplomatic recognition|recognition]] of their [[sovereignty]]. It includes 197 widely recognized sovereign states, 28 entities which claim an effective sovereignty but are considered ''[[de facto]]'' dependencies of other powers by the general international community, 2 associated states, 14 states which were initially unrecognized but then gained full recognition later in the decade, and 1 state which was initially widely recognized but then lost full recognition later in the decade.{{Clarify|date=February 2020|reason=What state?}}

{{Compact ToC|w=|x=|pre1=Members or observers of the United Nations|custom1=Non-UN members or observers|custom2=Other entities|seealso=yes|notes=yes}}

==Members or observers of the United Nations==
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; font-size'':95%; border-collapse'':collapse; border'':0 solid #aaa;"
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! width="60%" |Name and capital city
! width="70%" |Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
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=== A ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1987}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1992).svg}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1992-1996; 2001).svg}} Afghanistan''' <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Kabul]]'' (to 26 September 1996), ''[[Mazar-i-Sharif]]'' (from 26 September 1996 to 25 May 1997),  ''[[Taloqan]]'' (from 25 May 1997)}}
* [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Republic of Afghanistan]] {{Nowrap|(to 28 April 1992)}}{{efn|name=AFG_kabul|[[Sibghatullah Mojaddedi]] entered Kabul after the fall of [[Mohammad Najibullah]] and proclaimed the Islamic State of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gargan |first=Edward A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/29/world/rebels-leader-arrives-in-kabul-and-forms-an-islamic-republic.html |title=Rebels' Leader Arrives in Kabul And Forms an Islamic Republic |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=1992-04-29 |accessdate=2022-03-09 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526061318/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/29/world/rebels-leader-arrives-in-kabul-and-forms-an-islamic-republic.html |archive-date=2015-05-26}}</ref>}}
* [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] {{Nowrap|(from 28 April 1992)}}{{efn|name=AFG_kabul}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.{{efn|The Islamic State of Afghanistan was not recognized by Pakistan, [[Saudi Arabia]], or the [[United Arab Emirates]] after 26 September 1996.}} Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Afghanistan and recognized as such by the UN, but only controlled a small portion of the country after 26 September 1996.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Albania|1946}} → {{flagu|Albania|1992}}''' {{capital|Tirana}}
* [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]] {{Nowrap|(to 29 April 1991)}}{{efn|name=ALB_basic|Albania adopted a temporary basic law on 29 April 1991, changing the name of the country to "Republic of Albania". This change was confirmed in the constitution of 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albania > Constitution |publisher=ICL Project |url=https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/al00000_.html}}<br/>{{*}}{{cite web |title=ALBANIAN CONSTITUTION |url=http://www.ipls.org/services/kusht/contents.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704164310/http://www.ipls.org/services/kusht/contents.html |archive-date=2010-07-04}}</ref>}}
* [[Albania|Republic of Albania]] {{Nowrap|(from 29 April 1991)}}{{Efn|name=ALB_basic}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Algeria}}''' – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria {{capital|Algiers}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Andorra}}''' – Principality of Andorra {{capital|Andorra la Vella}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state. The [[President of France]] and [[Bishop of Urgell]] were ''[[ex officio]]'' [[Co-Princes of Andorra]]. [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 28 July 1993). The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagu|Angola}}''' {{capital|Luanda}}
* [[People's Republic of Angola]] {{Nowrap|(to 25 August 1992)}}<ref name=ANG_constitution>{{Cite web |title=Please log in |url=https://aceproject.org/acl_users/credentials_cookie_auth/login_form?came_from=https%3A//aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/AO/angconst/document_view |website=aceproject.org}}</ref>
* [[Angola|Republic of Angola]] {{Nowrap|(from 25 August 1992)}}<ref name=ANG_constitution />
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}''' {{capitalname|St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[Commonwealth realm]]. Antigua and Barbuda had two dependencies, [[Barbuda]] and [[Redonda]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Argentina|1861}}''' – Argentine Republic{{Efn|The name "Argentine Nation" was also used for the purposes of legislation.}} {{capital|Buenos Aires}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Argentina was a [[federation]] of [[Provinces of Argentina|22 provinces, two federal territories, and one federal territory]].{{Efn|23 provinces: [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]], [[Chaco Province|Chaco]], [[Chubut Province|Chubut]], [[Córdoba Province (Argentina)|Córdoba]], [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]], [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Jujuy Province|Jujuy]], [[La Pampa Province|La Pampa]], [[La Rioja Province (Argentina)|La Rioja]], [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], [[Misiones Province|Misiones]], [[Neuquén Province|Neuquén]], [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]], [[Salta Province|Salta]], [[San Juan Province (Argentina)|San Juan]], [[San Luis Province|San Luis]], [[Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)|Santa Cruz]], [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]], [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]], [[Tierra del Fuego Province (Argentina)|Tierra del Fuego]] (from 26 April 1991), [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]]. 1 Autonomous City: [[Buenos Aires]] (from 6 August 1996). 2 Territories: [[Buenos Aires]] (to 6 August 1996), [[Tierra del Fuego Province (Argentina)|Tierra del Fuego]] (to 26 April 1991).}} It had a claim over [[Argentine Antarctica]], which was suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]]. It also claimed the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]], both of which were [[British overseas territories]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Armenia}}''' – Republic of Armenia {{Nowrap|(from 23 September 1991)}}{{efn|The Armenian people voted for succession from the Soviet Union in a referendum on 21 September 1991. The parliament of Armenia ratified the result on 23 September 1991.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bill Keller |date=September 23, 1991 |title=Armenia Yielding Claim on Enclave |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/23/world/armenia-yielding-claim-on-enclave.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192920/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/23/world/armenia-yielding-claim-on-enclave.html}}</ref>}} {{capital|Yerevan}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state; [[Armenian SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized (from 26 December 1991).{{efn|Armenia was not recognized by Pakistan.}} [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 2 March 1992).
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Australia}}''' – Commonwealth of Australia {{capital|Canberra}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[Commonwealth realm]]. Australia was a [[federation]] of [[States and territories of Australia|six states and three territories]].{{efn|6 states: [[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[South Australia]], [[Tasmania]], [[Victoria (Australian state)|Victoria]], [[Western Australia]]. 3 territories: [[Australian Capital Territory]], [[Jervis Bay Territory]], [[Northern Territory]].}} It had sovereignty over the following external territories:
* [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]
* [[Australian Antarctic Territory]] (suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]].)
* [[Christmas Island]]
* [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]
* [[Coral Sea Islands]]
* [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]
* {{flag|Norfolk Island}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Austria}}''' – Republic of Austria {{capital|Vienna}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 January 1995). Austria was a [[federation]] of [[States of Austria|nine states]].{{Efn|9 states: [[Burgenland]], [[Carinthia]], [[Lower Austria]], [[Salzburg (state)|Salzburg]], [[Styria]], [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]], [[Upper Austria]], [[Vorarlberg]], [[Vienna]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Azerbaijan|1918}}''' – Republic of Azerbaijan {{Nowrap|(from 30 August 1991)}}{{efn|On August 30, 1991, Azerbaijan's Parliament adopted the Declaration on the Restoration of the State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the United States of America |url=http://www.azembassy.us/azerbaijan/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202180155/http://www.azembassy.us/azerbaijan/history.html |archive-date=2018-02-02}}</ref>}} {{capital|Baku}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state; [[Azerbaijan SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized state from 26 December 1991; [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 2 March 1992. Azerbaijan had one autonomous republic, [[Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]]. It included the disputed region of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], where a [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic|partially recognized breakaway republic]] declared independence on 6 January 1992.
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=== B ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|The Bahamas}}''' – Commonwealth of the Bahamas {{capitalname|Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[Commonwealth realm]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Bahrain|1972}} [[State of Bahrain|Bahrain]]''' – State of Bahrain {{capital|Manama}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Bangladesh}}''' – People's Republic of Bangladesh {{capital|Dhaka}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Barbados}}''' {{capital|Bridgetown}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[Commonwealth realm]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Belgium|state}}''' – Kingdom of Belgium {{capital|Brussels}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member to 1 November 1993; [[European Union|EU]] member from 1 November 1993. Belgium was a [[federation]] of [[Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium|three communities and three regions]].{{Efn|3 communities: [[Flemish Community]], [[French Community of Belgium|French Community]], [[German-speaking Community of Belgium|German-speaking Community]]. 3 regions: [[Brussels]], [[Flemish Region|Flanders]], [[Wallonia]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Belize_(1981-2019).svg}} [[Belize]]''' {{capital|Belmopan}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.{{efn|Belize was not recognized by [[Guatemala]] (to 24 November 1992)}} [[Commonwealth realm]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Benin|1975}} → {{flag|Benin}}''' <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Porto-Novo]]'' (official), ''[[Cotonou]]'' (seat of government)}}
* [[People's Republic of Benin]] {{Nowrap|(to 1 March 1990)}}{{efn|name=BEN_renamed|The People's Republic of Benin was renamed the Republic of Benin on 1 March 1990. Its new constitution was adopted on 2 December 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the People's Republic of Benin |date=11 December 1990 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,NATLEGBOD,,BEN,456d621e2,3ae6b57d4,0.html |via=Refworld |access-date=2012-03-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324014353/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,NATLEGBOD,,BEN,456d621e2,3ae6b57d4,0.html |archive-date=2012-03-24}}</ref>}}
* Republic of Benin {{Nowrap|(from 1 March 1990)}}{{efn|name=BEN_renamed}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Bhutan}}''' – Kingdom of Bhutan {{capital|Thimphu}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Bhutan was officially guided by India in its foreign affairs, but effectively pursued an independent foreign policy.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[History of Bolivia (1982–present)|Bolivia]]''' – Republic of Bolivia <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Sucre]]'' (official), ''[[La Paz, Bolivia|La Paz]]'' (administrative)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Bosnia and Herzegovina|1992}} → {{flagu|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}''' {{nowrap|(from 5 April 1992)}} {{capital|Sarajevo}}
* [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] {{Nowrap|(from 5 April 1992 to 14 December 1995)}}{{Efn|Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia on 5 April 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2868.htm|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>}}{{Efn|name=BOS_dayton|The [[Dayton Agreement]] was signed on 14 December 1995, creating the unified state of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/peace/docs/daytonaccord.html |title=Dayton Peace Accords on Bosnia |publisher=.umn.edu |date=1995-11-21 |accessdate=2022-03-09}}</ref>}}
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] {{Nowrap|(from 14 December 1995)}}{{Efn|name=BOS_dayton}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state.  [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Claimed by Yugoslavia]] (to 28 April 1992). Widely recognized (from 7 April 1992). [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 22 May 1992). Much of the ''de jure'' territory of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the under control of the following self-declared entities which, although they did not claim independence, were effectively self-governing:
* {{flagicon image|Flag of AP Western Bosnia (1993-1995).svg}} [[Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia]] (from 27 September 1993 to 26 July 1995)
* {{flag|Herzeg-Bosnia|name=Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia}} (from 28 August 1993 to 18 March 1994)
* {{flag|Republika Srpska|name=Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} (to 7 April 1992)
In addition, there were three states which had declared and established ''de facto'' independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina: [[Republika Srpska]] (from 7 April 1992 to 14 December 1995) and [[Republic of Western Bosnia]] (from 26 July 1995 to 7 August 1995). After the [[Dayton Accords]], Bosnia and Herzegovina was a [[federation]] of two constituent entities: the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], which was itself a federation of [[Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|ten cantons]],{{Efn|10 cantons: [[Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde|Bosnian-Podrinje]], [[Canton 10]], [[Central Bosnia Canton|Central Bosnia]], [[Herzegovina-Neretva Canton|Herzegovina-Neretva]], [[Posavina Canton|Posavina]], [[Sarajevo Canton|Sarajevo]], [[Tuzla Canton|Tuzla]], [[Una-Sana Canton|Una-Sana]], [[West Herzegovina Canton|West Herzegovina]], [[Zenica-Doboj Canton|Zenica-Doboj]].}} and [[Republika Srpska]]. There was also a neutral [[Brčko District]] (from 5 March 1999).
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Botswana}}''' – Republic of Botswana {{capital|Gaborone}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|{{flagdeco|Brazil|1968}} → '''{{Flag|Brazil}}''' – Federative Republic of Brazil {{capital|Brasília}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; Brazil was a [[federation]] of [[States of Brazil|26 states and one federal district]].{{efn|26 states: [[Acre (state)|Acre]], [[Alagoas]], [[Amapá]], [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], [[Bahia]], [[Ceará]], [[Espírito Santo]], [[Goiás]], [[Maranhão]], [[Mato Grosso]], [[Mato Grosso do Sul]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Pará]], [[Paraíba]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], [[Pernambuco]], [[Piauí]], [[Rio Grande do Norte]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Rondônia]], [[Roraima]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Sergipe]], [[Tocantins (state)|Tocantins]]. 1 federal district: [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Brunei}}''' – State of Brunei, Abode of Peace {{capital|Bandar Seri Begawan}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Brunei claimed part of the [[Spratly Islands]] (disputed by the [[People's Republic of China]], the [[Republic of China]], [[Vietnam]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Malaysia]]).
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Bulgaria|1971}} → {{flag|Bulgaria}}''' {{capital|Sofia}}
* [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] {{Nowrap|(to 15 November 1990)}}{{efn|name=BUL_name|The [[National Assembly of Bulgaria|Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria]] adopted a motion changing Bulgaria's official name on 15 November 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bulgaria: Chronology |website=World Statesmen.org |url=http://worldstatesmen.org/Bulgaria |url-status=live |archive-date=2011-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610014306/http://worldstatesmen.org/Bulgaria}}</ref>}}
* Republic of Bulgaria {{Nowrap|(from 15 November 1990)}}{{efn|name=BUL_name}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[History of Burkina Faso##Rule_of_Blaise_Compaoré|Burkina Faso]]''' {{capital|Ouagadougou}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"|Burma {{arrow}} [[#M|Myanmar]]
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Burundi}}''' – Republic of Burundi {{capital|Bujumbura}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Byelorussian SSR}} → {{flagdeco|Belarus|1991}} → {{flagdeco|Belarus|1995}} [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussia]] / [[Belarus]]''' {{nowrap|(from 27 July 1990)}} {{capital|Minsk}}
*[[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] {{Nowrap|(from 27 July 1990 to 25 August 1991)}} 
*Republic of Belarus {{Nowrap|(from 25 August 1991)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. ''De facto'' independent state that was nominally a constituent state of the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991; widely recognized from 26 December 1991.
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=== C ===
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| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"|Cambodia {{arrow}} [[#K|Kampuchea]]
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Cameroon}}''' – Republic of Cameroon {{capital|Yaoundé}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Canada}}''' {{capital|Ottawa}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[Commonwealth realm]]. Canada was a [[federation]] of [[Provinces and territories of Canada|ten provinces and three territories]].{{Efn|10 provinces: [[Alberta]], [[British Columbia]], [[Manitoba]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Ontario]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Saskatchewan]]. 3 territories: [[Northwest Territories]], [[Nunavut]] (from 1 April 1999), [[Yukon]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Cape Verde|1975}} → {{flag|Cape Verde}}''' – Republic of Cape Verde {{capital|Praia}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Central African Republic}}''' {{capital|Bangui}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Chad}}''' – Republic of Chad {{capital|N'Djamena}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]]''' {{capitalname|Santiago, Chile|Santiago}}
* [[Military dictatorship of Chile|Military dictatorship]] (to 11 March 1990)
* [[Chilean transition to democracy]] (11 March 1990)
* [[Republic of Chile]] (from 11 March 1990)
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; it had a claim over [[Chilean Antarctic Territory]] which was suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|China}}''' – [[People's Republic of China]] {{capital|Beijing}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.{{efn|name=ROC_recognition|The [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China]] did not recognize each other, as both states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China. The following states recognized the ROC instead of the PRC: [[Bahamas]] (to 23 May 1997), [[Belize]], [[Burkina Faso]] (from 4 February 1994), [[Central African Republic]] (from 8 July 1991 to 29 January 1998), [[Chad]] (from 15 August 1997), [[Costa Rica]], [[Dominica]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[El Salvador]], [[the Gambia]] (from 25 July 1995), [[Guatemala]], [[Guinea-Bissau]] (from 26 May 1990 to 13 April 1998), [[Grenada]], [[Haiti]], [[Honduras]], [[South Korea]] (to 24 August 1992), [[Lesotho]] (from 5 April 1990 to 12 January 1994), [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] (to 27 January 1999), [[Malawi]], [[Marshall Islands]] (from 20 November 1998), [[Monaco]] (to 16 January 1995), [[Nauru]], [[Nicaragua]] (from 9 November 1990), [[Niger]] (from 30 June 1992 to 19 August 1996), [[Palau]] (from 1999), [[Panama]], [[Paraguay]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Lucia]] (to 1 September 1997), [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] (from 6 May 1997), [[Saudi Arabia]] (to 21 July 1990), [[Senegal]] (from 6 January 1996), [[Solomon Islands]], [[South Africa]] (to 1 January 1998), [[Swaziland]], [[Tonga]] (to 2 November 1998), [[Tuvalu]], and [[Vatican City]]. After 9 September 1997, [[Liberia]] recognized both the ROC and the PRC, which led to the PRC severing diplomatic relations.{{cn|date=January 2023}} }} The People's Republic of China had five autonomous regions: [[Guangxi]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Ningxia]], [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet]]. Additionally, it had sovereignty over two [[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|special administrative regions]]:
* {{flag|Hong Kong}} (from 1 July 1997)
* {{flag|Macau}} (from 20 December 1999)
The People's Republic of China claimed [[Taiwan]], [[Kinmen]], the [[Matsu Islands]], [[Pratas Island]] and the Vereker Banks, and [[Itu Aba Island|Itu Aba]], all of which were governed by the [[Republic of China]]. It also claimed the [[Paracel Islands]] (disputed by the [[Republic of China]] and [[Vietnam]]), the [[Spratly Islands]] (disputed by the [[Republic of China]], [[Vietnam]], the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Brunei]]), and [[South Tibet]] (controlled by India). The People's Republic of China administered [[Aksai Chin]] and the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]], which were within the disputed region of [[Kashmir]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Colombia}}''' – Republic of Colombia {{capital|Bogotá}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Colombia administered [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]] and [[Serranilla Bank]] (disputed by [[Nicaragua]] and the United States)
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Comoros|1978}} → {{flagdeco|Comoros|1992}} → {{flag|Comoros|1996}}''' – [[History_of_the_Comoros_(1978–1989)#Beginning_of_the_Abdallah_regime|Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros]] {{capitalname|Moroni, Comoros|Moroni}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. The Comoros was a federation of three islands: [[Grande Comore]], [[Mohéli]], and [[Anjouan]]. Anjouan was a ''de facto'' independent state from 3 August 1997. Mohéli was a ''de facto'' independent state from 11 August 1997 to 1998. Comoros claimed sovereignty over the [[French overseas territories]] of [[Mayotte]] and the [[Glorioso Islands]]. It also claimed [[Banc du Geyser]] (disputed by [[Madagascar]] and France).
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|People's Republic of the Congo}} → {{flagdeco|Congo}} [[People's Republic of the Congo|Congo]]''' / '''[[Republic of the Congo|Congo, Republic of the]]''' {{capital|Brazzaville}}
* People's Republic of the Congo {{Nowrap|(to 10 June 1991)}}{{efn|name=CON|A Sovereign National Conference was held in the People's Republic of Congo from 25 February 1991 to 10 June 1991, during which the country was renamed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/congo.html |title=Congo: Institutional Situation |access-date=2011-09-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928175729/http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/congo.html |archive-date=2011-09-28 }}</ref>}}
* Republic of the Congo {{Nowrap|(from 10 June 1991)}}{{efn|name=CON}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
----
|-
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"|Congo, Democratic Republic of the {{arrow}} [[#Z|Zaire]]
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Costa Rica}}''' – Republic of Costa Rica {{capitalname|San José, Costa Rica|San José}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
----
|-
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"|Côte d'Ivoire {{arrow}} [[#I|Ivory Coast]]
|-
|colspan=2|
----
|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Croatia}}''' – Republic of Croatia {{Nowrap|(from 25 June 1991)}}{{efn|name=CRO_SLV|Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html |title=2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands |author=Chuck Sudetic |date=26 June 1991 |access-date=12 December 2010 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162855/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html |archive-date=10 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} {{capital|Zagreb}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state.  [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Claimed by Yugoslavia]] (to 28 April 1992). Widely recognized (from 15 January 1992). UN member state (from 22 May 1992). Croatia contained the following self-declared entities, all of which claimed to be part of Yugoslavia. Although they did not explicitly claim independence, they were ''de facto'' self-governing:
* {{flagdeco|Serbian Krajina}} [[SAO Krajina]] (to 19 December 1991)
* {{flagdeco|Serbian Krajina}} [[SAO Western Slavonia]] (from 12 August 1991 to 26 February 1992)
* {{flagdeco|Serbian Krajina}} [[SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia]] (to 26 February 1992)
* {{flag|Serbian Krajina|name=Republic of Serbian Krajina}} (from 19 December 1991 to 7 August 1995)
* {{flagdeco|Serbian Krajina}} [[Republic of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia]] (from 7 August 1995 to 15 January 1996)
On 15 January 1996, the last of these entities came under the administration of the [[United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium]]. It was reintegrated into Croatia on 15 January 1998.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Cuba}}''' – Republic of Cuba {{capital|Havana}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; the Cuban area of [[Guantánamo Bay]] was under the complete control of the United States.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Cyprus|1960}}''' – Republic of Cyprus {{capital|Nicosia}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.{{efn|Cyprus was not recognized by Turkey or Northern Cyprus.}} The northeastern part of the island was the ''de facto'' independent state of [[Northern Cyprus]], recognized only by Turkey.
|-
|colspan=2|
----
|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''' {{Nowrap|(from 1 January 1993)}}{{efn|name=CZE_dissolution|Czechoslovakia was dissolved on midnight of 31 December 1992. From the start of 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were independent countries.<ref>{{cite web |author=Stephen Engelberg |date=January 1, 1993  |title=Czechoslovakia Breaks in Two, To Wide Regret |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/01/world/czechoslovakia-breaks-in-two-to-wide-regret.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-date=2016-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511055222/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/01/world/czechoslovakia-breaks-in-two-to-wide-regret.html}}</ref>}} {{capital|Prague}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state.{{efn|name=CZE_liechtenstein|Owing to a [[Czech Republic–Liechtenstein relations|dispute]] over lands seized during World War II, Liechtenstein and Czechoslovakia did not recognize each other. This dispute continued with Czechoslovakia's successor states.}} [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 19 January 1993).
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Czechoslovakia]]''' {{nowrap|(to 31 December 1992)}} {{capital|Prague}}
* [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] {{Nowrap|(to 29 March 1990)}}{{efn|name=CZE_federal|Following the [[Velvet Revolution]], the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was replaced by the Czechoslovak Federative Republic.<ref>{{cite news |work=Česko-slovenská federatívna republika, Zbierka zákonov č. 19/1990 |url=http://www.zbierka.sk/zz/predpisy/default.aspx?PredpisID=10334&FileName=90-z081&Rocnik=1990 |page=362 |title=Ústavný zákon 81/1990 Zb. z 29. marca 1990 o zmene názvu Československej socialistickej republiky |date=March 29, 1990 |lang=sk |trans-title=Constitutional law about the change of the name of the Czechoslovak Socialistic Republic}}</ref>}}
* Czechoslovak Federative Republic {{Nowrap|(from 29 March 1990 to 20 April 1990)}}{{efn|name=CZE_federal}}{{efn|name=CZE_hyphen|After a [[Hyphen War|naming dispute]], the name of Czechoslovakia was changed to "Czech and Slovak Federative Republic"<ref>{{cite news |work=Česká a Slovenská Federatívna Republika, Zbierka zákonov č. 21/1990 |page=404 |title=Ústavný zákon 101/1990 Zb. z 20. apríla 1990 o zmene názvu Česko-slovenskej federatívnej republiky |date=April 20, 1990 |lang=sk |trans-title=Constitutional law about the change of the name of the Czecho-Slovak Federative Republic}}</ref>}}
* [[Czech and Slovak Federative Republic]] {{Nowrap|(from 23 April 1990 to 31 December 1992)}}{{efn|name=CZE_dissolution}}{{efn|name=CZE_hyphen}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.{{efn|name=CZE_liechtenstein}} Czechoslovakia was a [[federation]] of two republics.{{Efn|2 republics: [[Czech Socialist Republic]] (renamed Czech Republic on 29 March 1990), [[Slovak Socialist Republic]] (renamed Slovak Republic on 1 March 1990).}}
|-
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|-
|colspan=3|

=== D ===
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Denmark}}''' – [[Kingdom of Denmark]] {{capital|Copenhagen}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member to 1 November 1993. [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 November 1993). The [[Danish Realm]] also included two of its constituent states:
* {{flag|Greenland}}
* {{flag|Faroe Islands}}
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|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Djibouti}}''' – Republic of Djibouti {{capitalname|Djibouti (city)|Djibouti}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
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|-
|valign=top| {{flagicon image|Flag of Dominica (1988-1990).svg}} → '''{{flag|Dominica}}''' – Commonwealth of Dominica {{capital|Roseau}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}''' {{capital|Santo Domingo}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|colspan=3|

=== E ===
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Ecuador|1900}}''' – Republic of Ecuador {{capital|Quito}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]''' – [[History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak#Politics|Arab Republic of Egypt]] {{capital|Cairo}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|El Salvador}}''' – Republic of El Salvador {{capital|San Salvador}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}''' – Republic of Equatorial Guinea {{capital|Malabo}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Eritrea|1993}} → {{flag|Eritrea}}''' – State of Eritrea {{Nowrap|(from 24 May 1993)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/25/world/eritrea-marks-independence-after-years-under-ethiopia.html|title=Eritrea Marks Independence After Years Under Ethiopia|agency=Associated Press|date=May 25, 1993|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212054/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/25/world/eritrea-marks-independence-after-years-under-ethiopia.html|archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref> {{capital|Asmara}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state. [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 28 May 1993).
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Estonia}}''' – Republic of Estonia {{Nowrap|(from 20 August 1991)}} {{capital|Tallinn}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state [[Estonian SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 6 September 1991. Widely recognized state from 6 September 1991; [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 17 September 1991.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Ethiopia|1987}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1991-1996).svg}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1996).svg}} → {{flag|Ethiopia}}''' {{capital|Addis Ababa}}
* [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]]{{efn|name=ETH_derg|The [[Workers' Party of Ethiopia]] regime collapsed on 28 May 1991.<ref>{{cite web |author=Clifford Krauss |date=May 28, 1991 |title=ETHIOPIAN REBELS STORM THE CAPITAL AND SEIZE CONTROL |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/28/world/ethiopian-rebels-storm-the-capital-and-seize-control.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525232702/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/28/world/ethiopian-rebels-storm-the-capital-and-seize-control.html |archive-date=2015-05-25}}</ref>}} {{Nowrap|(to 28 May 1991) }}
* [[Transitional Government of Ethiopia]] {{Nowrap|(from 28 May 1991 to 22 August 1995)}}{{efn|name=ETH_derg}}<ref name=ETH_fed>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/|title=Ethiopia |date=January 3, 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>
* Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia {{Nowrap|(from 22 August 1995)}}{{efn|name=ETH_derg}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. The province of [[Eritrea]] was under the control of a self-governing provisional government from 29 May 1991 to 23 May 1993. After 1995, Ethiopia was a federation of [[Regions of Ethiopia|nine regions and two chartered cities]].{{Efn|9 regions: [[Afar Region|Afar]], [[Amhara Region|Amhara]], [[Benishangul-Gumuz Region|Benishangul-Gumuz]], [[Gambela Region|Gambela]], [[Harari Region|Harari]], [[Oromiya Region|Oromiya]], [[Somali Region|Somali]], [[Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region]], [[Tigray Region|Tigray]]. 2 chartered cities: [[Addis Ababa]], [[Dire Dawa]].}}
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|colspan=2|
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|-
|colspan=3|

=== F ===
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Fiji}}''' {{capital|Suva}}
* Republic of Fiji {{Nowrap|(to 25 July 1990)}}{{efn|name=FIJ_1990|Fiji adopted a new constitution on 25 July 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY - The Legislature |publisher=Parliament of Fiji Islands |url=http://www.parliament.gov.fj/about/about.aspx?id=hleg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613163940/http://www.parliament.gov.fj/about/about.aspx?id=hleg |archive-date=13 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
* Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji {{Nowrap|(from 25 July 1990 to 27 July 1998)}}{{efn|name=FIJ_1990}}{{efn|name=FIJ_1997|Fiji adopted a new constitution on 25 July 1997 which came into force on 27 July 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj00000_.html|title=Fiji > Constitution |publisher=ICL Project}}</ref>}}
* Republic of the Fiji Islands {{Nowrap|(from 27 July 1998)}}{{efn|name=FIJ_1997}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Fiji had an autonomous dependency, [[Rotuma]].
|-
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Finland}}''' – Republic of Finland {{capital|Helsinki}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 January 1995). Finland had a neutral and demilitarised region:
* {{flag|Åland}}
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|colspan=2|
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|France|1974}}''' – French Republic {{capital|Paris}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member (to 1 November 1993). [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 November 1993). France included four [[overseas departments]]: [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]] and [[Réunion]]. It also had sovereignty over the following [[Overseas departments and territories of France|overseas territories]]:
* {{flag|French Polynesia}}, with one dependency:
** [[Clipperton Island]]
* [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] (including a claim to [[Adélie Land]] which was suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]].)
* {{flag| Mayotte|local}}
* [[New Caledonia]]
* {{flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon|local}}
* The [[Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean]], consisting of five uninhabited possessions:
** [[Bassas da India]]  (disputed by [[Madagascar]])
** [[Europa Island]] (disputed by [[Madagascar]])
** [[Glorioso Islands]] (disputed by [[Madagascar]], [[Comoros]], and the [[Seychelles]])
** [[Juan de Nova Island]] (disputed by [[Madagascar]])
** [[Tromelin Island]] (disputed by [[Mauritius]] and the [[Seychelles]])
* {{flag|Wallis and Futuna|local}}
France also claimed [[Banc du Geyser]] (disputed by [[Madagascar]] and the [[Comoros]]).
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|colspan=2|
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|colspan=3|

=== G ===
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Gabon}}''' {{capital|Libreville}}
* [[History of Gabon#Independence|Gabonese Republic]] (to 16 September 1990)
* [[Gabonese Republic]] (from 16 September 1990)
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|The Gambia}}''' – Republic of the Gambia {{capital|Banjul}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagcountry|Republic of Georgia|1990|size=23px}}''' {{nowrap|(from 9 April 1991)}} {{capital|Tbilisi}}
* Republic of Georgia {{Nowrap|(from 9 April 1991 to 24 August 1995)}}{{Efn|Georgia declared independence from the Soviet Union on 9 April 1991.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clines |first1=Francis X. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/10/world/secession-decreed-by-soviet-georgia.html |title=Secession Decreed By Soviet Georgia |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 April 1991|accessdate=2022-03-09 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525224824/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/10/world/secession-decreed-by-soviet-georgia.html |archive-date=2015-05-25}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=GEO_const|The Republic of Georgia adopted a new constitution on 24 August 1995, changing its official name to Georgia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.ge/files/68_1944_951190_CONSTIT_27_12.06.pdf |title=THE CONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA |publisher=საქართველოს პარლამენტი [The parliament of Georgia] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522125547/http://www.parliament.ge/files/68_1944_951190_CONSTIT_27_12.06.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
* Georgia {{Nowrap|(from 24 August 1995)}}{{efn|name=GEO_const}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state [[Georgia SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] until 26 December 1991. Widely recognized sovereign state from 26 December 1991; [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 31 July 1992. Georgia had two autonomous republics: [[Adjara]] and [[Abkhazia]]. The latter republic was effectively self-governing from 30 September 1993 to 12 October 1999. After 12 October 1999, it was home to a ''de facto'' independent state. Georgia also included the disputed region of [[South Ossetia]], where an unrecognized recognized breakaway republic declared independence on 29 May 1992.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|East Germany|name=Germany, East}}''' – German Democratic Republic {{Nowrap|(to 2 October 1990)}}{{efn|West Germany and East Germany [[German reunification|reunified]] on 3 October 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/|title=Germany |date=December 30, 2022|work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>}} <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[East Berlin]]'' (disputed)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
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|-
|valign=top|{{flagdeco|Germany}} '''[[West Germany|Germany, West]]''' / '''[[Germany]]''' – Federal Republic of Germany <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Bonn]]'' (to 20 June 1991, seat of government to 1999), ''[[Berlin]]'' (official, from 20 June 1991)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member (to 1 November 1993). [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 November 1993). Germany was a [[federation]] of [[States of Germany|sixteen states]].{{Efn|16 states: [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Bavaria]], Berlin (from 3 October 1990), [[Brandenburg]] (from 3 October 1990), [[Bremen]], [[Hamburg]], [[Hesse]], [[Lower Saxony]], [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] (from 3 October 1990), [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Saarland]], [[Saxony]] (from 3 October 1990), [[Saxony-Anhalt]] (from 3 October 1990), [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Thuringia]] (from 3 October 1990)}}
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Ghana}}''' – Republic of Ghana {{capital|Accra}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Greece}}''' – [[Third Hellenic Republic|Hellenic Republic]] {{capital|Athens}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member (to 1 November 1993). [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 November 1993). Greece had sovereignty over [[Mount Athos]], an autonomous monastic state that was jointly governed by the multi-national "Holy Community" on the mountain and the Civil Governor appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and spiritually came under the direct jurisdiction of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]].
|-
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Grenada}}''' {{capitalname|St. George's, Grenada|St. George's}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[Commonwealth realm]]. Grenada had one autonomous dependency and it was [[Carriacou and Petite Martinique]].
|-
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Guatemala (1968-1997).svg}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Guatemala.svg}} [[Guatemala]]''' – Republic of Guatemala {{capital|Guatemala City}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Guinea}}''' – Republic of Guinea {{capital|Conakry}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
----
|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}''' – Republic of Guinea-Bissau {{capital|Bissau}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Guyana}}''' – Co-operative Republic of Guyana {{capitalname|Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|colspan=3|

=== H ===
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Haiti}}''' – Republic of Haiti {{capital|Port-au-Prince}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; Haiti claimed the uninhabited United States possession of Navassa Island.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"|Holy See {{arrow}} [[#V|Vatican City]]
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Honduras|1949}}''' – Republic of Honduras {{capital|Tegucigalpa}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Hungary}}''' – Republic of Hungary {{capital|Budapest}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|colspan=3|

=== I ===
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Iceland}}''' – Republic of Iceland {{capital|Reykjavík}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|India}}''' – Republic of India {{capital|New Delhi}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; India was a [[federation]] of [[States and territories of India|twenty-five states and seven union territories]].{{Efn|25 states: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Tripura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[West Bengal]]. 7 union territories: [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]].}} Indian sovereignty over [[South Tibet]] was disputed by China; India administered part of the disputed region of [[Kashmir]] as the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Indonesia}}''' – Republic of Indonesia {{capital|Jakarta}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Indonesia had three special provinces: [[Aceh]], [[Jakarta]], and [[Special Region of Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]].
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Iran}}''' – Islamic Republic of Iran {{capital|Tehran}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1963–1991).svg}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1991–2004).svg}} [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]]''' {{capital|Baghdad}}
*Iraqi Republic (until 6 January 1992)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b4df40.html|title=Iraq: Resolution No. 460 of 1991 (official toponymy)|publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|date=6 January 1992|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dds.crl.edu/item/252545|title=al-Waqāʼiʻ al-ʻIrāqīyah|publisher=CLR|date=6 January 1992|access-date=25 October 2020}} {{in lang|ar}}</ref>
*Republic of Iraq (from 6 January 1992)
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Republic of Ireland|name=Ireland}}'''{{efn|Ireland also had the legal description of "Republic of Ireland", although this was not its constitutional name.}} {{capital|Dublin}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member to 1 November 1993. [[European Union|EU]] member from 1 November 1993. Until 1 December 1998, Ireland claimed [[Northern Ireland]], which was controlled by the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/546146.stm|title=BBC News &#124; NORTHERN IRELAND &#124; Republic drops claim to NI|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
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|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Israel}}''' – State of Israel {{capital|Jerusalem}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.{{Efn|Israel was not recognized by [[Afghanistan]], [[Algeria]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Chad]], [[Cuba]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]] (to 26 October 1994), [[Kuwait]], [[Lebanon]], [[Libya]], [[Malaysia]], [[North Korea]], Pakistan, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sudan]], [[Syria]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Yemen]].}} Israel occupied [[East Jerusalem]], the [[Gaza Strip]] the [[Golan Heights]], the [[Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon|Israeli Security Zone]] in Southern Lebanon, and the [[West Bank]]. These areas were not generally recognized as being part of Israel.
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|valign=top|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1946–2003).svg}} '''[[Italy]]''' – Italian Republic {{capital|Rome}}
{{extent}}Widely-recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member. Italy had 5 autonomous regions and they were the [[Aosta Valley]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]], and [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]]. 
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Ivory Coast}}''' <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Yamoussoukro]]'' (official), ''[[Abidjan]]'' (seat of government)}}
* [[History of Ivory Coast (1960–1999)|Republic of Ivory Coast]] (to 24 December 1999)
* [[Ivory Coast|Republic of Côte d'Ivoire]] (from 24 December 1999)
{{extent}}Widely-recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|-
|colspan=3|

=== J ===
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Jamaica}}''' {{capitalname|Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[Commonwealth realm]].
|-
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Japan|1870}} → {{flag|Japan}}''' {{capital|Tokyo}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Japan claimed the [[Liancourt Rocks]], which were controlled by [[South Korea]].
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Jordan}}''' – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan {{capital|Amman}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
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|-
|colspan=3|

=== K ===
|-
|colspan=2|
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1989}} → {{flagdeco|Cambodia|1992}} → {{flagdeco|Cambodia}} Kampuchea''' / '''Cambodia''' {{capital|Phnom Penh}}
* [[People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea#Transition|State of Cambodia]] {{Nowrap|(to 15 March 1992)}}
* [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] {{Nowrap|(from 15 March 1992 to 24 September 1993)}}{{efn|name=UNTAC}}
* [[Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia]] {{Nowrap|(from 24 September 1993)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.{{efn|name=SOC}} Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Cambodia, despite being in [[Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea|exile]] until 15 March 1992.
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Kazakh SSR}} → {{Flagdeco|Kazakhstan|1992}} → {{flag|Kazakhstan|1993}}''' – Republic of Kazakhstan {{Nowrap|(from 16 December 1991)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/|title=Kazakhstan|date=December 27, 2022|work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref> <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Alma-Ata]]'' (to 10 December 1997, renamed ''[[Almaty]]'' in 1993), ''[[Astana|Aqmola]]'' (from 10 December 1997, renamed ''[[Astana]]'' in 1998)}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state; [[Kazakh SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized state from 26 December 1991; [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 2 March 1992.
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Kenya}}''' – Republic of Kenya {{capital|Nairobi}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Kiribati}}''' – Republic of Kiribati {{capital|South Tarawa}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state. [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 14 September 1999).
|-
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{Flagdeco|Korea, North|1948}} → {{flag|Korea, North|size=23px}}''' – Democratic People's Republic of Korea {{capital|Pyongyang}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state.{{efn|North Korea was not recognized by [[Estonia]], France, Japan, or [[South Korea]].}} [[United Nations General Assembly observers|Permanent observer]] at the [[United Nations|UN]] (to 17 September 1991). [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 17 September 1991). Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of [[Korea]].
|-
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{Flagdeco|Korea, South|1948}} → {{flag|Korea, South|1997}}''' – Republic of Korea {{capital|Seoul}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state.{{efn|South Korea was not recognized by the Soviet Union to 1990, [[China]] to 1992, [[Romania]] to 1990, or [[North Korea]].}} [[United Nations General Assembly observers|Permanent observer]] at the [[United Nations|UN]] (to 17 September 1991). [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 17 September 1991). Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of [[Korea]]. South Korea controlled the [[Liancourt Rocks]], which were claimed by [[Japan]].
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Kuwait}}''' – State of Kuwait {{Nowrap|(to 8 August 1990, from 27 February 1991)}}{{efn|[[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] [[Republic of Kuwait|annexed]] [[Kuwait Governorate|Kuwait]] on 8 August 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=Timeline |website=Beyond Broadcast |publisher=WGBH educational foundation |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/teach/gulfguide/gwtimeline.html |access-date=2023-01-09}}</ref> Following the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], Kuwait was declared liberated on 27 February 1991.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Rosenthal |date=February 28, 1991 |title=WAR IN THE GULF: The President; BUSH HALTS OFFENSIVE COMBAT; KUWAIT FREED, IRAQIS CRUSHED |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/28/world/war-gulf-president-bush-halts-offensive-combat-kuwait-freed-iraqis-crushed.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525233404/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/28/world/war-gulf-president-bush-halts-offensive-combat-kuwait-freed-iraqis-crushed.html |archive-date=2015-05-25}}</ref>}} {{capital|Kuwait City}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Kyrgyzstan|1991}} → {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}''' {{nowrap|(from 31 August 1991)}} {{capital|Bishkek}}
* Republic of Kyrgyzstan {{Nowrap|(from 31 August 1991 to 5 May 1993)}}{{Efn|Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kyrgyzstan/|title=Kyrgyzstan|date=December 21, 2022|work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>}}{{Efn|name=KYR_const|Kyrgyzstan adopted a new constitution on 5 May 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=CONSTITUTION OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC |url=http://www.cawater-info.net/library/eng/const_kg.pdf}}</ref>}}
* Kyrgyz Republic {{Nowrap|(from 5 May 1993)}}{{Efn|name=KYR_const}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state; [[Kirghiz SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized state from 26 December 1991; [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 2 March 1992.
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|-
|colspan=3|

=== L ===
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Laos}}''' – Lao People's Democratic Republic {{capital|Vientiane}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Latvia}}''' – Republic of Latvia {{Nowrap|(from 21 August 1991)}}{{Efn|Latvia declared independence from the Soviet Union on 21 August 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/latvia/ |title=Latvia |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov |date=2022-03-02 |accessdate=2022-03-09}}</ref>}} {{capital|Riga}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state [[Latvian SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 6 September 1991; widely recognized state from 6 September 1991 and [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 17 September 1991.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Lebanon}}''' – Lebanese Republic {{capital|Beirut}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Lebanon was [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|occupied by Syria]]. Some of [[Southern Lebanon]] was [[Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon|occupied by Israel]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Lesotho|1987}}''' – Kingdom of Lesotho {{capital|Maseru}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Liberia}}''' – Republic of Liberia {{capital|Monrovia}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Libya|1977}} [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libya]]''' – Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya {{capital|Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Liechtenstein}}''' – Principality of Liechtenstein {{capital|Vaduz}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state. [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 18 September 1990).{{efn|name=CZE_liechtenstein}} The defense of Liechtenstein was the responsibility of Switzerland.
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Lithuania|1988}}''' – Republic of Lithuania {{Nowrap|(from 11 March 1990)}}{{Efn|Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 11, 1990 |url=http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/1999-4/Act.pdf |title=ACT ON THE RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE OF LITHUANIA |access-date=2010-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140100/http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/1999-4/Act.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}{{capital|Vilnius}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state [[Lithuanian SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 6 September 1991. Widely recognized state from 6 September 1991; [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 17 September 1991.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Luxembourg}}''' – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg {{capitalname|Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member (to 1 November 1993). [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 November 1993).
|-
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|-
|colspan=3|

=== M ===
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|valign=top|{{flagdeco|Socialist Republic of Macedonia}} → {{flagdeco|Macedonia|1992}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of North Macedonia.svg}} '''[[North Macedonia|Macedonia]]''' – Republic of Macedonia{{efn|Provisionally referred to by the UN and a number of countries and international organizations as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", see [[Macedonia naming dispute]].}} {{Nowrap|(from 8 September 1991)}}{{Efn|Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 8 September 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/north-macedonia/|title=North Macedonia |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |via=CIA.gov|date=2 March 2022}}</ref>}}{{capital|Skopje}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia|claimed by Yugoslavia]] to 28 April 1992. Widely recognized UN member state from 8 April 1993.{{Efn|Macedonia was not recognized by [[Serbia and Montenegro]] until 8 April 1996.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNvbHCUs3tUC&q=macedonia |title=Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe |isbn=9780521597333 |last1=Dawisha |first1=Karen |last2=Parrott |first2=Bruce |date=13 June 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Jenny Engström |date=March 2002 |title=The Power of Perception: The Impact of the Macedonian Question on Inter-ethnic Relations in the Republic of Macedonia |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=3–13 |url=http://www.ethnopolitics.org/ethnopolitics/archive/volume_I/issue_3/issue_3.pdf |access-date=2013-04-02 |journal=The Global Review of Ethnopolitics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030410/http://www.ethnopolitics.org/ethnopolitics/archive/volume_I/issue_3/issue_3.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ackermann|first=Alice |title=Making Peace Prevail: Preventing Violent Conflict in Macedonia|year=2000|publisher=Syracuse University Press|edition=1st|location=Syracuse, NY|isbn=978-0-8156-0602-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingpeacepreva00acke/page/72 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingpeacepreva00acke/page/72 72]}}</ref>}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flagu|Madagascar}}''' {{capital|Antananarivo}}
* [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar]] {{Nowrap|(to 19 August 1992)}}<ref name=MAD>{{Cite web |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ma00000_.html|title=Madagascar > Constitution|publisher=ICL Project}}</ref>
* [[Third Republic of Madagascar|Republic of Madagascar]] {{Nowrap|(from 19 August 1992)}}<ref name=MAD />
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Madagascar claimed the French possessions of [[Bassas da India]], [[Europa Island]], [[Glorioso Islands]] and [[Juan de Nova Island]]. It also claimed [[Banc du Geyser]] (disputed by [[Comoros]] and France).
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Malawi|1964}}''' – Republic of Malawi {{capital|Lilongwe}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Malaysia}}''' <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Kuala Lumpur]]'' (official), ''[[Putrajaya]]'' (administrative, from 1999)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Malaysia was a [[federation]] of [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|thirteen states and two federal territories]].{{Efn|13 states: [[Johor]], [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Malacca]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Pahang]], [[Perak]], [[Perlis]], [[Penang]], [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]], [[Selangor]], [[Terengganu]]. 2 federal territories: [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Labuan Territory|Labuan]].}} Malaysia claimed part of the [[Spratly Islands]] (disputed by the [[People's Republic of China]], the [[Republic of China]], [[Vietnam]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Brunei]]).
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Maldives}}''' – Republic of Maldives {{capital|Malé}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Mali}}''' {{capital|Bamako}}
* [[History of Mali#2000s|Republic of Mali]] {{nowrap|(to 26 March 1991)}}
* Republic of Mali {{nowrap|(from 26 March 1991)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Malta}}''' – Republic of Malta {{capital|Valletta}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
|-
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Marshall Islands}}''' – Republic of the Marshall Islands {{capital|Majuro}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized state under a [[Compact of Free Association]] with the United States; [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 17 September 1991). The Marshall Islands claimed the United States territory of [[Wake Island]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Mauritania|1959}}''' – [[History of Mauritania (1984-present)|Islamic Republic of Mauritania]] {{capital|Nouakchott}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagu|Mauritius}}''' {{capital|Port Louis}}
* [[Mauritius (1968–1992)|Mauritius]] {{Nowrap|(to 12 March 1992)}}<ref name=MAU_republic>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1992/Ukpga_19920045_en_1|title=Mauritius Republic Act 1992}}</ref>
* [[Mauritius|Republic of Mauritius]] {{Nowrap|(from 12 March 1992)}}<ref name=MAU_republic />
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[Commonwealth realm]] (to 12 March 1992). Mauritius had three dependencies: [[Agalega Islands]], [[Cargados Carajos]] and [[Rodrigues]]. It claimed the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] and the French territory of [[Tromelin Island]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Mexico}}''' – United Mexican States {{capital|Mexico City}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Mexico was a [[federation]] of [[Political divisions of Mexico|31 states and one federal district]].{{Efn|31 states: [[Aguascalientes]], [[Baja California]], [[Baja California Sur]], [[Campeche]], [[Chiapas]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Coahuila]], [[Colima]], [[Durango]], [[Guanajuato]], [[Guerrero]], [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]], [[Jalisco]], [[State of Mexico|México]], [[Michoacán]], [[Morelos]], [[Nayarit]], [[Nuevo León]], [[Oaxaca]], [[Puebla]], [[Querétaro]], [[Quintana Roo]], [[San Luis Potosí]], [[Sinaloa]], [[Sonora]], [[Tabasco]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[Tlaxcala]], [[Veracruz]], [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]], [[Zacatecas]]. 1 federal district: [[Mexico City|Federal District]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia}}''' – Federated States of Micronesia {{capital|Palikir}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized state under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the United States. [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 17 September 1991). The FSM was a [[federation]] of [[Administrative divisions of the Federated States of Micronesia|four states]].{{Efn|4 states: [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]], [[Kosrae]], [[Pohnpei]], [[Yap]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Moldova (1990–2010).svg}} [[Moldova]]''' – Republic of Moldova {{Nowrap|(from 27 August 1991)}}{{efn|Moldova declared independence from the Soviet Union on 27 August 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moldova.org/page/declaration-of-independence-of-the-republic-of-moldova-487-eng.html |title=Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova |access-date=2010-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830060305/http://www.moldova.org/page/declaration-of-independence-of-the-republic-of-moldova-487-eng.html |archive-date=2013-08-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}{{capital|Chișinău}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state [[Moldovian SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 26 December 1991; widely recognized state from 26 December 1991 and [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 2 March 1992. Moldova had two [[Administrative divisions of Moldova|autonomous territorial units]] and they were [[Gagauzia]] and [[Transnistria]]. Both units (only Transnistria after 14 January 1995) were home to ''de facto'' independent statelets.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Monaco}}''' – Principality of Monaco {{capital|Monaco}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state. [[United Nations General Assembly observers|Permanent observer]] at the [[United Nations|UN]] (to 28 May 1993). [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 28 May 1993). The defense of Monaco was the responsibility of France.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Mongolia|1945}} → {{flag|Mongolia|1992}}''' {{capital|Ulaanbaatar}}
* [[Mongolian People's Republic]] {{Nowrap|(to 12 February 1992)}}<ref name=MON>{{Cite web |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mg00000_.html|title=Mongolia > Constitution|publisher=ICL Project}}</ref>
* Mongolia {{Nowrap|(from 12 February 1992)}}<ref name=MON />
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Morocco}}''' – Kingdom of Morocco {{capital|Rabat}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Morocco claimed sovereignty over and controlled most of the disputed [[Western Sahara]], which was home to the ''de facto'' independent [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]. Morocco disputed the Spanish sovereignty over [[Ceuta]], [[Isla de Alborán]], [[Isla Perejil]], [[Islas Chafarinas]], [[Melilla]], and [[Peñón de Alhucemas]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Mozambique}}''' {{capital|Maputo}}
* [[People's Republic of Mozambique]] {{Nowrap|(to 30 November 1990)}}{{efn|name=MOZ|Mozambique adopted a new constitution on 30 Nov 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/moz.pdf |title=Constitution of Mozambique |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915145655/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/moz.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
* Republic of Mozambique {{Nowrap|(from 30 November 1990)}}{{efn|name=MOZ}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Myanmar|1974}} [[State Peace and Development Council|Myanmar]]''' – Union of Myanmar{{efn|Commonly known in English as "Burma".}} {{capital|Yangon}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|colspan=3|

=== N ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Namibia}}''' – Republic of Namibia {{Nowrap|(from 21 March 1990)}}{{efn|Namibia gained independence from a South African League of Nations mandate on 21 March 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/|title=Namibia|date=January 3, 2023 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>}} {{capital|Windhoek}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state. [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 23 April 1990).
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Nauru}}''' – Republic of Nauru <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Yaren District|Yaren]]'' (unofficial)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state. [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 14 September 1999). The defense of Nauru was the responsibility of Australia.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Nepal}} [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]''' – Kingdom of Nepal {{capital|Kathmandu}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}''' – Kingdom of the Netherlands <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Amsterdam]]'' (official), ''[[The Hague]]'' (seat of government)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consisted of three autonomous countries:
* {{flag|Aruba}}
* {{flag|Netherlands}}
* {{flag|Netherlands Antilles}}
The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole was a member of the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] (to 1 November 1993) and the [[European Union|EU]] (from 1 November 1993), but Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles [[Special Member State territories and the European Union#Netherlands Antilles and Aruba|were not]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|New Zealand}}''' {{capital|Wellington}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[Commonwealth realm]]. New Zealand had responsibilities for the two free [[associated states]] of:
* {{flag|Cook Islands}}
* {{flag|Niue}}
It also had sovereignty over two dependent territories:
* [[Ross Dependency]] (suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]])
* [[Tokelau]]
The government of Tokelau claimed [[Swains Island]], part of [[American Samoa]] (a U.S. dependence). New Zealand did not recognize this claim.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Nicaragua}}''' – Republic of Nicaragua {{capital|Managua}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Niger}}''' – Republic of Niger {{capital|Niamey}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Nigeria}}''' <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Lagos]]'' (to 12 December 1991), ''[[Abuja]]'' (from 12 December 1991)}}
* [[Military dictatorship in Nigeria|Military dictatorship]] (to 17 November 1993)
* [[Nigerian Third Republic|Third Republic of Nigeria]] (from 17 November 1993 to 29 May 1999)
* [[Nigerian Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic of Nigeria]] (from 29 May 1999)
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Nigeria was a [[federation]] of [[States of Nigeria|36 states and one federal territory]].{{Efn|36 states: [[Abia State|Abia]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra State|Anambra]], [[Bauchi State|Bauchi]], [[Bayelsa State|Bayelsa]] (from 1 October 1996), [[Mid-Western Region, Nigeria|Bendel]] (to 27 August 1991), [[Benue State|Benue]], [[Borno State|Borno]], [[Cross River State|Cross River]], [[Delta State|Delta]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Ebonyi State|Ebonyi]] (from 1 October 1996), [[Edo State|Edo]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Ekiti State|Ekiti]] (from 1 October 1996), [[Enugu State|Enugu]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Gombe State|Gombe]] (from 1 October 1996), [[Gongola State|Gongola]] (to 27 August 1991), [[Imo State|Imo]], [[Jigawa State|Jigawa]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Kaduna State|Kaduna]], [[Kano State|Kano]], [[Katsina State|Katsina]], [[Kebbi State|Kebbi]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Kogi State|Kogi]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Kwara State|Kwara]], [[Lagos State|Lagos]], [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]] (from 1 October 1996), [[Niger State|Niger]], [[Ogun State|Ogun]], [[Ondo State|Ondo]], [[Osun State|Osun]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Oyo State|Oyo]], [[Plateau State|Plateau]], [[Rivers State|Rivers]], [[Sokoto State|Sokoto]], [[Taraba State|Taraba]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Yobe State|Yobe]] (from 27 August 1991), [[Zamfara State|Zamfara]] (from 1 October 1996). 1 federal territory: [[Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)|Federal Capital Territory]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Norway}}''' – Kingdom of Norway {{capital|Oslo}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Norway had two integral overseas areas: [[Jan Mayen]] and [[Svalbard]]. The latter of area had a special status due to the [[Spitsbergen Treaty]]. Norway had sovereignty over the following dependencies:
* [[Bouvet Island]]
* [[Peter I Island]] (suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]])
* [[Queen Maud Land]] (suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]])
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=== O ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Oman|1970}} → {{flag|Oman}}''' – Sultanate of Oman {{capitalname|Muscat, Oman|Muscat}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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=== P ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Pakistan}}''' – Islamic Republic of Pakistan {{capital|Islamabad}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Pakistan was a [[federation]] of [[Provinces of Pakistan|four provinces and four territories]]; it administered part of the disputed region of [[Kashmir]] as the territories of [[Azad Kashmir]] and the [[Northern Areas]].{{Efn|4 provinces: [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Sindh]]. 4 territories: [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], [[Islamabad Capital Territory]], [[Northern Areas]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Palau}}''' – Republic of Palau {{Nowrap|(from 1 October 1994)}}{{Efn|Palau's United Nations trusteeship ended on 1 October 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/palau/ |title=Palau|date=December 21, 2022|work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>}} {{capital|Koror}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized state under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the United States; [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 15 December 1994.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Panama}}''' – Republic of Panama {{capital|Panama City}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}''' – Independent State of Papua New Guinea {{capital|Port Moresby}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[Commonwealth realm]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Paraguay|1988}} → {{flag|Paraguay|1990}}''' – Republic of Paraguay {{capital|Asunción}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Peru}}''' – [[History of Peru (1980–2000)|Republic of Peru]] {{capital|Lima}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Philippines|1986}} → {{flag|Philippines}}''' – Republic of the Philippines {{capital|Manila}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. The Philippines had one autonomous region: [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao|Muslim Mindanao]]. The Philippines administered [[Scarborough Shoal]], which was disputed by the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China]]. It also claimed sovereignty over the [[Spratly Islands]] (disputed by the [[People's Republic of China]], the [[Republic of China]], [[Vietnam]], [[Brunei]], and [[Malaysia]]) and the Malaysian territory of [[Sabah]].
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|valign=top|'''<!--{{Flagdeco|Poland|1980}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (with coat of arms).svg}}--> {{Flag|Poland}}''' – Republic of Poland {{capital|Warsaw}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Poland's government was still [[Polish government-in-exile|in exile]] until 22 December 1990.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Portugal}}''' – Portuguese Republic {{capital|Lisbon}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member (to 1 November 1993). [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 November 1993). Portugal had two autonomous regions: the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]]. Portugal had one Chinese territory which it administered as a dependency:
* [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] (to 19 December 1999)
Portugal claimed sovereignty over the former colony of [[Portuguese Timor]] (which [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|had been annexed by Indonesia]]) until 25 October 1999. It also claimed the Spanish municipalities of [[Olivenza]] and [[Táliga]].
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=== Q ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Qatar}}''' – State of Qatar {{capital|Doha}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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=== R ===
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|valign=top|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Romania (1989–1995).svg}} → '''{{flag|Romania}}''' {{capital|Bucharest}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{Flagdeco|Russia|1991}} → {{flag|Russia}}''' – Russian Federation{{Efn|From 25 December 1993, Russia had two equally official longform names and they were "Russia" and "Russian Federation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-02.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020301184936/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-02.htm|archive-date = 2002-03-01|title = Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System &#124; the Constitution of the Russian Federation}}</ref>}} {{Nowrap|(from 26 December 1991)}}{{efn|name=USSR}}{{capital|Moscow}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 26 December 1991. [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]] was a [[federation]] of [[Republics of Russia|21 republics]], [[Oblasts of Russia|49 oblasts]], [[Krais of Russia|6 krais]], [[Federal cities of Russia|2 federal cities]], [[Autonomous oblasts of Russia|1 autonomous oblast]], and [[Autonomous okrugs of Russia|10 autonomous okrugs]].{{efn|21 republics: [[Republic of Adygea|Adygea]], [[Altai Republic|Altai]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Republic of Buryatia|Buryatia]], [[Chechnya]], [[Chuvash Republic]], [[Republic of Dagestan]], [[Ingushetia]], [[Kabardino-Balkaria]], [[Kalmykia]][[Karachay–Cherkessia]], [[Republic of Karelia|Karelia]], [[Khakassia]], [[Komi Republic|Komi]], [[Mari El]], [[Mordovia]], [[North Ossetia–Alania]], [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]], [[Tatarstan]], [[Tuva]], [[Udmurtia]]. 49 Oblasts: [[Amur Oblast|Amur]], [[Arkhangelsk Oblast|Arkhangelsk]], [[Astrakhan Oblast|Astrakhan]], [[Belgorod Oblast|Belgorod]], [[Bryansk Oblast|Bryansk]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Chita Oblast|Chita]], [[Irkutsk Oblast|Irkutsk]], [[Ivanovo Oblast|Ivanovo]], [[Kaliningrad Oblast|Kaliningrad]], [[Kaluga Oblast|Kaluga]], [[Kamchatka Oblast|Kamchatka]], [[Kemerovo Oblast|Kemerovo]], [[Kirov Oblast|Kirov]], [[Kostroma Oblast|Kostroma]], [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], [[Kursk Oblast|Kursk]], [[Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad]], [[Lipetsk Oblast|Lipetsk]], [[Magadan Oblast|Magadan]], [[Moscow Oblast|Moscow]], [[Murmansk Oblast|Murmansk]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Novgorod Oblast|Novgorod]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast|Novosibirsk]], [[Omsk Oblast|Omsk]], [[Orenburg Oblast|Orenburg]], [[Oryol Oblast|Oryol]], [[Penza Oblast|Penza]], [[Perm Oblast|Perm]], [[Pskov Oblast|Pskov]], [[Rostov Oblast|Rostov]], [[Ryazan Oblast|Ryazan]], [[Sakhalin Oblast|Sakhalin]], [[Samara Oblast|Samara]], [[Saratov Oblast|Saratov]], [[Smolensk Oblast|Smolensk]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast|Sverdlovsk]], [[Tambov Oblast|Tambov]], [[Tomsk Oblast|Tomsk]], [[Tula Oblast|Tula]], [[Tver Oblast|Tver]], [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]], [[Ulyanovsk Oblast|Ulyanovsk]], [[Vladimir Oblast|Vladimir]], [[Volgograd Oblast|Volgograd]], [[Vologda Oblast|Vologda]], [[Voronezh Oblast|Voronezh]], [[Yaroslavl Oblast|Yaroslavl]]. 6 Krais: [[Altai Krai|Altai]], [[Khabarovsk Krai|Khabarovsk]], [[Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai|Krasnoyarsk]], [[Primorsky Krai|Primorsky]], [[Stavropol Krai|Stavropol]]. 2 federal cities: Moscow, [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. 1 Autonomous Oblast: [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]]. 10 autonomous okrugs: [[Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug|Agin-Buryatia]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]], [[Evenk Autonomous Okrug|Evenkia]], [[Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Khanty–Mansi]], [[Koryak Autonomous Okrug|Koryakia]], [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug|Nenetsia]], [[Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug|Permyakia]], [[Taymyr Autonomous Okrug|Taymyria]], [[Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug|Ust-Orda Buryatia]], [[Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug|Yamalia]].}} One of those republics, [[Tatarstan]], declared state sovereignty on 6 November 1992 and was effectively self-governing until 15 February 1994.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Rwanda|1962}}''' – Rwandese Republic{{Efn|name=RWA|Rwanda's official French name was "République rwandaise".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/Rwanda.pdf |title=CONSTITUTION DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU RWANDA DU 4 JUIN 2003 |access-date=2006-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622050947/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/Rwanda.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jean-Pierre Maury |url=http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/rw1991.htm |title=Constitution rwandaise du 10 juin 1991, Digithèque MJP |publisher=Mjp.univ-perp.fr |date= |accessdate=2022-03-09}}</ref> It could be translated into English as "Rwandese Republic",<ref>[[s:CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Rwanda|''CIA World Fact Book, 2004'' / "Rwanda"]] – via Wikisource</ref> "Rwandan Republic",<ref>{{cite web|title=Rwanda: Chronology |website=World Statesmen.org |url=http://worldstatesmen.org/Rwanda |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref> or "Republic of Rwanda".<ref>{{Cite web |work=The World Factbook |date=January 3, 2023 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Rwanda |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/ |via=CIA.gov}}</ref>}}{{capital|Kigali}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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=== S ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}''' – Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis {{capital|Basseterre}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[Commonwealth realm]]. Saint Kitts and Nevis was a [[federation]] of [[Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis|fourteen parishes within two islands]].{{efn|2 islands: [[Saint Kitts]], [[Nevis]]. 14 parishes: [[Christ Church Nichola Town]] (Saint Kitts), [[Saint Anne Sandy Point]] (Saint Kitts), [[Saint George Basseterre]] (Saint Kitts), [[Saint George Gingerland]] (Nevis), [[Saint James Windward]] (Nevis), [[Saint John Capesterre]] (Saint Kitts), [[Saint John Figtree]] (Nevis), [[Saint Mary Cayon]] (Saint Kitts), [[Saint Paul Capisterre]] (Saint Kitts), [[Saint Paul Charlestown]] (Nevis), [[Saint Peter Basseterre]] (Saint Kitts), [[Saint Thomas Lowland]] (Nevis), [[Saint Thomas Middle Island]] (Saint Kitts), [[Trinity Palmetto Point]] (Saint Kitts)}} [[Nevis]] (which was one of the islands) had autonomy.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Saint Lucia (1979-2002).svg}} [[Saint Lucia]]''' {{capital|Castries}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[Commonwealth realm]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}''' {{capital|Kingstown}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[Commonwealth realm]].
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| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"|Samoa {{arrow}} [[#W|Western Samoa]]
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|San Marino|1862|size=23px}}''' – Republic of San Marino {{capitalname|City of San Marino|San Marino}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state; [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 2 March 1992.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}''' – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe {{capital|São Tomé}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; São Tomé and Príncipe had one autonomous province and it was [[Príncipe]] (from 29 April 1995).
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}''' – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia {{capital|Riyadh}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Senegal}}''' – Republic of Senegal {{capital|Dakar}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Seychelles|1977}} → {{flag|Seychelles}}''' {{capitalname|Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria}}
* [[One-party rule in Seychelles|Republic of Seychelles]] (to 27 December 1991)
* [[Seychelles|Third Republic of Seychelles]] (from 27 December 1991) 
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; the Seychelles claimed the [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] and the French territories of [[Tromelin Island]] and the [[Glorioso Islands]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Sierra Leone}}''' – Republic of Sierra Leone {{capital|Freetown}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Singapore}}''' – Republic of Singapore {{capital|Singapore}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Slovakia}}''' – Slovak Republic {{Nowrap|(from 1 January 1993)}}{{efn|name=CZE_dissolution}} {{capital|Bratislava}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state.{{efn|name=CZE_liechtenstein}} [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 19 January 1993).
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Slovenia}}''' – Republic of Slovenia {{Nowrap|(from 25 June 1991)}}{{efn|name=CRO_SLV}} {{capital|Ljubljana}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state [[SR Slovenia|claimed by Yugoslavia]] (to 28 April 1992). Widely recognized (from 15 January 1992); UN member state (from 22 May 1992).
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Solomon Islands}}''' {{capital|Honiara}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[Commonwealth realm]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Somalia}}''' {{capital|Mogadishu}}
* [[Somali Democratic Republic]] {{Nowrap|(to 26 January 1991)}}{{Efn|name=SOM_barre|Somalia was renamed after [[Siad Barre]]'s overthrow on 26 January 1991.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jon Brand |website=PBS NewsHour |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/africa/somalia/keyplayers/warlords.html |title=Somalia's Struggle for Stability &#124; Warlords |date=January 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105203148/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/africa/somalia/keyplayers/warlords.html |archive-date=2014-01-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
* [[Interim Government of Somalia]] {{Nowrap|(from January 1991 to January 1997)}}{{Efn|name=SOM_barre}}{{efn|name=SOM_ali|President [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]] of Somalia was ousted on 18 November 1991, although he continued to claim the title of President from exile. After this, there was no widely-recognized central government in the country.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Reuters |date=November 20, 1991 |title=Clashes Go On in Somali Capital |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/20/world/clashes-go-on-in-somali-capital.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212615/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/20/world/clashes-go-on-in-somali-capital.html |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>}}
* Somalia {{Nowrap|(from January 1997)}}{{efn|name=SOM_ali}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Somalia's internationally recognized government did not exercise full control over the country from 26 January 1991 to 18 November 1991. After 18 November 1991, Somalia did not have any recognized central government. Many areas of the country had no effective government at all or were ruled by [[Somali people#Clan and family structure|local clans]]. During this period, Somalia included one state which was ''de facto'' self-governing (although it did not claim independence from Somalia):
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Jubaland.svg}} [[Jubaland]] (from 3 September 1998 to 11 June 1999)
In addition, there were two states which had declared and established ''de facto'' independence from Somalia: [[Puntland]] (from 1 August 1998), and [[Somaliland]] (from 18 May 1991).
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|South Africa|1982}} → {{flag|South Africa|1994}}''' – Republic of South Africa<br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Pretoria]]'' (administrative), ''[[Cape Town]]'' (legislative), ''[[Bloemfontein]]'' (judicial)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. South Africa had six autonomous "[[bantustans]]": [[Gazankulu]], [[KaNgwane]], [[KwaNdebele]], [[KwaZulu]], [[Lebowa]], and [[QwaQwa]]. There were also four [[bantustans]] which were nominally independent: [[Bophuthatswana]], [[Ciskei]], [[Transkei]], and [[Venda]]. All ten bantustans were formally abolished when a new constitution took effect on 27 April 1994. South Africa administered one [[League of Nations mandate]]:
*[[South-West Africa]] (to 20 March 1990)
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Soviet Union}}''' – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics {{Nowrap|(to 26 December 1991)}}{{Efn|name=USSR|The Soviet Union effectively ceased to exist on 12 December 1991 and officially ceased to exist on 26 December 1991 when the [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|Supreme Soviet]] dissolved itself; Russia was recognized as its successor state by the UN.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-the-soviet-state-born-of-a-dream-dies.html|title=END OF THE SOVIET UNION; the Soviet State, Born of a Dream, Dies|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 December 1991|last1=Schmemann|first1=Serge|url-access=subscription|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525232606/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-the-soviet-state-born-of-a-dream-dies.html|archive-date=2015-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-soviet-union-gorbachev-last-soviet-leader-resigns-us-recognizes-republics.html|title=End of the Soviet Union; Gorbachev, Last Soviet Leader, Resigns; U.S. Recognizes Republics' Independence|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 December 1991|last1=Clines |first1=Francis X.|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-date=2015-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525232609/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-soviet-union-gorbachev-last-soviet-leader-resigns-us-recognizes-republics.html}}</ref>}} {{capital|Moscow}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. The Soviet Union was a federation of [[Republics of the Soviet Union|15 republics]], two of which ([[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussia]] and [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]]) were [[United Nations|UN]] members in their own right.{{Efn|15 republics: [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan]], [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussia]], [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonia]] (to 6 September 1991), [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgia]], [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]], [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghizia]], [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvia]] (to 6 September 1991), [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Lithuania]] (to 6 September 1991), [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavia]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic|Tajikistan]], [[Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic|Turkmenistan]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]], [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbekistan]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Spain}}''' – Kingdom of Spain {{capital|Madrid}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member (to 1 November 1993). [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 November 1993); Spain was divided into [[Autonomous communities of Spain|seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities]].{{Efn|17 autonomous communities: [[Andalusia]], [[Aragon]], [[Asturias]], [[Balearic Islands]], [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Cantabria]], [[Castile-La Mancha]], [[Castile and León]], [[Catalonia]], [[Extremadura]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]], [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]], [[Navarre]], [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]], [[Valencian Community]]. 2 autonomous cities: [[Ceuta]] (from 14 March 1995), [[Melilla]] (from 14 March 1995).}} Its sovereignty over [[Ceuta]], [[Isla de Alborán]], [[Isla Perejil]], [[Islas Chafarinas]], [[Melilla]] and [[Peñón de Alhucemas]] was disputed by [[Morocco]]. Its sovereignty over [[Olivenza]] and [[Táliga]] was disputed by Portugal. It claimed the [[British overseas territory]] of Gibraltar.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''' – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka {{capital|Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Sudan}}''' – [[Republic of Sudan (1985-2019)|Republic of the Sudan]] {{capital|Khartoum}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. After 1991, Sudan was a [[federation]] of [[States of Sudan|30 states]].{{Efn|30 States: [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] (to 14 February 1994), [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]], [[Central Equatoria]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Darfur]] (to 14 February 1994), [[Eastern Equatoria]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Equatoria]] (to 14 February 1994), [[Al Jazirah (state)|Al Jazirah]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Jonglei]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Kassala (state)|Kassala]], [[Khartoum (state)|Khartoum]], [[Kurdufan]] (to 14 February 1994), [[Lakes, Sudan|Lakes]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]] (from 14 February 1994), [[North Darfur]] (from 14 February 1994), [[North Kurdufan]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Northern (state)|Northern]], [[Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Red Sea (state)|Red Sea]] (from 14 February 1994), [[River Nile (state)|River Nile]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Sennar (state)|Sennar]] (from 14 February 1994), [[South Darfur]] (from 14 February 1994), [[South Kurdufan]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Unity (state)|Unity]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]], [[Western Equatoria]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Western Bahr el Ghazal]] (from 14 February 1994), [[West Darfur]] (from 14 February 1994), [[West Kurdufan]] (from 14 February 1994), [[White Nile (state)|White Nile]] (from 14 February 1994), [[Warrap (state)|Warrap]] (from 14 February 1994).}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Suriname}}''' – Republic of Suriname {{capital|Paramaribo}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Swaziland}}''' – Kingdom of Swaziland <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Mbabane]]'' (administrative), ''[[Lobamba]]'' (royal and legislative)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Sweden}}''' – Kingdom of Sweden {{capital|Stockholm}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 January 1995).
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Switzerland}}''' – Swiss Confederation {{capital|Bern}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state. [[United Nations General Assembly observers|Permanent observer]] at the [[United Nations|UN]]. Switzerland was a [[federation]] of [[Cantons of Switzerland|26 cantons]].{{Efn|26 cantons: [[Aargau]], [[Appenzell Ausserrhoden]], [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], [[Basel-Stadt]], [[Basel-Landschaft]], [[Canton of Bern|Bern]], [[Canton of Fribourg|Fribourg]], [[Canton of Geneva|Geneva]], [[Canton of Glarus|Glarus]], [[Graubünden]], [[Canton of Jura|Jura]], [[Canton of Lucerne|Lucerne]], [[Canton of Neuchâtel|Neuchâtel]], [[Nidwalden]], [[Obwalden]], [[Canton of Schaffhausen|Schaffhausen]], [[Canton of Schwyz|Schwyz]], [[Canton of Solothurn|Solothurn]], [[Canton of St. Gallen|St. Gallen]], [[Thurgau]], [[Ticino]], [[Canton of Uri|Uri]], [[Valais]], [[Vaud]], [[Canton of Zug|Zug]], [[Canton of Zürich|Zürich]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Syria}}''' – [[Ba'athist Syria|Syrian Arab Republic]] {{capital|Damascus}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Syria included the [[Golan Heights]], which were occupied by [[Israel]]. It disputed the Turkish sovereignty over [[Hatay Province]].
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|colspan=3|

=== T ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Tajikistan|1991}} → {{flag|Tajikistan}}''' – Republic of Tajikistan {{Nowrap|(from 9 September 1991)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tajikistan/ |title=Tajikistan|date=December 22, 2022|work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref> {{capital|Dushanbe}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state; [[Tajik SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 26 December 1991. Widely recognized (from 26 December 1991). [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 2 March 1992). Tajikistan had one autonomous province: [[Gorno-Badakhshan]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Tanzania}}''' – United Republic of Tanzania <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Dar es Salaam]]'' (to February 1996, seat of government from February 1996), ''[[Dodoma]]'' (official, from February 1996)}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; Tanzania had one autonomous region and it was [[Zanzibar]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Thailand (TIS 982 draft standard).svg}} [[Thailand]]''' – Kingdom of Thailand {{capital|Bangkok}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon|Togo}} [[History of Togo#Opposition|Togo]]''' – Togolese Republic {{capital|Lomé}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Tonga}}''' – Kingdom of Tonga {{capital|Nukuʻalofa}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state; [[United Nations|UN]] member state (from 14 September 1999).
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}''' – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago {{capital|Port of Spain}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; Trinidad and Tobago had one autonomous island and it was [[Tobago]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Tunisia|1959}} → {{flag|Tunisia}}''' – Tunisian Republic {{capital|Tunis}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Turkey}}''' – Republic of Turkey {{capital|Ankara}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Turkmen SSR}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Turkmenistan (1992-1997).svg}} → {{flag|Turkmenistan|1997}}''' {{Nowrap|(from 27 October 1991)}}{{efn|Turkmenistan declared independence from the Soviet Union on 27 October 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkmenistan/|title=Turkmenistan|date=December 22, 2022|work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>}} {{capital|Ashgabat}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state [[Turkmen SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 26 December 1991; widely recognized state from 26 December 1991 and [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 2 March 1992.
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|-
|colspan=3|

=== U ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Uganda}}''' – Republic of Uganda {{capital|Kampala}}
{{extent}}Widely-recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|{{flagdeco|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (1991–1992).svg}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (fair blue).svg}} '''[[Ukraine]]''' {{nowrap|(from 24 August 1991)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/|title=Ukraine |date=January 4, 2023|work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>}} {{capital|Kyiv{{!}}Kiev}}
{{extent}}Widely-recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; claimed by the Soviet Union as a constituent republic until 26 December 1991. Widely recognized (from 26 December 1991); Ukraine had one autonomous republic and it was [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}''' {{capital|Abu Dhabi}}
{{extent}}Widely-recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. The United Arab Emirates was a federation of [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|seven emirates]].{{Efn|7 emirates: [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|Abu Dhabi]], [[Ajman]], [[Dubai]], [[Fujairah]], [[Ras al-Khaimah]], [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], and [[Umm al-Quwain|Umm al-Qaiwain]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|United Kingdom|1801}}''' – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland {{capital|London}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state; [[European Economic Community|EEC]] member (to 1 November 1993) and [[European Union|EU]] member (from 1 November 1993). The United Kingdom was composed of [[Countries of the United Kingdom|four constituent countries]]: [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]] (disputed by [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] until 1 December 1998),<ref name="auto"/> [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]]. It had sovereignty over 16 [[British overseas territories|dependent territories]] and they were:
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Anguilla (1990–1999).svg}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Anguilla.svg}} [[Anguilla]]
* {{flagdeco|Bermuda|1910}} → {{flag|Bermuda}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Falkland Islands (1948–1999).svg}} → {{flag|British Antarctic Territory}} (suspended under the [[Antarctic Treaty]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory 1990.svg}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg}} [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] (disputed by [[Mauritius]] and the [[Seychelles]])
* {{flag|British Virgin Islands}}
* {{flagdeco|Cayman Islands|old}} → {{flag|Cayman Islands}}
* {{flagdeco|Falkland Islands|1948}} → {{flag|Falkland Islands}} (disputed by [[Argentina]])
* {{flag|Gibraltar}}
* {{flagdeco|Hong Kong|1959}} [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] (to 30 June 1997)
* {{flagicon image|Old Flag of Montserrat.svg}} → {{flag|Montserrat}}
* {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}
* {{flag|Saint Helena}}, with two dependencies
** [[Ascension Island]]
** [[Tristan da Cunha]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (1992-1999).svg}} → {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} (disputed by [[Argentina]])
* [[Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]
* {{flagicon image|Old Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg}} → {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}
In addition, the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British Monarch]] had direct sovereignty over three self-governing [[Crown dependencies]]:
* {{flag|Guernsey}}, with two dependencies:
** {{flag|Alderney}}
** {{flag|Sark}}
** {{flag|Herm}}
* {{flag|Isle of Man}}
* {{flag|Jersey}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|United States|1960}}''' – United States of America {{capital|Washington, D.C.}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. The United States was a [[federation]] of [[U.S. state|50 states, one federal district, and one incorporated territory]].{{Efn|50 states: [[Alabama]], [[Alaska]], [[Arizona]], [[Arkansas]], [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Idaho]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], [[Kentucky]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maine]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Mississippi]], [[Missouri]], [[Montana]], [[Nebraska]], [[Nevada]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New Mexico]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[North Dakota]], [[Ohio]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Oregon]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Rhode Island]], [[South Carolina]], [[South Dakota]], [[Tennessee]], [[Texas]], [[Utah]], [[Vermont]], [[Virginia]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[West Virginia]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Wyoming]]. 1 Federal District: [[District of Columbia]]. 1 incorporated territory: [[Palmyra Atoll]].}} It asserted sovereignty over the following inhabited [[insular area]]s:
* {{flag|American Samoa}} (including [[Swains Island]], disputed by Tokelau)
* {{flag|Guam}}
* {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}
* {{flagdeco|Puerto Rico|1952}} → {{flag|Puerto Rico}}
* {{flag|United States Virgin Islands}}
The United States administered one [[United Nations Trust Territory]]:
* {{flag|Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands}} (to 30 September 1994), consisting of one territory
** {{flag|Palau}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Uruguay}}''' – Eastern Republic of Uruguay {{capital|Montevideo}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Uzbek SSR}} → {{flag|Uzbekistan}}''' – Republic of Uzbekistan {{Nowrap|(from 31 August 1991)}} {{capital|Tashkent}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state [[Uzbek SSR|claimed by the Soviet Union]] to 26 December 1991; widely recognized state from 26 December 1991 and [[United Nations|UN]] member state from 2 March 1992. Uzbekistan had one autonomous region (or "republic") and it was [[Karakalpakstan]].
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=== V ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Vanuatu}}''' – Republic of Vanuatu {{capital|Port Vila}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Vatican City}}''' – Vatican City State {{capital|Vatican City}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state. Vatican City was administered by the [[Holy See]], a sovereign entity recognized by a large number of countries and a [[United Nations General Assembly observers|permanent observer]] at the [[United Nations]]. The Holy See also administered a number of [[Properties of the Holy See|extraterritorial properties]] in Italy. The [[Pope]] was the ''ex officio'' head of state of Vatican City.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagu|Venezuela|1954}}''' {{capital|Caracas}}
* [[Republic of Venezuela]] {{Nowrap|(to 20 December 1999)}}{{efn|name=VEN|Venezuela's new constitution came into force on 20 December 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela |url=http://www.analitica.com/bitblioteca/venezuela/constitucion_ingles.pdf |access-date=2010-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926123131/http://www.analitica.com/bitblioteca/venezuela/constitucion_ingles.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
* [[Venezuela|Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela]] {{Nowrap|(from 20 December 1999)}}{{Efn|name=VEN}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Venezuela was a [[federation]] of [[States of Venezuela|23 states, three territories, one federal dependency, and one federal district]].{{Efn|23 States: [[Amazonas (Venezuelan state)|Amazonas]] (from 23 July 1992), [[Anzoátegui]], [[Apure]], [[Aragua (state)|Aragua]], [[Barinas (state)|Barinas]], [[Bolívar (state)|Bolívar]], [[Carabobo]], [[Cojedes (state)|Cojedes]], [[Delta Amacuro]] (from 8 March 1991), [[Falcón]], [[Guárico]], [[Lara (state)|Lara]], [[Mérida (state)|Mérida]], [[Miranda (state)|Miranda]], [[Monagas]], [[Nueva Esparta]], [[Portuguesa (Venezuela)|Portuguesa]], [[Sucre (state)|Sucre]], [[Táchira (state)|Táchira]], [[Trujillo (state)|Trujillo]], [[Vargas (state)|Vargas]] (from 31 December 1998), [[Yaracuy]], [[Zulia]]. 3 Territories: [[Amazonas (Venezuelan state)|Amazonas]] (to 23 July 1992), [[Delta Amacuro]] (to 8 March 1991), [[Vargas (state)|Vargas]] (from 22 April 1998 to 31 December 1998). 1 Federal District: [[Venezuelan Capital District|Federal District]] (renamed [[Venezuelan Capital District|Capital District]] on 20 December 1999). 1 Federal Dependency: [[Federal dependencies of Venezuela|Federal Dependencies]].}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Vietnam}}''' – Socialist Republic of Vietnam {{capital|Hanoi}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state. Vietnam claimed sovereignty over the [[Paracel Islands]] (disputed by [[China]] and [[Taiwan]]) and [[Spratly Islands]] (disputed by the [[People's Republic of China]], the [[Republic of China]], [[Brunei]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Malaysia]]).
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=== W ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Western Samoa}}''' / '''[[Samoa]]''' {{capital|Apia}}
* Independent State of Western Samoa {{Nowrap|(to 4 July 1997)}}{{efn|name=WSM|Western Samoa's constitution was amended on 4 July 1997 to change the name of the country to Samoa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution Amendment Act (No. 2) 1997 |website=Samoa Sessional Legislation |publisher=Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute |url=http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/num_act/caa21997295/ |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>}}
* Independent State of Samoa {{Nowrap|(from 4 July 1997)}}{{efn|name=WSM}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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=== Y ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Yemen}}''' – Republic of Yemen {{Nowrap|(from 22 May 1990)}}<ref name=YEM_unification>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/23/world/2-yemens-become-one-and-celebrate.html |agency=Reuters |title=2 Yemens Become One, and Celebrate|date=May 23, 1990|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525202743/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/23/world/2-yemens-become-one-and-celebrate.html|archive-date=2015-05-25}}</ref> {{capital|Sana'a}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|North Yemen|name=Yemen, North}}''' – Yemen Arab Republic {{Nowrap|(to 22 May 1990)}}<ref name=YEM_unification /> {{capital|Sana'a}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|South Yemen|name=Yemen, South}}''' {{capital|Aden}}
* People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {{Nowrap|(to 22 May 1990)}}<ref name=YEM_unification />
* [[Democratic Republic of Yemen]] {{Nowrap|(from 21 May 1994 to 7 July 1994)}}{{efn|The former South Yemen declared independence on 21 May 1994.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=May 23, 1994 |title=Secessionists in Southern Yemen Name Heads of New Government |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/23/world/secessionists-in-southern-yemen-name-heads-of-new-government.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526110225/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/23/world/secessionists-in-southern-yemen-name-heads-of-new-government.html |archive-date=2015-05-26}}</ref> Aden fell to Northern Yemeni forces on 7 July 1994.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=July 8, 1994 |title=Yemen Claims Victory in Civil War After Seizing Rebel City |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/world/yemen-claims-victory-in-civil-war-after-seizing-rebel-city.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403034437/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/world/yemen-claims-victory-in-civil-war-after-seizing-rebel-city.html |archive-date=2015-04-03}}</ref>}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state (to 22 May 1990). ''De facto'' independent state (from 7 July 1994). Claimed by Yemen. (from 7 July 1994).
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|valign=top|{{Flagdeco|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} '''[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]''' – Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (to 27 April 1992) {{capital|Belgrade}}{{Efn|name=YUG|The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was created on 27 April 1992, ending the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/28/world/confirming-split-last-2-republics-proclaim-a-small-new-yugoslavia.html|title=Confirming Split, Last 2 Republics Proclaim a Small New Yugoslavia|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 April 1992|last1=Burns|first1=John F.|url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526061155/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/28/world/confirming-split-last-2-republics-proclaim-a-small-new-yugoslavia.html|archive-date=2015-05-26}}</ref>}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state and [[United Nations|UN]] member state to 27 April 1992. Yugoslavia was a [[federation]] of six republics, four of which ([[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], and [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Slovenia]]) declared independence in 1991 and 1992. The two remaining republics, [[Republic of Montenegro (1990–2006)|Montenegro]] and [[Republic of Serbia (1990–2006)|Serbia]], established the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992. It claimed to continue Yugoslavia's international personality, but this claim was not widely recognized.
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=== Z ===
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Zaire}} → {{flagdeco|Congo, Democratic Republic of the|1997}} [[Zaire]]''' / '''[[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]]''' {{capital|Kinshasa}}
* Republic of Zaire {{Nowrap|(to 17 May 1997)}}{{Efn|name=ZAI|[[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] took power on 17 May 1997 and renamed Zaire again the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19970518&slug=2539823|title=Zaire Capital Cheers Rebel Victory -- Kabila Takes Power, Renames His Country |work=The Seattle Times}}</ref>}}
* Democratic Republic of the Congo {{Nowrap|(from 17 May 1997)}}{{Efn|name=ZAI}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Zambia|1964}} → {{flag|Zambia}}''' {{capital|Lusaka}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Zimbabwe}}''' – Republic of Zimbabwe {{capital|Harare}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized [[United Nations|UN]] member state.
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|}

==Non-UN members or observers==
===Widely-recognized===
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; font-size'':95%; border-collapse'':collapse; border'':0 solid #aaa;"
|-
! style="width:400px;"|Name and capital city
!Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}}''' – Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (from 27 April 1992){{efn|name=YUG}} {{capital|Belgrade}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state from 27 April 1992. Serbia and Montenegro was a [[federation]] of two republics, [[Republic of Montenegro (1990–2006)|Montenegro]] and [[Republic of Serbia (1990–2006)|Serbia]]. Serbia and Montenegro claimed to continue Yugoslavia's international personality, but this claim was not widely recognized. Serbia itself included two autonomous provinces, which were [[Vojvodina]] and [[Kosovo and Metohija]]. The latter province was under the administration of the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]] from 10 June 1999.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Tuvalu|1978}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Tuvalu (1995).svg}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Tuvalu (1996–1997).svg}} → {{flag|Tuvalu}}''' {{capital|Funafuti}}
{{extent}}Widely recognized independent state and [[Commonwealth realm]].
|}

===Others===
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; font-size'':95%; border-collapse'':collapse; border'':0 solid #aaa;"
|-
! style="width:400px;"|Name and capital city
!Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
|-
|valign=top|'''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''' – Republic of Abkhazia {{Nowrap|(from 25 August 1990)}}{{efn|Abkhazia re-declared independence from Georgia on 12 October 1999 ([[s:Act of State Independence of the Republic of Abkhazia|Act of State Independence of the Republic of Abkhazia]]), although it had been effectively self-governing since the end of the [[War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)|War in Abkhazia]] on 30 September 1993.}} {{capital|Sukhumi}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state not recognized by any other state; claimed by [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] as the [[Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia]].
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|-
|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan 1996-1997.svg}} → {{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}} [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghanistan, Islamic Emirate of]]''' {{Nowrap|(from 26 September 1996)}}{{Efn|The [[Taliban]] took over Kabul on 26 September 1996 and proclaimed the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/27/world/afghan-fundamentalists-sweep-into-kabul.html |title=Afghan Fundamentalists Sweep into Kabul |newspaper=The New York Times |date=27 September 1996 |url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-date=2015-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526172215/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/27/world/afghan-fundamentalists-sweep-into-kabul.html}}</ref>}}<br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Kabul]]''}}
{{extent}}Partially-recognized ''de facto'' independent state;{{Efn|The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was recognized by Pakistan, [[Saudi Arabia]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]].}} claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Afghanistan, but this was not recognized by the UN or most countries.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Anjouan}}''' – State of Anjouan {{Nowrap|(from 3 August 1997)}}{{Efn|Anjouan declared independence from the Comoros on 3 August 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/politique/institutions/etatdanjouan.htm|title=CONSTITUTION DE L'ETAT D'ANJOUAN – adoptée suite au Référendum du 25 février 1998 |website=MweziNet |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601055735/http://www.comores-online.com/mwezinet/politique/institutions/etatdanjouan.htm}}</ref>}} {{capital|Mutsamudu}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the [[Comoros]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Bophuthatswana}}''' – Republic of Bophuthatswana {{Nowrap|(to 13 March 1994)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bophuthatswana-taken-off-the-map-1428938.html|title=Bophuthatswana taken off the map|date=March 14, 1994|website=The Independent}}</ref> {{capital|Mmabatho}}
{{extent}}Nominally independent [[South Africa]]n [[bantustan]].{{efn|name=BANTU|The nominally independent [[bantustans]] of [[Bophuthatswana]], [[Ciskei]], [[Transkei]], and [[Venda]] were only recognized by [[South Africa]] and by each other. The rest of the world regarded them as part of South Africa.}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Bougainville}}''' – Republic of Bougainville {{Nowrap|(from 17 May 1990 to 24 December 1998)}}{{efn|The Republic of Bougainville declared independence on 17 May 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/png-bougainville/key-texts4.php |work=PNG-Bougainville |title=Declaration of Independence |access-date=2010-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705200848/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/png-bougainville/key-texts4.php |archive-date=2010-07-05 |publisher=Conciliation Resources}}</ref> After a lengthy peace process started in 1997, the Bougainville Interim Government agreed to give up their self-declared independence and establish a reconciliation government on 24 December 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weaving consensus: The Papua New Guinea - Bougainville peace process |work=Accord |issue=12 |publisher=Conciliation Resources |url=http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/png-bougainville/key-texts24.php |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309031854/http://www.c-r.org/accord-article/key-texts-and-agreements-accord-papua-new-guinea |archive-date=2016-03-09}}</ref>}} {{capitalname|Arawa, Papua New Guinea|Arawa}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by [[Papua New Guinea]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1989}} [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition: State of Cambodia (1989–1993)|Cambodia, State of]]''' {{Nowrap|(to 15 March 1992)}}{{efn|name=UNTAC|The [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia]] began operations on 15 March 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/untacmandate.html |title=UNITED NATIONS TRANSITIONAL AUTHORITY IN CAMBODIA (UNTAC) - Mandate |access-date=2017-06-28 |archive-date=2017-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824180434/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/untacmandate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} {{capital|Phnom Penh}}
{{extent}}Partially recognized ''de facto'' independent state.{{efn|name=SOC|Although the State of Cambodia had near total control over the territory of Cambodia, the majority of the states in the world recognized the former government of Democratic Kampuchea, which retained Cambodia's UN membership. The State of Cambodia was mainly recognized by [[Vietnam]] and states within the [[Soviet sphere of influence]].}} Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Cambodia.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|name=Chechnya}}''' {{nowrap|(from 1 November 1991)}} <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Grozny]]'' (renamed ''[[Grozny|Dzhokhar-Ghala]]'' in 1996)}}
* Chechen Republic {{Nowrap|(from 1 November 1991 to 12 March 1992)}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mondediplo.com/2006/05/11factsinconflict|title=Facts in conflict|first=Anne|last=Nivat |date=May 1, 2006|website=Le Monde diplomatique}}</ref>{{efn|name=CHE_constitution|The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria enacted its constitution on 12 March 1992.<ref>{{cite web |author=Liz Fuller |date=November 15, 2007 |title=Chechen Leadership In Exile Seeks To Salvage Legitimacy |website=Russia |publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079136.html}}</ref>}}
* Chechen Republic of Ichkeria {{Nowrap|(from 12 March 1992)}}{{efn|name=CHE_constitution}}
{{extent}}Partially recognized ''de facto'' independent state;{{Efn|Chechnya was recognized by the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]].}} claimed by Russia as the [[Republic of Chechnya]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Ciskei}}''' – Republic of Ciskei {{Nowrap|(to 13 March 1994)}}<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/23/world/a-2d-homeland-is-taken-over-by-south-africa.html |title=A 2d Homeland Is Taken Over By South Africa|first=Bill|last=Keller |date=March 23, 1994|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526105252/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/23/world/a-2d-homeland-is-taken-over-by-south-africa.html|archive-date=2015-05-26}}</ref> {{capital|Bisho}}
{{extent}}Nominally independent [[South Africa]]n [[bantustan]].{{efn|name=BANTU}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Cook Islands}}''' {{capital|Avarua}}
{{extent}}A state in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[#N|New Zealand]], recognized by China (from 25 July 1997). The Cook Islands is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity; it shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of the Gagauz people.svg}} [[Gagauz Republic|Gagauzia]]''' – Gagauz Republic {{Nowrap|(from 19 August 1990 to 14 January 1995)}} {{capital|Comrat}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state; not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Soviet Union until 26 December 1991 and by [[Moldova]] from 27 August 1991 to 14 January 1995.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Kosova (1991–1999).svg}} [[Republic of Kosova|Kosova]]''' – Republic of Kosova {{Nowrap|(from 22 September 1991 to 31 January 2000)}} {{capital|Pristina}}
{{extent}}Partially recognized ''de facto'' independent state; only recognized by [[Albania]]. Claimed by [[Serbia]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Islamic Emirate of Kunar|Kunar]]''' – Islamic Emirate of Kunar {{Nowrap|(from January to 20 April 1991)}} {{capital|Asadabad}}
{{extent}}De facto independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Afghanistan.
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Mindanao_(Alexander_Noble,_1990).svg}} [[1990 Mindanao crisis|Mindanao]]''' – Federal Republic of Mindanao {{Nowrap|(from 4 October to 6 October 1990)}} {{capital|Cagayan de Oro}} (de facto)
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the [[Philippines]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Mohéli.svg}} [[Mohéli]]''' – Democratic Republic of Mohéli {{Nowrap|(from 11 August 1997)}}{{efn|Mohéli declared independence from the Comoros on 11 August 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a9fb14.html|author=Amnesty International |date=1 January 1998|title=Amnesty International Report 1998 - Comoros|via=Refworld|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012152416/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a9fb14.html |archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{capital|Fomboni}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the [[Comoros]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh}}''' – Nagorno-Karabakh Republic {{Nowrap|(from 6 January 1992)}}{{efn|The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic declared independence from Azerbaijan on 6 January 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronology: Accord Nagorny Karabakh |publisher=Conciliation Resources |url=http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/chronology.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929145243/http://www.c-r.org/accord-article/chronology-accord-nagorny-karabakh |archive-date=2013-09-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{capital|Stepanakert}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state; not recognized by any other state. Claimed by [[Azerbaijan]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Niue}}''' {{capital|Alofi}}
{{extent}}A state in [[Associated state|free association]] with [[#N|New Zealand]]. Niue is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. It had [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]] with New Zealand.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}''' – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus {{capital|Lefkoşa}}
{{extent}}Partially recognized ''de facto'' independent state, recognized only by Turkey. Claimed by the [[Republic of Cyprus]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Palestine}}''' – State of Palestine{{Efn|See the following on statehood criteria:
*{{Citation|author=Mendes, Errol|title=Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 (3) of the ICC Statute|url=http://uclalawforum.com/media/background/gaza/2010-03-30_Mendes-Memo.pdf|pages=28, 33|date=30 March 2010|publisher=30 March 2010|access-date=2011-04-17|postscript=:}} "...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention..."; "...the fact that a majority of states have recognized Palestine as a State should easily fulfill the requisite state practice".
*{{Citation|author=McKinney, Kathryn M.|title=The Legal Effects of the Israeli-PLO Declaration ofPrinciples: Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine|url=http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&context=sulr&sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|journal=Seattle University Law Review|volume=18|issue=93|year=1994|page=97|publisher=Seattle University|access-date=2011-04-17|postscript=:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063030/http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&context=sulr&sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|archive-date=2011-07-22}} "It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory".
*{{Citation|author=McDonald, Avril|title=Operation Cast Lead: Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute|url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=16+Hum.+Rts.+Br.+25&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=74ccae52ba220673512e7784449388f0|journal=Human Rights Brief|volume=25|date=Spring 2009|publisher=Washington College of Law, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law|access-date=2011-04-17|postscript=:}} "Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state."}}<br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Ramallah]]'' (administrative), ''[[Gaza City]]'' (administrative), ''[[Jerusalem]]'' (claimed)}}
{{extent}}Disputed region consisting of three occupied territories: the [[West Bank]], the [[Gaza Strip]], and [[East Jerusalem]]. The declared [[State of Palestine]], which claimed independence for all the Palestinian territories, was recognized by a large number of countries. In foreign relations, Palestine was represented by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], which was a [[United Nations General Assembly observers|permanent observer]] at the [[United Nations]]. The [[Palestinian National Authority]] (established on 4 May 1994) was an interim administrative body that exercised limited control over parts of the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Somalia Sky Blue.svg}} [[Puntland]]''' – Puntland State of Somalia {{Nowrap|(from 1 August 1998)}}{{efn|Puntland declared temporary independence from Somalia on 1 August 1998.<ref>{{cite web |author=Assaf Maliach |date=2006-06-22 |title=Somalia - Africa's Afghanistan? |url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/220/currentpage/9/Default.aspx |publisher=International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611033452/http://www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=950 |archive-date=2015-06-11}}<br/>{{*}}{{cite web |title=Puntland State of Somalia |url=http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Releases/Puntland_state_of_Somalia_media_release__19.03.08_.pdf |access-date=2012-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710193317/http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Releases/Puntland_state_of_Somalia_media_release__19.03.08_.pdf |archive-date=2012-07-10 }}</ref>}} {{capital|Garowe}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by [[Somalia]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagcountry|Republika Srpska (1992–95)}}''' {{nowrap|(from 7 April 1992 to 14 December 1995)}} {{capital|Banja Luka}}
* Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina {{Nowrap|(from 7 April 1992 to 12 August 1992)}}{{efn|The Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence on 7 April 1992.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Decision on Proclamation of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina |agency=[[Tanjug]] |work=[[Večernje novosti]] |publisher=[[Novosti AD]] |location=[[Belgrade]] |issn=0350-4999 |date=April 8, 1992 |language=sr}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=SRP_name|The name Republika Srpska was adopted on 12 August 1992.<ref>{{cite journal |date=September 29, 1992 |title=The Amendments VII and VIII to the Constitution of the Republika Srpska |journal=Official Gazette of the Republika Srpska |volume=1 |issue=15 |page=569 |language=sr}})</ref>}}
* Republika Srpska {{Nowrap|(from 12 August 1992 to 14 December 1995)}}{{Efn|name=BOS_dayton}}{{efn|name=SRP_name}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state until 14 December 1995 not recognized by any other state; claimed by [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and recognized as such by the UN.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}''' <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Bir Lehlou]]'' (official), ''[[Refugee camps in Tindouf Province, Algeria|Rabouni]]'' (seat of government-in-exile), ''[[El Aaiún]]'' (claimed)}}
{{extent}}Partially recognized ''de facto'' independent state. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claimed the disputed territory of [[Western Sahara]], most of which was under control of [[Morocco]].  The territories under its control, the so-called [[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]], were claimed by [[Morocco]]. Its government resided in exile at [[Tindouf]] in [[Algeria]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagdeco|Somaliland|1991}} → {{flag|Somaliland}}''' – Republic of Somaliland  {{Nowrap|(from 18 May 1991)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Somaliland.pdf |title=Somaliland declared independence from Somalia on 18 May 1991 |access-date=2010-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227110751/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_Somaliland.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{capital|Hargeisa}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by [[Somalia]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|South Ossetia}}''' – Republic of South Ossetia {{Nowrap|(from 29 May 1992)}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.republicofsouthossetia.org/pages/who-we-are/key-dates.shtml |title=South Ossetia declared independence from Georgia on 29 May 1992 |access-date=2010-05-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100314073828/http://www.republicofsouthossetia.org/pages/who-we-are/key-dates.shtml |archive-date=2010-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{capital|Tskhinvali}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Taiwan}}''' – Republic of China <br />{{small|Capital: ''[[Taipei]]'' (seat of government), ''[[Nanjing]]'' (claimed, to late 1990s)}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264 |title=Schools to teach Nanjing is ROC capital: ministry |work=Taipei Times |author=Chris Wang |date=December 4, 2013}}</ref>
{{extent}}Partially recognized ''de facto'' independent state.{{efn|name=ROC_recognition}} The Republic of China claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China, but only administered [[Taiwan]], [[Kinmen]], the [[Matsu Islands]], [[Pratas Island]] and [[Itu Aba Island|Itu Aba]]. The Republic of China had territorial claims over [[Mongolia]]; the Russian republic of [[Tuva]]; the [[Sixty-Four Villages East of the River]] (administered by Russia); The majority of [[Gorno-Badakhshan]] (administered by [[Tajikistan]]); The eastern tip of the [[Wakhan Corridor]] (administered by [[Afghanistan]]); a small portion of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] (administered by Pakistan and part of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region); [[Aksai Chin]] (administered by the [[People's Republic of China]] and part of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region); eastern [[Bhutan]]; [[South Tibet]] (controlled by India); and [[Kachin State]] (administered by [[Myanmar]]).
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Tamil Eelam}}''' {{capital|Trincomalee}}
{{extent}}Unrecognized ''de facto'' self-governing entity. Claimed by [[Sri Lanka]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Tatarstan}}''' – Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic {{Nowrap|(from 6 November 1992 to 15 February 1994)}} {{capital|Kazan}}
{{extent}} ''De facto'' independent state. ''De facto'' part of the [[Russian Federation]] since 15 February 1994. ''De jure'' since March 2002.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Transkei}}''' – Republic of Transkei {{Nowrap|(to 27 April 1994)}}{{efn|Transkei ceased to exist on 27 April 1994, when South Africa's interim constitution took effect.}}<ref name="nytimes.com"/> {{capital|Umtata}}
{{extent}}Nominally independent [[South Africa]]n [[bantustan]] (until 27 April 1994).{{efn|name=BANTU}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Transnistria}}''' {{nowrap|(from 25 August 1991)}} {{capital|Tiraspol}}
*[[Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]  {{Nowrap|(from 25 August 1991 to 5 November 1991)}}{{efn|Transnistria had declared its independence from Moldova (but within the Soviet Union) on 2 September 1990. The Soviet Union did not recognize that declaration, leading to Transnistria's full declaration of independence on 25 August 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/moldova.htm |title=Transnistria-Moldova Territorial Dispute (ICE) |access-date=2010-07-15 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715070052/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/moldova.htm}}</ref>}}
* Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic  {{Nowrap|(from 5 November 1991)}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state not recognized by any other country; claimed by the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991 and [[Moldova]] from 27 August 1991.
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|valign=top|'''{{flag|Venda}}''' – Republic of Venda {{Nowrap|(to 27 April 1994)}}{{efn|Venda ceased to exist on 27 April 1994, when South Africa's interim constitution took effect.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>}} {{capital|Thohoyandou}}
{{extent}}Nominally independent [[South Africa]]n [[bantustan]].{{efn|name=BANTU}}
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of Vevčani Municipality, North Macedonia.svg}} [[Republic of Vevčani|Vevčani]]''' – Republic of Vevčani {{Nowrap|(from 19 September 1991 to 8 April 1993)}}{{capital|Vevčani}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by [[North Macedonia|Macedonia]].
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|valign=top|'''{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Western Bosnia (Fictitious).svg}} [[Republic of Western Bosnia|Western Bosnia]]''' – Republic of Western Bosnia {{Nowrap|(from 26 July 1995 to 7 August 1995)}}{{efn|The [[Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia]] declared itself an independent Republic on 26 July 1995; it was conquered by Bosnia and Herzegovina on 7 August 1995.<ref>{{cite book |title= The break-up of Yugoslavia and international law |last=Radan |first=Peter |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-25352-9 |page=192}}</ref>}}
{{extent}}''De facto'' independent state. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]].
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==Other entities==
Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:
* '''{{flag|Antarctica}}''' as a whole had no government and no permanent population. Seven states claimed portions of Antarctica and five of these had reciprocally recognised one another's claims.<ref name="mutualrecog">{{cite book |last=Rogan-Finnemore |first=Michelle |year=2005 |contribution=What Bioprospecting Means for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean |editor-last=Von Tigerstrom |editor-first=Barbara |title=International Law Issues in the South Pacific |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |page=204 |isbn=0-7546-4419-7}} "Australia, New Zealand, France, Norway and the United Kingdom reciprocally recognize the validity of each other's claims."</ref> These claims, which were regulated by the [[Antarctic Treaty System]], were neither recognised nor disputed by any other signatory state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/antarctica/ |work=The World Factbook |title=Antarctica|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=19 January 2008|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>
* '''{{Flag|East Timor|1975}}''' was [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|occupied and administered]] by [[Indonesia]] until October 1999 as [[Timor Timur]], but this was not recognized by the United Nations, which considered it to be Portuguese territory under Indonesian occupation. In October 1999, Indonesia relinquished control over the territory to the [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor]], which took over responsibility for it.
* '''{{flag|Estonia}}''' was a [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|part of the Soviet Union]] until August 1991, but its annexation was not widely recognized. A [[Estonian Government in Exile|government in exile]] claimed independence for Estonia until 15 September 1992, but aside from its embassies in the West it controlled no territory.
* {{flagdeco|EU}} The '''[[European Union]]''' was a ''[[sui generis]]'' supranational organisation which had 12 (later 15) member states. It was established on 1 November 1993. The member states had transferred a measure of their legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, and as such the EU had some elements of sovereignty, without generally being considered a sovereign state. The European Union did not claim to be a sovereign state and had only limited capacity for relations with other states.
* {{Flagdeco|United Nations}} '''[[Kosovo]]''' was a territory that was nominally part of [[Serbia and Montenegro]], but after 10 June 1999 came under [[United Nations Administered Kosovo|United Nations administration]] as part of the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]].
* '''{{flag|Latvia}}''' was a [[Latvian SSR|part of the Soviet Union]] until 1991, but its annexation was not widely recognized. A [[Latvian diplomatic service|government in exile]] claimed independence for Latvia until 21 August 1991, but aside from its embassies in the West it controlled no territory.
* '''{{flag|Lithuania|1918}}''' was a [[Lithuanian SSR|part of the Soviet Union]] until 1990, but its annexation was not widely recognized. [[Stasys Lozoraitis Jr.]] claimed independence for Lithuania until 6 September 1991, but aside from its embassies in the West it controlled no territory.
* {{flagdeco|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}} The '''[[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]''' was an entity claiming sovereignty and (from 24 August 1994) a [[United Nations General Assembly observers|United Nations observer]]. The order had bi-lateral diplomatic relations with a large number of states, but had no territory other than [[extraterritoriality|extraterritorial]] areas within Rome.<ref>[http://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-relations/862/sovereign-order-of-malta-bilateral-relations/?lang=en Bilateral relations with countries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203180316/http://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-relations/862/sovereign-order-of-malta-bilateral-relations/?lang=en |date=2015-12-03 }}, Retrieved 2011-12-22</ref> The order's Constitution stated: "The Order is a subject of international law and exercises sovereign functions."<ref>{{cite book | last = Chapter General of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta | title = Constitutional Charter and Code of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, promulgated 27 June 1961, revised by the Extraordinary Chapter General 28–30 April 1997, Article 3 "Sovereignty," Paragraph 1. | publisher = Tipografia Arte della Stampa | date = 1998-01-12 | location = Rome | page = 11 | url = http://www.orderofmalta.int/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/order-of-malta-constitution.pdf }}</ref> Although the order frequently asserted its sovereignty, it did not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacked a defined territory. Since all its members were citizens of other states, almost all of them lived in their native countries, and those who resided in the order's extraterritorial properties in Rome did so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacked the characteristic of having a permanent population.
* {{flagdeco|United Nations}} The '''[[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor]]''' was a [[United Nations Administered East Timor|transitional non-independent territory]] [[United Nations protectorate|governed by the United Nations]]. It was neither sovereign nor under the sovereignty of any other state. It was established on 25 October 1999, following the end of the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]].
* {{flagdeco|Berlin}} '''[[West Berlin]]''' was a political enclave that was closely aligned with – but not actually a part of – [[West Germany]]. It consisted of three occupied sectors administered by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. West Berlin was incorporated into the reunified Germany on 3 October 1990.

==See also==
*[[List of sovereign states by year]]
*[[1990s]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1990]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1991]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1992]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1993]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1994]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1995]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1996]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1997]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1998]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1999]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lists of sovereign states by year}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sovereign states in the 1990s}}
[[Category:Lists of sovereign states in the 20th century|1990-1999]]
[[Category:1990s politics-related lists]]