View source for Taiwan under Japanese rule

{{Use American English|date=April 2024}}
{{Short description|Period in Taiwanese history from 1895 to 1945}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name            = {{native name|zh-tw|臺灣}}{{efn native lang|tw|name=word1
 |t= 臺灣
 |p=Táiwān
 |m=Tâi-oân
 |s=Thòi-vàn 
 |ma=Dài-uăng
}}<br />{{small|''Tʻaiwan''}}<hr />{{native name|ja|臺灣}}{{efn|[[Kyūjitai]]}}<br>{{small|''Taiwan''}}
| conventional_long_name = Taiwan
| era                    = Empire of Japan
| status                 = Part of the [[Empire of Japan]] (colony)<ref>{{cite journal |website=Historia Actual Online | last = Pastreich | first = Emanuel | title = Sovereignty, Wealth, Culture, and Technology: Mainland China and Taiwan Grapple with the Parameters of "Nation State" in the 21st Century | publisher = Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | date = July 2003 | oclc = 859917872 | url = http://historia-actual.org/Publicaciones/index.php/haol/article/view/96 | access-date = December 22, 2014 | archive-date = April 14, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180414035710/http://www.historia-actual.org/Publicaciones/index.php/haol/article/view/96 | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
| empire                 = Japan
| common_name            = Taiwan
| national_anthem        = {{ublist |"[[Kimigayo]]" |{{center|[[File:Kimi ga Yo 1930  instrumental.oga]]}}}}
| government_type        = [[Government-General of Taiwan|Government-General]]
| year_start             = 1895
| year_end               = 1952
| event_start            = {{nowrap|[[Treaty of Shimonoseki]]}}
| date_start             = 17 April
| event1                 = [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)|Destruction of the Republic of Formosa]]
| date_event1            = 21 October 1895
| event2                 = [[Musha Incident|Wushe Rebellion]]
| date_event2            = 27 October 1930
| event3                 = [[Surrender of Japan]]
| date_event3            = 2 September 1945
| event4                 = [[Retrocession Day|Returned to Chinese control]]
| date_event4            = 25 October 1945
| event_end              = {{nowrap|[[Treaty of San Francisco]]}}
| date_end               = 28 April
| event_post             = [[Treaty of Taipei]]
| date_post              = 5 August 1952
| p1                     = Taiwan under Qing rule
| flag_p1                = Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg
| p2                     = Republic of Formosa
| flag_p2                = Simplified Yellow Tiger Flag.svg
| s1                     = History of Taiwan (1945–present){{!}}Taiwan under ROC rule
| flag_s1                = Flag of the Republic of China.svg
| image_flag             = Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg
| flag                   = Flag of Japan
| flag_type              = Flag
| image_coat             = Seal of the Government-General of Taiwan.svg
| other_symbol           = '''National seal:'''<br />{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|臺灣總督之印}}<br />'''[[Seal (East Asia)#Government authorities|Seal of the Governor-General of Taiwan]]'''<br />[[File:Seal of Japanese Taiwan.svg|85px]]<hr>'''National badge:'''<br />{{lang|zh-Hant-TW|臺字章}}<br />[[Government-General of Taiwan|Daijishō]]<br />[[File:Daijishō.svg|50px]]
| image_map              = 1940 map of Taiwan.jpg
| image_map_caption      = Taiwan within the [[Empire of Japan]]
| capital                = [[Taihoku Prefecture|Taihoku]]
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| languages_type         = Common languages
| languages              = [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]]<br>[[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]]<br>[[Formosan languages]]
| demonym                = {{hlist |[[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]|Formosan}}
| currency               = [[Taiwanese yen]]
| title_leader           = [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]]
| leader1                = [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]]
| year_leader1           = 1895–1912
| leader2                = [[Emperor Taishō|Taishō]]
| year_leader2           = 1912–1926
| leader3                = [[Hirohito|Shōwa]]
| year_leader3           = 1926–1945
| title_deputy           = [[Governor-General of Taiwan|Governor-General]]
| deputy1                = {{nowrap|[[Kabayama Sukenori]]}}
| year_deputy1           = 1895–1896 (first)
| deputy2                = [[Rikichi Andō]]
| year_deputy2           = 1944–1945 (last)
| today                  = [[Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]
| life_span              = 1895–1945
| religion               = {{hlist|[[State Shintō]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Taoism]]|[[Confucianism]]|[[Chinese folk religion]]}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Taiwan
| collapse = no
| pic = Taiwan (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Taiwan" in [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]] (top) and [[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.5
| t = {{linktext|臺灣}} {{small|or}} {{linktext|台灣}}
| s = {{linktext|台湾}}
| bpmf = ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ
| w = T'ai²-wan¹
| p = Táiwān
| tp = Táiwan
| mps = Táiwān
| gr = Tair'uan
| psp = Taiwan
| wuu = {{IPA-wuu|d̥e uɛ}}
| hakka = Thòi-vàn
| poj = Tâi-oân
| buc = Dài-uăng
| j = Toi<sup>4</sup>waan<sup>1</sup>
| altname = Japanese ruled Taiwan
| t2 = {{linktext|日治|臺灣}}
| s2 = {{linktext|日治|台湾}}
| p2 = Rìzhì Táiwān
| w2 = Jihchih Tʻaiwan
| bpmf2 = ㄖˋㄓˋ ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ
| hakka2 = Ngit-chhṳ Thòi-vàn
| poj2 = Ji̍t-tī Tâi-oân
| buc2 = Nĭk-dê Dài-uăng
| j2 = Jat<sup>6</sup>zi<sup>6</sup> Toi<sup>4</sup>waan<sup>1</sup>
| altname3 = Japanese occupied Taiwan
| t3 = {{linktext|日據|臺灣}}
| s3 = {{linktext|日據|台湾}}
| p3 = Rìjù Táiwān
| w3 = Jihchu Tʻaiwan
| bpmf3 = ㄖˋㄐㄩˋ ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ
| hakka3 = Ngit-kí Thòi-vàn
| poj3 = Ji̍t-kù Tâi-oân
| j3 = Jat<sup>6</sup>geoi<sup>3</sup> Toi<sup>4</sup>waan<sup>1</sup>
| kyujitai = 大日本帝國臺灣
| shinjitai = 大日本帝国台湾
| katakana = ダイニッポンテイコクタイワン
| hiragana = だいにっぽんていこくたいわん
| romaji = Dai-Nippon Teikoku Taiwan
}}
{{History of Taiwan}}
The [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]], together with the [[Penghu|Penghu Islands]], became an annexed territory of the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1895, when the [[Qing dynasty]] ceded [[Taiwan Province|Fujian-Taiwan Province]] in the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] after the Japanese victory in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. The consequent [[Republic of Formosa]] resistance movement on Taiwan was [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)|defeated]] by Japan with the [[Capitulation of Tainan (1895)|capitulation of Tainan]]. Japan ruled Taiwan for 50 years. Its capital was located in [[Taihoku Prefecture|Taihoku]] (Taipei) led by the [[Governor-General of Taiwan]].

Taiwan was Japan's first [[colony]] and can be viewed as the first step in implementing their "[[Nanshin-ron|Southern Expansion Doctrine]]" of the late 19th century. Japanese intentions were to turn Taiwan into a showpiece "model colony" with much effort made to improve the island's economy, [[public works]], [[Industrial sector|industry]], cultural [[Japanization]] (1937 to 1945), and support the necessities of Japanese military aggression in the [[Asia-Pacific]].<ref>{{cite journal |website=Historia Actual Online | last = Pastreich | first = Emanuel | title = Sovereignty, Wealth, Culture, and Technology: Mainland China and Taiwan Grapple with the Parameters of "Nation State" in the 21st Century | publisher = Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | date = July 2003 | oclc = 859917872 | url = http://historia-actual.org/Publicaciones/index.php/haol/article/view/96 | access-date = December 22, 2014 | archive-date = April 14, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180414035710/http://www.historia-actual.org/Publicaciones/index.php/haol/article/view/96 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Japan established monopolies and by 1945, had taken over all the sales of opium, salt, camphor, tobacco, alcohol, matches, weights and measures, and petroleum in the island.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eckhardt |first1=Jappe |last2=Fang |first2=Jennifer |last3=Lee |first3=Kelley |date=2017-03-04 |title=The Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation: To 'join the ranks of global companies' |journal=Global Public Health |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=335–350 |doi=10.1080/17441692.2016.1273366 |issn=1744-1692 |pmc=5553428 |pmid=28139964 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Most Taiwanese children did not attend schools established by Japan until primary education was made mandatory in 1943.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=221}}{{sfn|Matsuda|2019|p=103–104}}{{sfn|Kishida|2021}}

Japanese administrative rule of Taiwan ended following the [[surrender of Japan]] in September 1945 during the [[World War II]] period, and the territory was placed under the control of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) with the issuing of [[General Order No. 1]] by US General [[Douglas MacArthur]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chen|first1=C. Peter|title=Japan's Surrender|url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=13|website=World War II Database|publisher=Lava Development, LLC|access-date=December 22, 2014|archive-date=January 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102031316/http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=13|url-status=live}}</ref> Japan formally renounced its sovereignty over Taiwan in the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] effective April 28, 1952.

== Terminology ==
Whether the period should be called "Taiwan under Japanese rule" ({{zh|t=日治時期}}) or "Taiwan under Japanese occupation" ({{zh|t=日據時期}}) in Chinese is a controversial issue in Taiwan and highly depends on the speaker's political stance.<ref>{{cite news|title=高中課綱微調 審議過關|url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201401270032.aspx|publisher=中央社|date=2014-01-27|location=台北|language=zh-TW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925224743/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201401270032.aspx|archive-date=2019-09-25}}</ref><ref name="徐和謙">{{Cite news | title=「日據」或「日治」，歷史稱謂挑起台灣政治波瀾 | author=徐和謙 | date=September 5, 2013 | url=http://cn.nytimes.com/culture/20130905/cc05taiwan/ | publisher=紐約時報 | access-date=2015-07-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801073629/http://cn.nytimes.com/culture/20130905/cc05taiwan/ | archive-date=2015-08-01 }}</ref><ref name="周婉窈">{{cite web |author=周婉窈 |url=http://www.hi-on.org.tw/bulletins.jsp?b_ID=118788 |title=從「日治」到「日據」再到「日治」──一份公文所揭示的歷史事實 |publisher=Hi-on.org.tw |date=2012-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913235222/http://www.hi-on.org.tw/bulletins.jsp?b_ID=118788 |archive-date=2014-09-13 }}</ref><ref name="严思祺">{{Cite web|title=台湾官方就"日据"与"日治"之争定调|url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2013/07/130723_tw_jp_occupied_dispute|website=BBC News 中文|date=2013-07-23|language=zh-hans|access-date=2024-03-26|archive-date=2024-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326021623/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2013/07/130723_tw_jp_occupied_dispute }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=台湾、日本統治「占領」表記に |newspaper=[[日本経済新聞]] |date=2013-07-23 |url=https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASGM23049_T20C13A7FF2000/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423051817/https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASGM23049_T20C13A7FF2000/ |archive-date=2015-04-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=日本の植民地時代は占領？統治？ 台湾で教科書論争 |newspaper=中央社フォーカス台湾 |date=2013-07-22 |url=http://japan.cna.com.tw/search/201307220004.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622044147/http://japan.cna.com.tw/search/201307220004.aspx |archive-date=2014-06-22}}</ref>

In 2013, the [[Executive Yuan]] under the [[Kuomintang]] rule ordered the government to use "Taiwan under Japanese occupation".<ref name="严思祺" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/9277F759E41CCD91/f9507667-da21-422f-ae90-25f30867c302|title=未來公文書將統一使用「日據」用語|date=2013-07-22|work=行政院發言人辦公室|archive-date=2021-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012114411/https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/9277F759E41CCD91/f9507667-da21-422f-ae90-25f30867c302}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/841990 |title=出賣國格？政院：公文均用「日據」 |date=2013-07-22|website=自由時報電子報 |access-date=2021-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104032224/https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/841990|archive-date=2022-01-04}}</ref> In 2016, after the government switching to the [[Democratic Progressive Party]], the Executive Yuan said the very order was not in force.<ref name="曾韋禎 2016-10-30">{{Cite web|title=公文書限用「日據」？政院：沒拘束力 - 政治 - 自由時報電子報|url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/paper/1047002|work=news.ltn.com.tw|date=2016-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044620/https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/paper/1047002|archive-date=2019-03-06}}</ref>

Taiwanese historical scholar Chou Wan-yao (周婉窈), believed the term "Taiwan under Japanese rule" is more accurate and natural when describing the period, and compared it with "[[India under British rule]]".<ref name="周婉窈" /> In contrast, Taiwanese political scientist [[Chang Ya-chung]] insisted that the term "Taiwan under Japanese occupation" respecting the long [[#Armed resistance| resistance history]] in Taiwan under Japanese rule.<ref>{{cite news |language = zh-hant |author = 張亞中 |url = https://www.merit-times.com/NewsPage.aspx?unid=320102 |title = 人間百年筆陣--為何使用「日據」 而非「日治」？ |publisher = 人間福報 |pages =  |date = 2013-09-12 |accessdate = 2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217112046/http://www.merit-times.com/NewsPage.aspx?unid=320102|archive-date=2013-12-17 |quote=...稱「日據」才是對歷史的尊重，也是對台灣先人抗日行為的尊重，更是符合我國的國格。...一九五二年我國與日本簽署《中日和約》，雙方承認「在一九四一年（民國三十年）十二月九日以前所締結一切條約、專約及協定，均因戰爭結果而歸無效」。雖然日本殖民統治台灣為事實，但依條約，中日兩國均已同意《馬關條約》為無效，因此我們認為，日本是在「占據」台灣行為下行使殖民統治。基於尊重條約與國家立場，所謂「日本統治時期」的正確用法應為「日據時期的殖民統治」。...日本政府在與我國所簽的《中日和約》中都已經接受《馬關條約》為無效，我們自己實在沒有理由與必要還一定要再說，日本在台灣五十年的殖民統治為正當的統治。我們再看看歷史，當日本以武力據有台灣時，成千上萬的台灣先民犧牲生命抵抗日本的殖民統治。如果我們到現在還在日本殖民統治的正當性，使用「日治」，等於是汙蔑了當時抗日先賢們的犧牲奮鬥。...}}</ref> Taiwanese historical scholar Wang Zhongfu (王仲孚), indicated that the terminology controversy is more about historical perspective than historical fact.<ref name="严思祺" />

The term "Japanese period" ({{zh|t=日本時代|poj=Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi}}) has been used in [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] and [[Taiwanese Hakka]].<ref name="曾韋禎 2016-10-30" />

==History==
{{See also|History of Taiwan}}

===Background===
====Early contact====
The Japanese had been trading for Chinese products in Taiwan (formerly known as {{nihongo|"Highland nation"|{{linktext|高砂国}}|Takasago-koku|lead=yes}}) since before the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] arrived in 1624. In 1593, [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] planned to incorporate Taiwan into his empire and sent an envoy with a letter demanding tribute.<ref name=gio3>{{cite web|author-link1=Huang Fu-san |last=Huang |first=Fu-san |date=2005 | title=Chapter 3 | work = A Brief History of Taiwan | publisher = ROC Government Information Office | url = http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/history/tw04.html |access-date = 2006-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070801062712/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/history/tw04.html |archive-date=August 1, 2007}}</ref> The letter was never delivered since there was no authority to receive it. In 1609, the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] sent [[Harunobu Arima]] on an exploratory mission of the island.{{sfnp|Wills|2006}} In 1616, [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] official [[Murayama Tōan]] sent 13 vessels to conquer Taiwan. The fleet was dispersed by a typhoon and the one junk that reached Taiwan was ambushed by headhunters, after which the expedition left and raided the Chinese coast instead.<ref name="gio3" /><ref>{{cite book | title=Theories and Methods in Japanese Studies: Current State and Future Developments (Papers in Honor of Josef Kreiner) | editor-first=Hans Dieter | editor-last=Ölschleger | location=Göttingen | publisher=Bonn University Press via V&R Unipress | year=2007 | isbn=978-3-89971-355-8 | chapter=Recent Trends in Scholarship on the History of Ryukyu's Relations with China and Japan | chapter-url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/Smits_bonn06_Revised.pdf | first=Gregory | last=Smits | pages=215–228 | access-date=July 4, 2023 | archive-date=March 2, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302074408/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/Smits_bonn06_Revised.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Frei, Henry P., Japan's Southward Advance and Australia, Univ of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, ç1991. p.34 - "...ordered the Governor of Nagasaki, Murayama Toan, to invade Formosa with a fleet of thirteen vessels and around 4000 men. Only a hurricane thwarted this effort and forced their early return"</ref>

In 1625, the senior leadership of the Dutch [[Dutch East India Company|United East India Company]] ({{langx|nl|Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie|italics}}, VOC) in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (modern [[Jakarta]]) ordered the [[Governor of Formosa|governor]] of the [[Dutch Formosa|Dutch colony on Taiwan]] (known to the Dutch as Formosa) to prevent the Japanese from trading on the island. The Chinese silk merchants refused to sell to the company because the Japanese paid more. The Dutch also restricted Japanese trade with the Ming dynasty. In response, the Japanese took on board 16 inhabitants from the aboriginal village of Sinkan and returned to Japan. Suetsugu Heizō Masanao housed the Sinkanders in Nagasaki. The Company sent a man named [[Peter Nuyts]] to Japan where he learned about the Sinkanders. The shogun declined to meet the Dutch and gave the Sinkanders gifts. Nuyts arrived in Taiwan before the Sinkanders and refused to allow them to land before the Sinkanders were jailed and their gifts confiscated. The Japanese took Nuyts hostage and only released him in return for their safe passage back to Japan with 200 picols of silk as well as the Sinkanders' freedom and the return of their gifts.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}} The Dutch blamed the Chinese for instigating the Sinkanders.{{sfn|Andrade|2008c}}

The Dutch dispatched a ship to repair relations with Japan, but it was seized and its crew imprisoned upon arrival. The loss of the Japanese trade made the Taiwanese colony far less profitable and the authorities in Batavia considered abandoning it before the Dutch Council of Formosa urged them to keep it unless they wanted the Portuguese and Spanish to take over. In June 1630, Suetsugu died and his son, Masafusa, allowed the company officials to reestablish communication with the shogun. Nuyts was sent to Japan as a prisoner and remained there until 1636 when he returned to the Netherlands. After 1635, the shogun forbade Japanese from going abroad and eliminated the Japanese threat to the company. The VOC expanded into previous Japanese markets in Southeast Asia. In 1639, the shogun ended all contact with the Portuguese, the company's major silver trade competitor.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}}

The [[Kingdom of Tungning]]'s merchant fleets continued to operate between Japan and Southeast Asian countries, reaping profits as a center of trade. They extracted a tax from traders for safe passage through the Taiwan Strait. Zheng Taiwan held a monopoly on certain commodities such as deer skin and sugarcane, which sold at a high price in Japan.{{sfn|Wong|2017|p=116}}

====Mudan incident====
[[File:Soldiers of the Japanese expedition in Taiwan.jpg|thumb|Saigō with leaders of the Seqalu tribe in Taiwan]]
[[File:TaiwanShuppei.jpg|thumb|Japanese painting of the expedition forces attacking the Mudan tribe, 1874]]

In December 1871, a [[Ryukyuan people|Ryukyuan]] vessel shipwrecked on the southeastern tip of Taiwan and 54 sailors were killed by aborigines.{{sfn|Barclay|2018|p=50}} The survivors encountered aboriginal men, presumably Paiwanese, who they followed to a small settlement, Kuskus, where they were given food and water. They claim they were robbed by their Kuskus hosts during the night and in the morning they were ordered to stay put while hunters left to search for game to provide a feast. The Ryukyuans departed while the hunting party was away and found shelter in the home of a trading-post serviceman, Deng Tianbao. The Paiwanese men found the Ryukyuans and slaughtered them. Nine Ryukyuans hid in Deng's home. They moved to another settlement where they found refuge with Deng's son-in-law, Yang Youwang. Yang arranged for the ransom of three men and sheltered the survivors before sending them to Taiwan Prefecture (modern Tainan). The Ryukuans headed home in July 1872.{{sfn|Barclay|2018|p=51-52}} The shipwreck and murder of the sailors came to be known as the [[Mudan incident (1871)|Mudan incident]], although it did not take place in Mudan (J. Botan), but at Kuskus (Gaoshifo).{{sfn|Barclay|2018|p=52}}

The Mudan incident did not immediately cause any concern in Japan. A few officials knew of it by mid-1872 but it was not until April 1874 that it became an international concern. The repatriation procedure in 1872 was by the books and had been a regular affair for several centuries. From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Qing had settled 401 Ryukyuan shipwreck incidents both on the coast of mainland China and Taiwan. The [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] did not ask Japanese officials for help regarding the shipwreck. Instead its king, [[Shō Tai]], sent a reward to Chinese officials in Fuzhou for the return of the 12 survivors.{{sfn|Barclay|2018|p=53–54}}

====Japanese invasion (1874)====
The Imperial Japanese Army started urging the government to [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)|invade Taiwan]] in 1872.{{sfn|Wong|2022|p=124–126}} The king of Ryukyu was [[Ryūkyū Disposition|dethroned]] by Japan and preparations for an invasion of Taiwan were undertaken in the same year. Japan blamed the Qing for not ruling Taiwan properly and claimed that the perpetrators of the [[Mudan incident]] were "all Taiwan savages beyond Chinese education and law."{{sfn|Wong|2022|p=124–126}} Therefore, Japan reasoned that the Taiwanese aboriginal people were outside the borders of China and Qing China consented to Japan's invasion.{{sfnp|Leung|1983|p=270}} Japan sent Kurooka Yunojo as a spy to survey eastern Taiwan.{{sfn|Wong|2022|p=127–128}}

In October 1872, Japan sought compensation from the Qing dynasty of China, claiming the Kingdom of [[Ryukyu|Ryūkyū]] was part of Japan. In May 1873, Japanese diplomats arrived in Beijing and put forward their claims; however, the Qing government immediately rejected Japanese demands on the ground that the Kingdom of [[Ryukyu|Ryūkyū]] at that time was an independent state and had nothing to do with Japan. The Japanese refused to leave and asked if the Chinese government would punish those "barbarians in Taiwan". The Qing authorities explained that there were two kinds of aborigines in Taiwan: those directly governed by the Qing, and those unnaturalized "raw barbarians... beyond the reach of Chinese culture. Thus could not be directly regulated." They indirectly hinted that foreigners traveling in those areas settled by indigenous people must exercise caution. The Qing dynasty made it clear to the Japanese that Taiwan was definitely within Qing jurisdiction, even though part of that island's aboriginal population was not yet under the influence of Chinese culture. The Qing also pointed to similar cases all over the world where an aboriginal population within a national boundary was not under the influence of the dominant culture of that country.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhao |first1=Jiaying |script-title=zh:中国近代外交史 |date=1994 |publisher=山西高校联合出版社 |location=Taiyuan |isbn=9787810325776 |edition=1st |language=zh |trans-title=A Diplomatic History of China}}</ref>

Japan announced that they were attacking aboriginals in Taiwan on 3 May 1874. In early May, Japanese advance forces established camp at Langqiao Bay. On 17 May, [[Saigō Jūdō]] led the main force, 3,600 strong, aboard four warships in Nagasaki head to Tainan.{{sfn|Wong|2022|p=132}} A small scouting party was ambushed and the Japanese camp sent 250 reinforcements to search the villages. The next day, Samata Sakuma encountered Mudan fighters, around 70 strong, occupying a commanding height. A twenty-men party climbed the cliffs and shot at the Mudan people, forcing them to flee.{{sfn|Wong|2022|p=134–137}} On 6 June, the Japanese emperor issued a certificate condemning the Taiwan "savages" for killing our "nationals", the Ryukyuans killed in southeastern Taiwan.{{sfn|Wong|2022|p=130}} The Japanese army split into three forces and headed in different directions to burn the aboriginal villages. On 3 June, they burnt all the villages that had been occupied. On 1 July, the new leader of the Mudan tribe and the chief of Kuskus surrendered.{{sfn|Wong|2022|p=137–138}} The Japanese settled in and established large camps with no intention of withdrawing, but in August and September 600 soldiers fell ill. The death toll rose to 561. Negotiations with Qing China began on 10 September. The Western Powers pressured China not to cause bloodshed with Japan as it would negatively impact the coastal trade. The resulting Peking Agreement was signed on 30 October. Japan gained the recognition of Ryukyu as its vassal and an indemnity payment of 500,000 taels. Japanese troops withdrew from Taiwan on 3 December.{{sfn|Wong|2022|p=141–143}}

====Sino-Japanese War====

The [[First Sino-Japanese War]] broke out between [[Qing dynasty]] China and Japan in 1894 following a dispute over the sovereignty of [[Korea]]. The acquisition of Taiwan by Japan was the result of Prime Minister [[Itō Hirobumi]]'s "southern strategy" adopted during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] in 1894–95 and the following diplomacy in the spring of 1895. Prime Minister Hirobumi's southern strategy, supportive of Japanese navy designs, paved the way for the occupation of [[Penghu Islands]] in late March as a prelude to the takeover of Taiwan. Soon after, while peace negotiations continued, Hirobumi and [[Mutsu Munemitsu]], his minister of foreign affairs, stipulated that both Taiwan and [[Penghu]] were to be ceded by imperial China.<ref name="Edward I-te Chen" >{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Edward I-te |title=Japan's Decision to Annex Taiwan: A Study of Ito-Mutsu Diplomacy, 1894–95 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date=November 1977 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=66–67 |doi=10.2307/2053328 |jstor=2053328 |s2cid=162461372 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Li Hongzhang]], China's chief diplomat, was forced to accede to these conditions as well as to other Japanese demands, and the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] was signed on April 17, then duly ratified by the Qing court on 8 May. The formal transfer of Taiwan and Penghu took place on a ship off the [[Keelung]] coast on June 2. This formality was conducted by Li's adopted son, Li Ching-fang, and Admiral [[Kabayama Sukenori]], a staunch advocate of annexation, whom Itō had appointed as governor-general of Taiwan.<ref>A detailed account of the transfer of Taiwan, translated from the ''Japan Mail'', appears in {{harvp|Davidson|1903|pp=293–295}}</ref>{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=203}}

The annexation of Taiwan was also based on considerations of productivity and ability to provide raw materials for Japan's expanding economy and to become a ready market for Japanese goods. Taiwan's strategic location was deemed advantageous as well. As envisioned by the navy, the island would form a southern bastion of defense from which to safeguard southernmost China and southeastern Asia.<ref name= Chen>{{harvp|Chen|1977|pp=71–72}} argues that Itō and Mutsu wanted Japan to gain equality with the Western powers. Japan's decision to annex Taiwan was not based on any long-range design for future aggression.</ref>

The period of Japanese rule in Taiwan has been divided into three periods under which different policies were prevalent: military suppression (1895–1915), {{nihongo4||同化|dōka}}: assimilation (1915–37), and {{nihongo4||皇民化|kōminka}}: Japanization (1937–45). A separate policy for aborigines was implemented.{{sfn|Shih|2022|p=327}}<ref>Ching, Leo T. S. (2001). Becoming "Japanese": Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 93–95. {{ISBN|0-520-22553-8}}.</ref>

===Armed resistance===
[[File:Japanese Soldier Entering Taipei(1895).jpg|thumb|Painting of Japanese soldiers entering the city of Taipeh (Taipei) in 1895 after the Treaty of Shimonoseki]]

As Taiwan was ceded by a treaty, the period that followed is referred to by some as its colonial era. Others who focus on the decades as a culmination of preceding war refer to it as the occupation period. The loss of Taiwan would become an [[Irredentism|irredentist]] rallying point for the [[Chinese nationalism|Chinese nationalist]] movement in the years that followed.<ref name="gio7">{{cite web |last=Huang |first=Fu-san |date=2005 |title=Chapter 6: Colonization and Modernization under Japanese Rule (1895–1945) |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/history/tw07.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317044611/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/history/tw07.html |archive-date=March 17, 2007 |access-date=2006-07-18 |work=A Brief History of Taiwan |publisher=ROC Government Information Office}}</ref>

The cession ceremony took place on board a Japanese vessel as the Chinese delegate feared reprisal from local residents.{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=293}} Japanese authorities encountered violent opposition in much of Taiwan. Five months of sustained warfare occurred after the [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)|invasion of Taiwan]] in 1895 and partisan attacks continued until 1902. For the first two years, colonial authority relied mainly on military action and local pacification efforts. Disorder and panic were prevalent in Taiwan after Penghu was seized by Japan in March 1895. On 20 May, Qing officials were ordered to leave their posts. General mayhem and destruction ensued in the following months.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=205–206}}

Japanese forces landed on the coast of [[Keelung]] on 29 May and [[Tamsui]]'s harbor was bombarded. Remnant Qing units and [[Guangdong]] irregulars briefly fought against Japanese forces in the north. After the fall of [[Taipei]] on 7 June, local militia and partisan bands [[Taiwanese Resistance to the Japanese Invasion (1895)|continued the resistance]]. In the south, a small [[Black Flag Army|Black Flag]] force led by [[Liu Yongfu]] delayed Japanese landings. Governor [[Tang Jingsong]] attempted to carry out anti-Japanese resistance efforts as the [[Republic of Formosa]], however he still professed to be a Qing loyalist. The declaration of a republic was, according to Tang, to delay the Japanese so that Western powers might be compelled to defend Taiwan.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=205–206}} The plan quickly turned to chaos as the [[Green Standard Army]] and [[Yue Chinese|Yue]] soldiers from [[Guangxi]] took to looting and pillaging Taiwan. Given the choice between chaos at the hands of bandits or submission to the Japanese, Taipei's gentry elite sent [[Koo Hsien-jung]] to Keelung to invite the advancing Japanese forces to proceed to Taipei and restore order.{{sfnp|Morris|2002|pp=4–18}} The Republic, established on 25 May, disappeared 12 days later when its leaders left for the mainland.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=205–206}} Liu Yongfu formed a temporary government in [[Tainan]] but escaped to the mainland as well as Japanese forces closed in.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=207}} Between 200,000 and 300,000 people fled Taiwan in 1895.{{sfn|Wang|2006|p=95}}{{sfn|Davidson|1903|p=561}} Chinese residents in Taiwan were given the option of selling their property and leaving by May 1897, or become Japanese citizens. From 1895 to 1897, an estimated 6,400 people, mostly gentry elites, sold their property and left Taiwan. The vast majority did not have the means or will to leave.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=208}}{{sfn|Brooks|2000|p=110}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawley |first1=Evan |title=Was Taiwan Ever Really a Part of China? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/was-taiwan-ever-really-a-part-of-china/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=10 June 2021 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610153932/https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/was-taiwan-ever-really-a-part-of-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Upon Tainan's surrender, Kabayama declared Taiwan pacified, however his proclamation was premature. In December, a series of anti-Japanese uprisings occurred in northern Taiwan, and would continue to occur at a rate of roughly one per month. [[Battle of Changhsing|Armed resistance]] by [[Hakka people|Hakka]] villagers broke out in the south. A series of prolonged partisan attacks, led by "local bandits" or "rebels", lasted throughout the next seven years. After 1897, uprisings by Chinese nationalists were commonplace. {{Interlanguage link|Luo Fuxing|zh|3=羅福星}}, a member of the [[Tongmenghui]] organization preceding the [[Kuomintang]], was arrested and executed along with two hundred of his comrades in 1913.{{sfnp|Zhang|1998|p=515}} Japanese reprisals were often more brutal than the guerrilla attacks staged by the rebels. In June 1896, 6,000 Taiwanese were slaughtered in the Yunlin Massacre. From 1898 to 1902, some 12,000 "bandit-rebels" were killed in addition to the 6,000–14,000 killed in the initial resistance war of 1895.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=207}}{{sfn|Chang|2003|p=56}}<ref name = msu>{{cite web |title = Taiwan – History |website = Windows on Asia |publisher = [[Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University]] |url = http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/east_asia/taiwan/history.htm |access-date = 2014-12-22 |archive-date = December 22, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141222230005/http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/east_asia/taiwan/history.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> During the conflict, 5,300 Japanese were killed or wounded, and 27,000 were hospitalized.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=207–208}}

Rebellions were often caused by a combination of unequal colonial policies on local elites and extant [[Millenarianism|millenarian]] beliefs of the local Taiwanese and plains indigenous.{{sfnp|Katz|2005}} Ideologies of resistance drew on different ideals such as [[Taishō democracy]], [[Chinese nationalism]], and nascent Taiwanese self-determination.{{sfnp|Zhang|1998|p=514}} Support for resistance was partly class-based and many of the wealthy Han people in Taiwan preferred the order of colonial rule to the lawlessness of insurrection.{{sfn|Price|2019|p=115}}

<blockquote>
"The cession of the island to Japan was received with such disfavour by the Chinese inhabitants that a large military force was required to effect its occupation. For nearly two years afterwards, a bitter guerrilla resistance was offered to the Japanese troops, and large forces&nbsp;– over 100,000 men, it was stated at the time&nbsp;– were required for its suppression. This was not accomplished without much cruelty on the part of the conquerors, who, in their march through the island, perpetrated all the worst excesses of war. They had, undoubtedly, considerable provocation. They were constantly attacked by ambushed enemies, and their losses from battle and disease far exceeded the entire loss of the whole Japanese army throughout the Manchurian campaign. But their revenge was often taken on innocent villagers. Men, women, and children were ruthlessly slaughtered or became the victims of unrestrained lust and rapine. The result was to drive from their homes thousands of industrious and peaceful peasants, who, long after the main resistance had been completely crushed, continued to wage a vendetta war, and to generate feelings of hatred which the succeeding years of conciliation and good government have not wholly eradicated."&nbsp;– ''[[The Cambridge Modern History#XII. The Latest Age (1910)|The Cambridge Modern History]]'', Volume 12<ref name="WardProthero1910">{{cite book|author1=Sir [[Adolphus William Ward]]|author2=[[George Walter Prothero]]|author3=Sir [[Stanley Mordaunt Leathes]]|author4=[[Ernest Alfred Benians]]|title=The Cambridge Modern History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMBBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA573|year=1910|publisher=Macmillan|pages=573–}}</ref>
</blockquote>

[[File:Xilaian Incident.jpg|thumb|Insurgents captured during the Seirai-an Temple Incident, 1915]]
[[File:Xilaian Temple.JPG|thumb|Seirai-an Temple ([[Tainan]])]]
Major armed resistance was largely crushed by 1902 but minor rebellions started occurring again in 1907, such as the [[Beipu uprising]] by Hakka and [[Saisiyat people]] in 1907, Luo Fuxing in 1913 and the [[Tapani Incident]] of 1915.{{sfnp|Katz|2005}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&context=theses |title= The turtle woman's voices: Multilingual strategies of resistance and assimilation in Taiwan under Japanese colonial rule |author= Huang-wen lai|date=2015 |format=pdf published=2007|access-date=11 November 2015 |page=113}}</ref> The Beipu uprising occurred on 14 November 1907 when a group of Hakka insurgents killed 57 Japanese officers and members of their family. In the following reprisal, 100 Hakka men and boys were killed in the village of Neidaping.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a35fDwAAQBAJ&dq=beipu+uprising&pg=PT275 | isbn=9781780239521 | title=Lesser Dragons: Minority Peoples of China | date=15 May 2018 | publisher=Reaktion Books }}</ref> Luo Fuxing was an overseas Taiwanese Hakka involved with the Tongmenghui. He planned to organize a rebellion against the Japanese with 500 fighters, resulting in the execution of more than 1,000 Taiwanese by Japanese police. Luo was killed on 3 March 1914.{{sfn|Chang|2003|p=56}}<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf5f-O2AYWkC&dq=luo+fuxing&pg=PA39 | isbn=9781135790394 | title=Place and Spirit in Taiwan: Tudi Gong in the Stories, Strategies and Memories of Everyday Life | date=29 August 2003 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> In 1915, Yu Qingfang organized a religious group that openly challenged Japanese authority. Indigenous and Han forces led by [[Chiang Ting]] and Yu stormed multiple Japanese police stations. In what is known as the Tapani incident, 1,413 members of Yu's religious group were captured. Yu and 200 of his followers were executed.{{sfn|Tsai|2009|p=134}} After the Tapani rebels were defeated, [[Andō Teibi]] ordered Tainan's Second Garrison to retaliate through massacre. Military police in [[Yujing District|Tapani]] and [[Jiasian District|Jiasian]] announced that they would pardon any anti-Japanese militants and that those who had fled into the mountains should return to their village. Once they returned, the villagers were told to line up in a field, dig holes, and were then executed by firearm. According to oral tradition, at least 5,000–6,000 people died in this incident.{{sfn|Wang|2000|p=113}}{{sfn|Su|1980|p=447–448}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iao.sinica.edu.tw/significant-research-results-pdf/090-094-em19.pdf|title=Governmentality and Its Consequences in Colonial Taiwan: A Case Study of the Ta-pa-ni Incident|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070924110630/http://iao.sinica.edu.tw/significant-research-results-pdf/090-094-em19.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2007 }}</ref>

===Non-violent resistance===
[[Nonviolent resistance|Nonviolent means of resistance]] such as the [[Taiwanese Cultural Association]] (TCA), founded by [[Chiang Wei-shui]] in 1921, continued to exist after most violent means were exhausted. Chiang was born in [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan]] in 1891 and was raised on a Confucian education paid by a father who identified as a Han Chinese. In 1905, Chiang started attending Japanese elementary school. At the age of 20, he was admitted to Taiwan Sotokufu Medical School and in his first year of college, Chiang joined the Taiwan Branch of the "Chinese United Alliance" founded by [[Sun Yat-sen]]. The TCA's anthem, composed by Chiang, promoted friendship between China and Japan, Han and Japanese, and peace between Asians and white people. He saw Taiwanese people as Japanese nationals of Han Chinese ethnicity and wished to position the TCA as an intermediary between China and Japan. The TCA also aimed to "adopt a stance of national self-determination, enacting the enlightenment of the Islanders, and seeking legal extension of civil rights."{{sfn|Shih|2022|p=329}} He told the Japanese authorities that the TCA was not a political movement and would not engage in politics.{{sfn|Shih|2022|p=330}}

Statements aspiring to self determination and Taiwan belonging to the Taiwanese were possible at the time due to the relatively progressive era of [[Taishō Democracy]]. At the time most Taiwanese intellectuals did not wish for Taiwan to be an extension of Japan. "Taiwan is Taiwan people's Taiwan" became a common position for all anti-Japanese groups for the next decade. In December 1920, Lin Hsien-tang and 178 Taiwanese residents filed a petition to Tokyo seeking self-determination. It was rejected.{{sfn|Shih|2022|p=330–331}} Taiwanese intellectuals, led by [[New People Society]], [[Petition Movement for the Establishment of a Taiwanese Parliament|started a movement to petition]] to the Japanese Diet to establish a self-governing parliament in Taiwan, and to reform the government-general. The Japanese government attempted to dissuade the population from supporting the movement, first by offering the participants membership in an advisory Consulative Council, then ordered the local governments and public schools to dismiss locals suspected of supporting the movement. The movement lasted 13 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=I-te chen |first1=Edward |title=Formosan Political Movements Under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1914-1937. |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |year=1972 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=477–497 |doi=10.2307/2052230|jstor=2052230 |s2cid=154679070 }}</ref> Although unsuccessful, the movement prompted the Japanese government to introduce local assemblies in 1935.<ref name=nittaikyo>{{cite web| title =戦間期台湾地方選挙に関する考察| work =古市利雄| publisher =台湾研究フォーラム 【台湾研究論壇】| url =http://www.nittaikyo-ei.join-us.jp/koichi.html| access-date =2009-10-02| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080411052847/http://www.nittaikyo-ei.join-us.jp/koichi.html| archive-date =April 11, 2008| df =mdy-all}}</ref> Taiwan also had seats in [[House of Peers (Japan)|House of Peers]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Yeh |first=Lindy |title=The Koo family: a century in Taiwan |work=Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/04/15/132003 |date=15 Apr 2002 |page=3 |access-date=2014-12-22 |archive-date=May 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507023327/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/04/15/132003 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The TCA had over 1,000 members composed of intellectuals, landlords, public school graduates, medical practitioners, and the gentry class. TCA branches were established across Taiwan except in indigenous areas. They gave cultural lecture tours and taught Classical Chinese as well as other more modern subjects. The TCA sought to promote vernacular Chinese language. Cultural Lecture Tours were treated as a festivity, using firecrackers traditionally used to ward off evil as a challenge against Japanese authority. If any criticism of Japan was heard, the police immediately ordered the speaker to step down.  In 1923 the TCA co-founded ''Taiwan People's News'' which was published in Tokyo and then shipped to Taiwan. It was subjected to severe censorship by Japanese authorities. As many as seven or eight issues were banned. Chiang and others applied to set up an "Alliance to Urge for a Taiwan Parliament." It was deemed legal in Tokyo but illegal in Taiwan. In 1923, 99 Alliance members were arrested and 18 were tried in court. Chiang was forced to defend against the charge of "asserting 'Taiwan has 3.6 million ''Zhonghua Minzu/Han'' People' in petition leaflets."{{sfn|Shih|2022|p=331–333}} Thirteen were convicted: 6 fined, 7 imprisoned (including Chiang). Chiang was imprisoned more than ten times.{{sfn|Shih|2022|p=333}}

[[File:Flag of Taiwanese People's Party (1929).svg|thumb|The original flag of the [[Taiwanese People's Party]]]]
[[File:Chiang Wei-shui covered by TPP's first flag.jpg|thumb|[[Chiang Wei-shui]] was covered by the party's original flag after his death.<ref>[http://www.weishui.org/p/burial.html 蔣渭水最後的驚嘆號－崇隆大眾葬紀錄時代心情], 蔣渭水文化基金會</ref>]]

The TCA split in 1927 to form the New TCA and the [[Taiwanese People's Party]]. The TCA had been influenced by communist ideals resulting in Chiang and Lin's departure to form the Taiwan People's Party (TPP). The New TCA later became a subsidiary of the [[Taiwanese Communist Party]], founded in [[Shanghai]] in 1928, and the only organization advocating for Taiwan's independence. The TPP's flag was designed by Chiang and drew on the [[Republic of China]]'s flag for inspiration. In February 1931, the TPP was banned by the Japanese colonial government. The TCA was also banned in the same year. Chiang died from typhoid on 23 August.{{sfn|Shih|2022|p=335–336}}<ref>{{cite web |title=台灣大百科橫 |url=https://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=3736 |website=nrch.culture.tw |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527204905/https://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=3736 |archive-date=May 27, 2016 |language=zh |url-status=live}}</ref> However, right-leaning members such as [[Lin Hsien-tang]], who were more cooperative with the Japanese, formed the Taiwanese Alliance for Home Rule, and the organization survived until WW2.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archives.ith.sinica.edu.tw/collections_con.php?no=228 | title=三、臺人政治運動的興起與分裂（三） &#124; 中央研究院臺灣史研究所檔案館 - 臺灣歷史檔案資源網 | access-date=December 23, 2022 | archive-date=December 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223123041/https://archives.ith.sinica.edu.tw/collections_con.php?no=228 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Assimilation movement===
The "early years" of Japanese administration on Taiwan typically refers to the period between the Japanese forces' first landing in May 1895 and the [[Tapani Incident]] of 1915, which marked the high point of armed resistance. During this period, popular resistance to Japanese rule was high, and the world questioned whether a non-Western nation such as Japan could effectively govern a colony of its own. An 1897 session of the [[Japanese Diet]] debated whether to sell Taiwan to France.<ref>{{cite book|author=Shaohua Hu|title=Foreign Policies toward Taiwan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlsvDwAAQBAJ&q=In+1897,+the+Japanese+Diet+actually+considered+selling+Taiwan+to+France&pg=PT39|year=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-06174-3|pages=161–|access-date=October 29, 2020|archive-date=April 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410201252/https://books.google.com/books?id=TlsvDwAAQBAJ&q=In+1897,+the+Japanese+Diet+actually+considered+selling+Taiwan+to+France&pg=PT39|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1898, the [[Meiji government]] of Japan appointed Count [[Kodama Gentarō]] as the fourth Governor-General, with the talented civilian politician [[Gotō Shinpei]] as his Chief of Home Affairs, establishing the [[carrot and stick]] approach towards governance that would continue for several years.<ref name=gio7 />

Gotō Shinpei reformed the policing system, and he sought to co-opt existing traditions to expand Japanese power. Out of the Qing [[baojia]] system, he crafted the [[Hoko system]] of community control. The Hoko system eventually became the primary method by which the Japanese authorities went about all sorts of tasks from tax collecting, to opium smoking abatement, to keeping tabs on the population. Under the Hoko system, every community was broken down into Ko, groups of ten neighboring households.  When a person was convicted of a serious crime, the person's entire Ko would be fined. The system only became more effective as it was integrated with the local police.<ref name= "Taipei Times 2020" >{{cite web |last1=Crook |first1=Steven |title=Highways and Byways: Handcuffed to the past |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2020/12/04/2003748073 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |date=December 4, 2020 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=7 December 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126225054/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2020/12/04/2003748073 |url-status=live }}</ref> Under Gotō, police stations were established in every part of the island. Rural police stations took on extra duties with those in the aboriginal regions operating schools known as "savage children's educational institutes" to assimilate aboriginal children into Japanese culture. The local police station also controlled the rifles which aboriginal men relied upon for hunting as well as operated small barter stations which created small captive economies.<ref name= "Taipei Times 2020" />

In 1914, [[Itagaki Taisuke]] briefly led a Taiwan assimilation movement as a response to appeals from influential Taiwanese spokesmen such as the Wufeng Lin family and Lin Hsien-t'ang and his cousin. Wealthy Taiwanese made donations to the movement. In December 1914, Itagaki formally inaugurated the Taiwan Dōkakai, an assimilation society. Within a week, over 3,000 Taiwanese and 45 Japanese residents joined the society. After Itagaki left later that month, leaders of the society were arrested and its Taiwanese members detained or harassed. In January 1915, the Taiwan Dōkakai was disbanded.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=219}}

Japanese colonial policy sought to strictly segregate the Japanese and Taiwanese population until 1922.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=220–221}} Taiwanese students who moved to Japan for their studies were able to associate more freely with Japanese and took to Japanese ways more readily than their island counterparts. However full assimilation was rare. Even acculturated Taiwanese seem to have become more aware of their distinctiveness and island background while living in Japan.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=230}}

An attempt to fully Japanize the Taiwanese people was made during the ''kōminka'' period (1937–45). The reasoning was that only as fully assimilated subjects could Taiwan's inhabitants fully commit to Japan's war and national aspirations.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=240}} The ''kōminka'' movement was generally unsuccessful and few Taiwanese became "true Japanese" due to the short time period and large population. In terms of acculturation under controlled circumstances, it can be considered relatively effective.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=242}}

=== Policies for indigenous peoples ===

====Status====
The Japanese administration followed the Qing classification of [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|indigenous]] into acculturated (''shufan''), semi-acculturated (''huafan''), and non-acculturated aborigines (''shengfan''). Acculturated indigenous were treated the same as Chinese people and lost their aboriginal status. Han Chinese and ''shufan'' were both treated as natives of Taiwan by the Japanese. Below them were the semi-acculturated and non-acculturated "barbarians" who lived outside normal administrative units and upon whom government laws did not apply.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=189–190}} According to the ''Sōtokufu'' (Office of the Governor-General), although the mountain aborigines were technically humans in biological and social terms, they were animals under international law.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=192}}

====Land rights====
The ''Sōtokufu'' claimed all unreclaimed and forest land in Taiwan as government property.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=183}} New use of forest land was forbidden. In October 1895, the government declared that these areas belonged to the government unless claimants could provide hard documentation or evidence of ownership. No investigation into the validity of titles or survey of land were conducted until 1911. The Japanese authority denied the rights of indigenous to their property, land, and anything on the land. Although the Japanese government did not control indigenous land directly prior to military occupation, the Han and acculturated indigenous were forbidden from any contractual relationships with indigenous.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=191}} The indigenous were living on government land but did not submit to government authority, and as they did not have political organization, they could not enjoy property ownership.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=192}} The acculturated indigenous also lost their rent holder rights under the new property laws, although they were able to sell them. Some reportedly welcomed the sale of rent rights because they had difficulty collecting rent.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=195–197}}

In practice, the early years of Japanese rule were spent fighting mostly Chinese insurgents and the government took on a more conciliatory approach to the indigenous. Starting in 1903, the government implemented stricter and more coercive policies. It expanded the guard lines, previously the settler-aboriginal boundary, to restrict the indigenous' living space. By 1904 the guard lines had increased by 80&nbsp;km from the end of Qing rule. Sakuma Samata launched a five-year plan for aboriginal management, which saw attacks against the indigenous and landmines and electrified fences used to force them into submission. Electrified fences were no longer necessary by 1924 due to the overwhelming government advantage.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=193}}

After Japan subjugated the mountain indigenous, a small portion of land was set aside for indigenous use. From 1919 to 1934, indigenous were relocated to areas that would not impede forest development. At first, they were given a small compensation for land use, but this was discontinued later on, and the indigenous were forced to relinquish all claims to their land. In 1928, it was decided that each indigenous would be allotted three hectares of reserve land. Some of the allotted land was taken for forest enterprise when it was discovered that the indigenous population was bigger than the estimated 80,000. The size of the allotted land was reduced but allotments were not adhered to anyway. In 1930, the government relocated indigenous to the foothills and invested in agricultural infrastructure to turn them into subsistence farmers. They were given less than half the originally promised land,{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=204–205}} amounting to one-eighth of their ancestral lands.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=1}}

==== Indigenous peoples resistance ====
Indigenous resistance to the heavy-handed Japanese policies of acculturation and pacification lasted up until the early 1930s.{{sfnp|Katz|2005}} By 1903, indigenous rebellions had resulted in the deaths of 1,900 Japanese in 1,132 incidents.{{sfn|Price|2019|p=115}} In 1911 a large military force invaded Taiwan's mountainous areas to gain access to timber resources. By 1915, many indigenous villages had been destroyed. The [[Atayal people|Atayal]] and [[Bunun people|Bunun]] resisted the hardest against colonization.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=211–212}} The Bunun and Atayal were described as the "most ferocious" indigenous peoples, and police stations were targeted by indigenous in intermittent assaults.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JN4gAQAAMAAJ&q=The+savages+of++Taiyal+and+Bunun+tribes+are+known+as+the+most+ferocious+of+all+...+++++Occasional+raids+on+police+stations+and+head-hunting+of+innocent+people+were+committed+after+that,+owing+to+the+instigation+of+malcontents.+The+worst+outbreak+that+took+place+was+the+Musha+Incident+in+October,+1930,+which+culminated+in+the+sending+of+troops. The Japan Year Book 1937] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410201254/https://books.google.com/books?id=JN4gAQAAMAAJ&q=The+savages+of++Taiyal+and+Bunun+tribes+are+known+as+the+most+ferocious+of+all+...+++++Occasional+raids+on+police+stations+and+head-hunting+of+innocent+people+were+committed+after+that,+owing+to+the+instigation+of+malcontents.+The+worst+outbreak+that+took+place+was+the+Musha+Incident+in+October,+1930,+which+culminated+in+the+sending+of+troops. |date=April 10, 2023 }}, p. 1004.</ref>

The Bunun under Chief [[:zh:拉荷·阿雷|Raho Ari]] engaged in guerrilla warfare against the Japanese for twenty years. Raho Ari's revolt, called the [[:zh:大分事件|Taifun Incident]] was sparked when the Japanese implemented a gun control policy in 1914 against the indigenous peoples in which their rifles were impounded in police stations when hunting expeditions were over. The revolt began at Taifun when a police platoon was slaughtered by Raho Ari's clan in 1915. A settlement holding 266 people called Tamaho was created by Raho Ari and his followers near the source of the [[Laonong River|Rōnō River]] and attracted more Bunun rebels to their cause. Raho Ari and his followers captured bullets and guns and slew Japanese in repeated hit and run raids against Japanese police stations by infiltrating over the Japanese "guardline" of electrified fences and police stations as they pleased.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3YOoAwAAQBAJ&dq=Raho+Ari&pg=PA16 Crook 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410201255/https://books.google.com/books?id=3YOoAwAAQBAJ&dq=Raho+Ari&pg=PA16 |date=April 10, 2023 }}, p. 16.</ref> As a result, head hunting and assaults on police stations by indigenous still continued after that year.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JN4gAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Four+Tribes+The+savages+of+the+Taiyal+and+Bunun+tribes+are+known+as+the+most+ferocious+of+all.+...+The+confiscation+of+their+arms+was+one+of+the+important+tasks.+All+arms+were+given+up+to+the+Japanese+authorities+by+the+northern+aborigines+in+1914.This+completed+the+task+of+aboriginal+pacification+in+January,+1915.+%C2%A3+Occasional+raids+on+police+stations+and+^+head-hunting+of+innocent+people+were+%22^+committed+after+that,+owing+to+... The Japan Year Book 1937] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410201229/https://books.google.com/books?id=JN4gAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Four+Tribes+The+savages+of+the+Taiyal+and+Bunun+tribes+are+known+as+the+most+ferocious+of+all.+...+The+confiscation+of+their+arms+was+one+of+the+important+tasks.+All+arms+were+given+up+to+the+Japanese+authorities+by+the+northern+aborigines+in+1914.This+completed+the+task+of+aboriginal+pacification+in+January%2C+1915.+%C2%A3+Occasional+raids+on+police+stations+and+%5E+head-hunting+of+innocent+people+were+%22%5E+committed+after+that%2C+owing+to+... |date=April 10, 2023 }}, p. 1004.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q13dXd25_04C&q=The+Four+Tribes+The+savages+of+the+Taiyal+and+Bunun+tribes+are+known+as+the+most+ferocious+of+all.+...+The+confiscation+of+their+arms+was+one+of+the+important+tasks.+All+arms+were+given+up+to+the+Japanese+authorities+by+the+northern+aborigines+in+1914.This+completed+the+task+of+aboriginal+pacification+in+January,+1915.+%C2%A3+Occasional+raids+on+police+stations+and+^+head-hunting+of+innocent+people+were+%22^+committed+after+that,+owing+to+... ed. Inahara 1937], p. 1004.</ref> In one of Taiwan's southern towns nearly 5,000 to 6,000 were slaughtered by Japanese in 1915.<ref name="Wang2015">{{cite book|author=Tay-sheng Wang|title=Legal Reform in Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1895–1945: The Reception of Western Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Y5xCQAAQBAJ&q=japanese+machine+gun+taiwan&pg=PA113|date=28 April 2015|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80388-3|pages=113–|access-date=October 29, 2020|archive-date=April 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410201230/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Y5xCQAAQBAJ&q=japanese+machine+gun+taiwan&pg=PA113|url-status=live}}</ref>

As resistance to the long-term oppression by the Japanese government, many [[Taivoan people]] from [[Jiasian District|Kōsen]] led the first local rebellion against Japan in July 1915, called the [[Jiasian Incident]] ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 甲仙埔事件, [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''Kōsenpo jiken''). This was followed by a wider rebellion from [[Yujing District|Tamai]] in [[Tainan Prefecture|Tainan]] to Kōsen in [[Kaohsiung|Takao]] in August 1915, known as the [[Tapani incident|Seirai-an Incident]] ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 西来庵事件, [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''Seirai-an jiken'') in which more than 1,400 local people died or were killed by the Japanese government. Twenty-two years later, the Taivoan people struggled to carry on another rebellion; since most of the indigenous people were from [[Siaolin Village|Kobayashi]], the resistance taking place in 1937 was named the Kobayashi Incident ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 小林事件, [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''Kobayashi jiken'').<ref>{{Cite book|title=種回小林村的記憶 : 大武壠民族植物暨部落傳承400年人文誌 (A 400-Year Memory of Xiaolin Taivoan: Their Botany, Their History, and Their People)|publisher=高雄市杉林區日光小林社區發展協會 (Sunrise Xiaolin Community Development Association)|year=2017|isbn=978-986-95852-0-0|location=Kaohsiung City}}</ref> 
Between 1921 and 1929 indigenous raids died down, but a major revival and surge in indigenous armed resistance erupted from 1930 to 1933 for four years during which the [[Musha Incident|Musha incident]] occurred and Bunun carried out raids, after which armed conflict again died down.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ffazY4d7ukC&q=...+between+1930+and+1933,+as+a+period+of+large-scale+raids,+during+which+time,+the+aborigines+attacked+police+stations+and+police+posts,18+the+relative+...+of+Bunun+head-hunters+decapitated+a+policeman+and+killed+three+children+%28Miyamoto+et+al. ed. Lin 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410201703/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ffazY4d7ukC&q=...+between+1930+and+1933,+as+a+period+of+large-scale+raids,+during+which+time,+the+aborigines+attacked+police+stations+and+police+posts,18+the+relative+...+of+Bunun+head-hunters+decapitated+a+policeman+and+killed+three+children+%28Miyamoto+et+al. |date=April 10, 2023 }}, p. 84.</ref> The 1930 "New Flora and Silva, Volume 2" said of the mountain indigenous that "the majority of them live in a state of war against Japanese authority".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dKrNAAAAMAAJ&q=Over+7000+square+miles+of+the+island+is+recognized+as+savage+territory.+Some+of+the+tribes+have+been+brought+under+control,+but+the+majority+of+them+live+in+a+state+of+war+against+Japanese+authority+and+against+their+neighbours. ed. Cox 1930] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410201301/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKrNAAAAMAAJ&q=Over+7000+square+miles+of+the+island+is+recognized+as+savage+territory.+Some+of+the+tribes+have+been+brought+under+control,+but+the+majority+of+them+live+in+a+state+of+war+against+Japanese+authority+and+against+their+neighbours. |date=April 10, 2023 }}, p. 94.</ref>

The last major indigenous rebellion, the Musha Incident, occurred on 27 October 1930 when the [[Seediq people]], angry over their treatment while laboring in [[camphor]] extraction, launched the last headhunting party. Groups of Seediq warriors led by [[Mona Rudao]] attacked policed stations and the Musha Public School. Approximately 350 students, 134 Japanese, and 2 Han Chinese dressed in Japanese garbs were killed in the attack. The uprising was crushed by 2,000–3,000 Japanese troops and indigenous auxiliaries with the help of [[poison gas]]. The armed conflict ended in December when the Seediq leaders committed suicide. According to Japanese colonial records, 564 Seediq warriors surrendered and 644 were killed or committed suicide.{{sfn|Matsuda|2019|p=106}} {{sfnp|Ching|2001|pp=137–140}} The incident caused the government to take a more conciliatory stance towards the indigenous, and during [[World War 2]], the government tried to assimilate them as loyal subjects.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=193}} According to a 1933-year book, wounded people in the war against the indigenous numbered around 4,160, with 4,422 civilians dead and 2,660 military personnel killed.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JJAkAQAAMAAJ&q=those+35+years,+those+of+police,+Japanese+and+native,+numbered+2,660+and+those+of+civilians+4,422.+During+the+same+period+4,160+were+wounded+in+connection+with+the+campaign+against+savages....+...+Musha+Revolt+A+big+revolt+of+savages+known+as+%22+Musha+Revolt+%22+took+place+in+the+summer+of+1929+in+Formosa+among+tribesmen+of+Musha+... The Japan Year Book 1933], p. 1139.</ref> According to a 1935 report, 7,081 Japanese were killed in the armed struggle from 1896 to 1933 while the Japanese confiscated 29,772 Aboriginal guns by 1933.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zDMrAQAAIAAJ&q=They+are+divided+into+seven+kinds,+and+of+these+the+TaJyal+race+are+tho+most+savage.+...+Tiip+task+had+thus+been+making+a+favorable+headway,+when+in+when+in+1930+the+so-called+Musha+affair,+a+revolt+of+aborigines+in+Musha+against+the+Japanese+authorities,+occurred,+but+this,+too,+was+settled+through+prompt+action+...Upon+to+the+end+of+1933,+altogether+29,772+arms+were+seized+from+the+aborigines,+of+which+14,286+were+taken+in+1914,+...+The+number+of+Japanese+Killed+in+the+campaign+of+suppression+from+the+29th+year+of+Melji+%281J96%29+up+to+the+end+of+1933+was+7,081.&dq=They+are+divided+into+seven+kinds,+and+of+these+the+TaJyal+race+are+tho+most+savage.+...+Tiip+task+had+thus+been+making+a+favorable+headway,+when+in+when+in+1930+the+so-called+Musha+affair,+a+revolt+of+aborigines+in+Musha+against+the+Japanese+authorities,+occurred,+but+this,+too,+was+settled+through+prompt+action+...Upon+to+the+end+of+1933,+altogether+29,772+arms+were+seized+from+the+aborigines,+of+which+14,286+were+taken+in+1914,+...+The+number+of+Japanese+Killed+in+the+campaign+of+suppression+from+the+29th+year+of+Melji+%281J96%29+up+to+the+end+of+1933+was+7,081.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WHkYVZX4EJffsASgv4LIBg&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA Japan's progress number ... July 1935] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205124053/https://books.google.com/books?id=zDMrAQAAIAAJ&q=They+are+divided+into+seven+kinds,+and+of+these+the+TaJyal+race+are+tho+most+savage.+...+Tiip+task+had+thus+been+making+a+favorable+headway,+when+in+when+in+1930+the+so-called+Musha+affair,+a+revolt+of+aborigines+in+Musha+against+the+Japanese+authorities,+occurred,+but+this,+too,+was+settled+through+prompt+action+...Upon+to+the+end+of+1933,+altogether+29,772+arms+were+seized+from+the+aborigines,+of+which+14,286+were+taken+in+1914,+...+The+number+of+Japanese+Killed+in+the+campaign+of+suppression+from+the+29th+year+of+Melji+%281J96%29+up+to+the+end+of+1933+was+7,081.&dq=They+are+divided+into+seven+kinds,+and+of+these+the+TaJyal+race+are+tho+most+savage.+...+Tiip+task+had+thus+been+making+a+favorable+headway,+when+in+when+in+1930+the+so-called+Musha+affair,+a+revolt+of+aborigines+in+Musha+against+the+Japanese+authorities,+occurred,+but+this,+too,+was+settled+through+prompt+action+...Upon+to+the+end+of+1933,+altogether+29,772+arms+were+seized+from+the+aborigines,+of+which+14,286+were+taken+in+1914,+...+The+number+of+Japanese+Killed+in+the+campaign+of+suppression+from+the+29th+year+of+Melji+%281J96%29+up+to+the+end+of+1933+was+7,081.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WHkYVZX4EJffsASgv4LIBg&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA |date=February 5, 2016 }}, p. 19.</ref>

===Japanization===
[[File:Kinichiro Ishikawa - Government House, Taiwan (1916).jpg|thumb|[[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Governor-General's Office]] in the 1930s (illustrated by [[Kinichiro Ishikawa|Ishikawa Kin'ichiro]])]]
[[File:1921年旅居臺灣的支那留學生 Foreign Students from China visited the Taiwan Governor Museum in Taipei, TAIWAN.jpg|thumb|A group of foreign students from [[Mainland China]] who lived in Taiwan in 1921 visited [[National Taiwan Museum|Taiwan Governor Museum]].]]
[[File:Bombing campaign. Southeast Asia & the Pacific - NARA - 292592.tif|thumb|Allied bombing of the Byōritsu oil refinery on Formosa, May 25, 1945]]

As Japan embarked on [[Japanese invasion of China|full-scale war with China]] in 1937, it implemented the "[[Kōminka movement (Taiwan)|''kōminka'']]" imperial Japanization project to instill the "Japanese Spirit" in Taiwanese residents, and ensure the Taiwanese would remain imperial subjects (''kōmin'') of the Japanese Emperor rather than support a Chinese victory. The goal was to make sure the Taiwanese people did not develop a sense of "their national identity, pride, culture, language, religion, and customs".{{sfn|Chen|2001|p=181}} To this end, the cooperation of the Taiwanese would be essential, and the Taiwanese would have to be fully assimilated as members of Japanese society. As a result, earlier social movements were banned and the Colonial Government devoted its full efforts to the {{nihongo4|"Kōminka movement"|皇民化運動|kōminka undō}}, aimed at fully Japanizing Taiwanese society.<ref name=gio7 /> Although the stated goal was to assimilate the Taiwanese, in practice the ''Kōminka hōkōkai'' organization that formed segregated the Japanese into their own separate block units, despite co-opting Taiwanese leaders.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=238–239}} The organization was responsible for increasing war propaganda, donation drives, and regimenting Taiwanese life during the war.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=239}}

As part of the ''kōminka'' policies, Chinese language sections in newspapers and [[Classical Chinese]] in the school curriculum were removed in April 1937.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=240}} China and Taiwan's history were also erased from the educational curriculum.{{sfn|Chen|2001|p=181}} Chinese language use was discouraged, which reportedly increased the percentage of Japanese speakers among the Taiwanese, but the effectiveness of this policy is uncertain. Even some members of model "national language" families from well-educated Taiwanese households failed to learn Japanese to a conversational level. A name-changing campaign was launched in 1940 to replace Chinese names with Japanese ones. Seven percent of the Taiwanese had done so by the end of the war.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=240}} Characteristics of Taiwanese culture considered "un-Japanese" or undesirable were to be replaced with Japanese ones. Taiwanese opera, puppet plays, fireworks, and burning gold and silver paper foil at temples were banned. Chinese clothing, betel-nut chewing, and noisiness were discouraged in public. The Taiwanese were encouraged to pray at [[Shinto]] shrines and expected to have domestic altars to worship paper amulets sent from Japan. Some officials were ordered to remove religious idols and artifacts from native places of worship.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=241-242}} Funerals were supposed to be conducted in the modern  "Japanese-style" way but the meaning of this was ambiguous.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The "improvement of funeral ceremonies" movement and the creation of "modern" Japanese subjects in Taiwan during Japanese rule|journal=Contemporary Japan |date=2020 |volume=32 |issue=1|pages = 43–62|doi = 10.1080/18692729.2019.1709137|last1 = Tainaka|first1 = Chizuru|s2cid=214156519 }}</ref>

===World War II===
[[File:Lee Teng-hui with brother.jpg|thumb|The later President of Taiwan [[Lee Teng-hui]] (right) with his brother during the war as a conscript in Japanese uniforms. Lee's brother died as a Japanese soldier in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |author=Yuan-Ming Chiao |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/detail.asp?id=443830&grp=%27B%27 |title=I was fighting for Japanese motherland: Lee |website=The China Post |date=2015-08-21 |access-date=2016-11-22 |language=en |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421133516/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/detail.asp?id=443830&grp=%27B%27 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

====War====
As Japan embarked on [[Japanese invasion of China|full-scale war with China]] in 1937, it expanded Taiwan's industrial capacity to manufacture war material. By 1939, industrial production had exceeded agricultural production in Taiwan. The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] operated heavily out of Taiwan. The "[[The Japanese Navy Taiwan and South Pacific Mandate political project|South Strike Group]]" was based out of the [[Taihoku Imperial University]] (now National Taiwan University) in Taiwan. Taiwan was used as a launchpad for the invasion of Guangdong in late 1938 and for the occupation of [[Hainan]] in February 1939. A joint planning and logistical center was established in Taiwan to assist Japan's southward advance after the [[bombing of Pearl Harbor]] on 7 December 1941.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=235}} Taiwan served as a base for Japanese naval and air attacks on the island [[Luzon]] until the surrender of the [[Philippines]] in May 1942. It also served as a rear staging ground for further attacks on [[Myanmar]]. As the war turned against Japan in 1943, Taiwan suffered due to Allied submarine attacks on Japanese shipping, and the Japanese administration prepared to be cut off from Japan. In the latter part of 1944, Taiwan's industries, ports, and military facilities were bombed in U.S. air raids.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=235–236}} By the end of the war in 1945, industrial and agricultural output had dropped far below prewar levels, with agricultural output 49% of 1937 levels and industrial output down by 33%. Coal production dropped from 200,000 metric tons to 15,000 metric tons.<ref>{{cite web  | title = 歷史與發展 (History and Development)  | publisher = Taipower Corporation  | url = http://community.nat.gov.tw/event/goodsits/A28/  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070514003415/http://community.nat.gov.tw/event/goodsits/A28/  | url-status = dead  | archive-date = 2007-05-14  | access-date = 2006-08-06  }}</ref> An estimated 16,000–30,000 civilians died from the bombing.<ref name="Hsiao">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_E5GDwAAQBAJ&dq=taiwan+economy+1945+bombing&pg=PA197 | isbn=9781783086887 | title=Economic Development of Emerging East Asia: Catching up of Taiwan and South Korea | date=27 September 2017 | publisher=Anthem Press }}</ref> By 1945, Taiwan was isolated from Japan and its government prepared to defend against an expected invasion.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=235–236}}

During WWII, the Japanese authorities maintained [[prisoner of war camps]] in Taiwan. Allied prisoners of war (POW) were used as [[forced labor]] in camps throughout Taiwan with the camp serving the copper mines at [[Jinguashi|Kinkaseki]] being especially heinous.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sui |first1=Cindy |title=WW2: Unearthing Taiwan's forgotten prisoner of war camps |work=BBC News |date=June 15, 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57465359 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=June 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616040600/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57465359 |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the 430 Allied POW deaths across all fourteen Japanese POW camps on Taiwan, the majority occurred at Kinkaseki.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prentice |first1=David |title=The Forgotten POWs of the Pacific: The Story of Taiwan's Camps |url=http://thinking-taiwan.com/thinking-taiwan.com/forgotten-pows-of-the-pacific-taiwan/index.html |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=Thinking Taiwan |date=30 October 2015 |archive-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410201305/http://thinking-taiwan.com/thinking-taiwan.com/forgotten-pows-of-the-pacific-taiwan/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Military service====
Starting in July 1937, Taiwanese began to play a [[Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman|role on the battlefield]], initially in noncombatant positions. Taiwanese people were not recruited for combat until late in the war. In 1942, the Special Volunteer System was implemented, allowing even aborigines to be recruited as part of the [[Takasago Volunteers]].  From 1937 to 1945, over 207,000 Taiwanese were employed by the Japanese military. Roughly 50,000 went missing in action or died, another 2,000 were disabled, 21 were executed for war crimes, and 147 were sentenced to imprisonment for two or three years.{{sfn|Chen|2001|p=182}}

Some Taiwanese ex-Japanese soldiers claim they were coerced and did not choose to join the army. Accounts range from having no way to refuse recruitment, to being incentivized by the salary, to being told that the "nation and emperor needed us."{{sfn|Chen|2001|p=183–184}} In one account, a man named Chen Chunqing said he was motivated by his desire to fight the British and Americans but became disillusioned after being sent to China and tried to defect, although the effort was fruitless.{{sfn|Chen|2001|p=186–187}}

Racial discrimination was commonplace despite rare occasions of camaraderie. Some experienced greater equality during their time in the military. One Taiwanese serviceman recalled being called "chankoro" (Qing slave{{sfn|Shih|2022|p=327}}) by a Japanese soldier.{{sfn|Chen|2001|p=186–187}} Some of the Taiwanese ex-Japanese soldiers were ambivalent about Japan's defeat and could not imagine what liberation from Japan would look like. One person recalled surrender leaflets dropped by U.S. planes stating that Taiwan would return to China and recalling that his grandfather had once told him that he was Chinese.{{sfn|Chen|2001|p=188–189}}

After Japan's surrender, the Taiwanese ex-Japanese soldiers were abandoned by Japan and no transportation back to Taiwan or Japan was provided. Many of them faced difficulties in mainland China, Taiwan, and Japan due to anti-rightist and anti-communist campaigns in addition to accusations of taking part in the [[February 28 incident]]. In Japan they were faced with ambivalence. An organization of Taiwanese ex-Japanese soldiers tried to get the Japanese government to pay their unpaid wages several decades later. They failed.{{sfn|Chen|2001|p=192–195}}

====Comfort women====
Between 1,000 and 2,000 Taiwanese women were part of the [[comfort women]] system. Indigenous women served Japanese military personnel in the mountainous region of Taiwan. They were first recruited as housecleaning and laundry workers for soldiers, then they were coerced into providing sex. They were gang-raped and served as comfort women in the evening hours. Han Taiwanese women from low income families were also part of the comfort women system. Some were pressured into it by financial reasons while others were sold by their families.{{sfn|Ward|2018|p=2–4}}<ref name="LoganReeves2008">{{cite book|author1=William Logan|author2=Keir Reeves|title=Places of Pain and Shame: Dealing with 'Difficult Heritage'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zX58AgAAQBAJ&q=truku&pg=PA124|date=5 December 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-05149-6|pages=124–|access-date=October 29, 2020|archive-date=April 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425000331/https://books.google.com/books?id=zX58AgAAQBAJ&q=truku&pg=PA124|url-status=live}}</ref> However some women from well to do families also ended up as comfort women.<ref name = "origins"/> More than half of the young women were minors with some as young as 14. Very few women who were sent overseas understood what the true purpose of their journey was.{{sfn|Ward|2018|p=2–4}} Some of the women believed they would be serving as nurses in the Japanese military prior to becoming comfort women. Taiwanese women were told to provide sexual services to the Japanese military "in the name of patriotism to the country."<ref name="origins">{{cite web | url=https://www.e-ir.info/2018/12/14/the-origins-and-implementation-of-the-comfort-women-system/ | title=The Origins and Implementation of the Comfort Women System | date=14 December 2018 }}</ref> By 1940, brothels were set up in Taiwan to service Japanese males.{{sfn|Ward|2018|p=2–4}}

===End of Japanese rule===
In 1942, after the United States entered the war against Japan and on the side of China, the Chinese government under the [[KMT]] renounced all treaties signed with Japan before that date and made Taiwan's return to China (as with [[Manchuria]], ruled as the Japanese [[Puppet States of WWII|wartime puppet state]] of "[[Manchukuo]]") one of the wartime objectives. In the [[1943 Cairo Declaration|Cairo Declaration]] of 1943, the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]] declared the return of [[Taiwan (island)|Taiwan]] (including the [[Pescadores]]) to the Republic of China as one of several Allied demands. The Cairo Declaration was never signed or ratified and is not legally binding. In 1945, Japan unconditionally surrendered with the signing of the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|instrument of surrender]] and ended its rule in Taiwan as the territory was put under the administrative control of the Republic of China government in 1945 by the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]].<ref name="unhcr.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,TWN,,4954ce6323,0.html |title=UNHCR &#124; Refworld &#124; World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Taiwan: Overview |access-date=2010-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144641/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,TWN,,4954ce6323,0.html |archive-date=2011-07-28 }} UNHCR</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/06/09/2003564336
|title=CIA report shows Taiwan concerns
|work=Taipei Times |date=9 Jun 2013 |page=1 |last=Lowther |first=William
|quote=[Quoting from a declassified CIA report on Taiwan written in March 1949] From the legal standpoint, Taiwan is not part of the Republic of China. Pending a Japanese peace treaty, the island remains occupied territory in which the US has proprietary interests.
|access-date=2015-09-28}}</ref> The Office of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers ordered Japanese forces in China and Taiwan to surrender to [[Chiang Kai-shek]], who would act as the representative of the Allied Powers for accepting surrender in Taiwan. On 25 October 1945, Governor-General [[Rikichi Andō]] handed over the administration of Taiwan and the Penghu islands to the head of the Taiwan Investigation Commission, [[Chen Yi (Kuomintang)|Chen Yi]].{{sfn|Tsai|2009|p=173}}<ref name="Henckaerts1996">{{cite book|last=Henckaerts|first=Jean-Marie|title=The international status of Taiwan in the new world order: legal and political considerations|year=1996|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=90-411-0929-3|page=337|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9kuVIayxDoC&q=Formosa+and+the+Pescadores+came+to+belong+to+the+Republic+of+China+1956&pg=PA7|quote = p7. "In any case, there appears to be strong legal ground to support the view that since the entry into force of the 1952 ROC-Japan bilateral peace treaty, Taiwan has become the ''de jure'' territory of the ROC. This interpretation of the legal status of Taiwan is confirmed by several Japanese court decisions. For instance, in the case of ''Japan v. Lai Chin Jung'', decided by the Tokyo High Court on December 24, 1956, it was stated that 'Formosa and the Pescadores came to belong to the Republic of China, at any rate on August 5, 1952, when the [Peace] Treaty between Japan and the Republic of China came into force…'" <br />p8. "the principles of prescription and occupation that may justify the ROC's claim to Taiwan certainly are not applicable to the PRC because the application of these two principles to the Taiwan situation presupposes the validity of the two peace treaties by which Japan renounce its claim to Taiwan and thus makes the island ''terra nullius''." }}</ref> On 26 October, the government of the Republic of China declared that Taiwan had become a province of China.<ref name="Henckaerts1996c">{{cite book|last=Henckaerts|first=Jean-Marie|title=The international status of Taiwan in the new world order: legal and political considerations|year=1996|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=90-411-0929-3|page=337|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9kuVIayxDoC&q=cairo+declaration&pg=PA7|quote = p4. "On October 25, 1945, the government of the Republic of China took over Taiwan and the P'eng-hu Islands from the Japanese and on the next day announced that Taiwan had become a province of China."}}</ref> The Allied Powers, on the other hand, did not recognize the unilateral declaration of annexation of Taiwan made by the government of the Republic of China because a peace treaty between the Allied Powers and Japan had not been concluded.<ref>{{Cite web | author = [[CIA]] | title = Probable Developments in Taiwan | url = http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000258551.pdf | date = 1949-03-14 | pages = 1–3 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141222073143/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000258551.pdf | archive-date = 2014-12-22 | access-date = 2015-03-08 | url-status = live | language = en | quote = From the legal standpoint, Taiwan is not part of the Republic of China. Pending a Japanese peace treaty, the island remains occupied territory......neither the US, or any other power, has formally recognized the annexation by China of Taiwan......}}</ref>

After [[Japan's surrender]], most of Taiwan's approximately 300,000 Japanese residents were [[World War II evacuation and expulsion|expelled]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Andrew D.|url={{GBurl|id=jqwKCgAAQBAJ}}|title=Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and its Contested Legacy|date=30 July 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4725-7674-3|pages=115–118|language=en}}</ref>

==Administration==
[[File:Taiwan Governor Palace in 1937 during the Japanese rule.jpg|thumb|left|High school girls standing in front of the [[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Governor-General's Office]] in 1937]]

As the highest colonial authority in Taiwan during the period of Japanese rule, the [[Government-General of Taiwan]] was headed by a [[Governor-General of Taiwan]] appointed by Tōkyō. Power was highly centralized with the Governor-General wielding supreme executive, legislative, and judicial power, effectively making the government a dictatorship.<ref name=gio7 />

In its earliest incarnation, the Colonial Government was composed of three bureaus: Home Affairs, Army, and Navy. The Home Affairs Bureau was further divided into four offices: Internal Affairs, Agriculture, Finance, and Education. The Army and Navy bureaus were merged to form a single Military Affairs Bureau in 1896. Following reforms in 1898, 1901, and 1919 the Home Affairs Bureau gained three more offices: General Affairs, Judicial, and Communications. This configuration would continue until the end of colonial rule.
The Japanese colonial government was responsible for building harbors and hospitals as well as constructing infrastructure like railroads and roads. By 1935 the Japanese expanded the roads by 4,456 kilometers, in comparison with the 164 kilometers that existed before the Japanese occupation. The Japanese government invested a lot of money in the sanitation system of the island. These campaigns against rats and unclean water supplies contributed to a decrease of diseases such as [[cholera]] and [[malaria]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Denny|title=Taiwan : a political history|url=https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca|isbn=978-0-8014-8805-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn/page/39 39]|edition=1. publ.}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:TaiwanShow1935-2.jpg|thumb|Poster for the 1935 Taiwan Exposition]]
[[File:日治時期阿里山林業火車與鐵道.jpg|thumb|[[Alishan Forest Railway|Arisan Forest Railway]] (阿里山森林鉄路, ''Arisan Shinrin Tetsuro'') during the Japanese period]]
[[File:1915 美國舊金山「巴拿馬太平洋國際博覽會」的福爾摩沙茶屋 Formosa Tea House at Panama Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, U.S.A..jpg|thumb|Taiwan Tea House at [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition|Panama Pacific International Exposition]], San Francisco, U.S.A]]
[[File:Sun-Moon Lake Thao canoe by Torii n7570.jpg|thumb|[[Sun Moon Lake|Nichigetsu Lake]] before the power plant was built (taken in 1900)]]
[[File:Bank of Taiwan Head Office Building 1940.jpg|thumb|250px|Bank of Taiwan established in 1897 and headquartered in Taihoku]]The Japanese colonial government introduced to Taiwan a unified system of weights and measures, a centralized bank, education facilities to increase skilled labor, farmers' associations, and other institutions. An island wide system of transportation and communications as well as facilities for travel between Japan and Taiwan were developed. Construction of large scale irrigation facilities and power plants followed. Agricultural development was the primary emphasis of Japanese colonization in Taiwan. The objective was for Taiwan to provide Japan with food and raw materials. Fertilizer and production facilities were imported from Japan. Industrial farming, electric power, chemical industries, aluminum, steel, machinery, and shipbuilding facilities were set up. Textile and paper industries were developed near the end of Japanese rule for self-sufficiency. By the 1920s modern infrastructure and amenities had become widespread, although they remained under strict government control, and Japan was managing Taiwan as a model colony. All modern and large enterprises were owned by the Japanese.{{sfn|Shih|1968|p=115-116}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=van der Wees |first1=Gerrit |title=Has Taiwan Always Been Part of China? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/has-taiwan-always-been-part-of-china/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201153401/https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/has-taiwan-always-been-part-of-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shortly after the cession of Taiwan to Japanese rule in September 1895, an [[Osaka|Ōsaka]] bank opened a small office in [[Keelung|Kīrun]]. By June of the following year the Governor-General had granted permission for the bank to establish the first Western-style banking system in Taiwan. In March 1897, the [[Japanese Diet]] passed the "Taiwan Bank Act", establishing the [[Bank of Taiwan]] (台湾銀行, ''Taiwan ginkō''), which began operations in 1899. In addition to normal banking duties, the Bank would also be responsible for minting the currency used in Taiwan throughout Japanese rule. The function of central bank was fulfilled by the Bank of Taiwan.<ref name="Metzler2006">{{cite book|author=Mark Metzler|title=Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRHlkwQ0JH4C&q=japanese+machine+gun+taiwan&pg=PA179|date=13 March 2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93179-4|pages=179–|access-date=October 29, 2020|archive-date=April 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410201309/https://books.google.com/books?id=NRHlkwQ0JH4C&q=japanese+machine+gun+taiwan&pg=PA179|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Taiwan Agricultural Research institute]] (TARI) was founded in 1895 by the Japanese colonial powers.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.tari.gov.tw/english/content/index.asp?Parser=1,15,87,78 |website=www.tari.gov.tw | date=September 6, 2011 |publisher=TARI |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>

Under the governor [[Shimpei Goto]]'s rule, many major public works projects were completed. The [[Rail transport in Taiwan|Taiwan rail system]] connecting the south and the north and the modernizations of Kīrun and Takao ports were completed to facilitate transport and shipping of raw material and agricultural products.{{sfnp|Takekoshi|1907}} Exports increased by fourfold. Fifty-five percent of agricultural land was covered by dam-supported [[irrigation]] systems. Food production had increased fourfold and [[Sugarcane|sugar cane]] production had increased 15-fold between 1895 and 1925 and Taiwan became a major foodbasket serving Japan's industrial economy. A health care system was widely established and [[infectious diseases]] were almost completely eradicated. The average lifespan for a Taiwanese resident would become 60 years by 1945.{{sfnp|Kerr|1966}} They built concrete [[dam]]s, reservoirs and [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]]s which forms an extensive irrigation system, such as the [[Chianan Irrigation]]. [[Arable land]] for rice and sugarcane productions increased by more than 74% and 30% respectively. They also established farmers' associations. Agriculture sector dominated the economy of Taiwan at that time. In 1904, 23% area of Taiwan was used as agricultural land.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-40063-1|pmid = 30842476|pmc = 6403323|title = Reconstructing Taiwan's land cover changes between 1904 and 2015 from historical maps and satellite images|journal = Scientific Reports|volume = 9|issue = 1|pages = 3643|year = 2019|last1 = Chen|first1 = Yi-Ying|last2 = Huang|first2 = Wei|last3 = Wang|first3 = Wei-Hong|last4 = Juang|first4 = Jehn-Yih|last5 = Hong|first5 = Jing-Shan|last6 = Kato|first6 = Tomomichi|last7 = Luyssaert|first7 = Sebastiaan|bibcode = 2019NatSR...9.3643C}}</ref> By 1939 Taiwan was the third largest exporter of bananas and canned pineapple in the world.<ref name= "Farm Exporters" >{{cite web |last1=CROOK |first1=STEVEN |title=Taiwan's Farm Exporters Look to Unlock New Markets |url=https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2023/04/taiwans-farm-exporters-look-to-unlock-new-markets/ |website=topics.amcham.com.tw/ |date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Taiwan Topics |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>

Before the Japanese colonial period, most rice grown in Taiwan was long-grained Indica rice; the Japanese introduced short-grained Japonica which quickly changed both the farming and eating patterns of the Taiwanese.<ref name="Taiwan Panorama Rice 2020" >{{cite web |last1=Su |first1=Lynn |title=A Rice Renaissance |url=https://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/Articles/Details?Guid=3dc62a1a-3462-4498-b9e6-24b2be98221b&CatId=9 |website=www.taiwan-panorama.com |publisher=Taiwan Panorama |access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> Commercial [[coffee]] production in Taiwan began during the Japanese colonial period.<ref name="Coffee Culture" /> The Japanese developed the industry to feed the export market.<ref name= "New Bean" >{{cite web |last1=Haime |first1=Jordyn |title=Can a New Bean Make Taiwan's Coffee Industry Boom? |url=https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2022/08/can-a-new-bean-make-taiwans-coffee-industry-boom/ |website=topics.amcham.com.tw |date=August 17, 2022 |publisher=Taiwan Topics |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> Production reached a peak in 1941 following the introduction of [[arabica coffee]] plants. Production declined shortly thereafter as a result of World War II.<ref name="Coffee Culture" >{{cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=FEATURE: Growers along Tainan's 'Coffee Road' want to put local brew on national map |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/02/17/2003752399 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |date=17 February 2021 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> Cocoa cultivation on Taiwan began during the Japanese period but support ended after WWII.<ref name="Taiwan Panorama Chocolate">{{cite web |last1=Su |first1=Lynn |title=A Sweet Vision: Taiwanese Chocolate's Road to the World |url=https://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/Articles/Details?Guid=de76440b-c3e1-4fe1-b9f6-967b0d5b7e34&CatId=10 |website=www.taiwan-panorama.com |publisher=Taiwan Panorama |access-date=10 December 2019}}</ref>

Taiwan's economy during Japanese rule was for the most part, a colonial economy. Namely, the human and natural resources of Taiwan were used to aid the development of Japan, a policy which began under [[Kodama Gentarō|Governor-General Kodama]] and reached its peak in 1943, in the middle of [[World War II]]. From 1900 to 1920, Taiwan's economy was dominated by the sugar industry, while from 1920 to 1930, rice was the primary export. During these two periods, the primary economic policy of the Colonial Government was "industry for Japan, agriculture for Taiwan". After 1930, due to war needs the Colonial Government began to pursue a policy of industrialization.<ref name=gio7 />[[File:日治時代的大阪中立銀行 (Taiwan, ca. 1910).jpg|thumb|Ōsaka Neutral Bank in Taihoku ({{Circa|1910}})]]

After 1939, the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|war in China]] and eventually other places started having a deleterious effect on Taiwan's agricultural output as military conflict took up all of Japan's resources. Taiwanese real GDP per capita peaked in 1942 at $1,522 and declined to $693 by 1944.{{sfn|Hsiao|2017|p=197}} War-time bombing of Taiwan caused significant damage to many cities and harbors in Taiwan. The railways, plants, and other production facilities were either badly damaged or destroyed.{{sfn|Shih|1968|p=116}} Only 40 percent of the railroads were usable and over 200 factories were bombed, most of them housing Taiwan's vital industries. Of Taiwan's four electrical power plants, three were destroyed.{{sfn|Kuo|1995|p=54}} Loss of major industrial facilities is estimated at $506 million, or 42 percent of fixed manufacturing assets.{{sfn|Hsiao|2017|p=197}} Damage to agriculture was relatively contained in comparison but most developments came to a halt and irrigation facilities were abandoned. Since all key positions were held by Japanese, their departure resulted in the loss of 20,000 technicians and 10,000 professional workers, leaving Taiwan with a severe lack of trained personnel. Inflation was rampant as a result of the war and worsened later due to economic integration with China because China was also experiencing high inflation.{{sfn|Shih|1968|p=116}} Taiwanese industrial output recovered to 38 percent of its 1937 level by 1947 and recovery to pre-war standards of living did not occur until the 1960s.{{sfn|Hsiao|2017|p=195}}

==Education==
A system of elementary common schools (''kōgakkō'') was introduced. These elementary schools taught Japanese language and culture, Classical Chinese, Confucian ethics, and practical subjects like science.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=210–211}} Classical Chinese was included as part of the effort to win over Taiwanese upper-class parents, but the emphasis was on Japanese language and ethics.{{sfn|Kishida|2021}} These government schools served a small percentage of the Taiwanese school-age population while Japanese children attended their own separate primary schools (''shōgakkō''). Few Taiwanese attended secondary school or were able to enter medical college. Due to limited access to government educational institutions, a segment of the population continued to enroll in private schools similar to the Qing era. Most boys attended Chinese schools (''shobo'') while a smaller portion of males and females received training at religious schools (Dominican and Presbyterian). Universal education was deemed undesirable during the early years since the assimilation of Han Taiwanese seemed unlikely. Elementary education offered both moral and scientific education to those Taiwanese who could afford it. The hope was that through selective education of the brightest Taiwanese, a new generation of Taiwanese leaders responsive to reform and modernization would emerge.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=210–211}}

Many of the gentry class had mixed feelings about modernization and cultural change, especially the kind advanced by government education. The gentry was urged to promote the "new learning", a fusion of [[Neo-Confucianism]] and Meiji-style education, however those invested in the Chinese education style seemed resentful of the proposed merging.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=217}} A younger generation of Taiwanese more susceptible to modernization and change started participating in community affairs in the 1910s. Many were concerned about obtaining modern educational facilities and the discrimination they faced in obtaining spots at the few government schools. Local leaders in [[Taichung]] began campaigning for the inauguration of the Taichū Middle School but faced opposition from Japanese officials reluctant to authorize a middle school for Taiwanese males.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=218}}

In 1922, an integrated school system was introduced in which common and primary schools were opened to both Taiwanese and Japanese based on their background in spoken Japanese.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=221}} Elementary education was divided between primary schools for Japanese speakers and public schools for Taiwanese speakers. Since few Taiwanese children could speak fluent Japanese, in practice only the children of very wealthy Taiwanese families with close ties to Japanese settlers were allowed study alongside Japanese children.{{sfn|Matsuda|2019|p=103–104}} The number of Taiwanese at formerly Japanese-only elementary schools was limited to 10 percent.{{sfn|Kishida|2021}} Japanese children also attended kindergarten, during which they were segregated from Taiwanese children. In one instance a Japanese-speaking child was put in the Taiwanese group with the expectation that they would learn Japanese from her, but the experiment failed and the Japanese-speaking child learned Taiwanese instead.{{sfn|Matsuda|2019|p=103–104}}

The competitive situation in Taiwan made some Taiwanese seek secondary education and opportunities in Japan and [[Manchukuo]] rather than Taiwan.{{sfn|Kishida|2021}} In 1943, primary education became compulsory, and by the next year nearly three out of four children were enrolled in primary school.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=243}} Taiwanese also studied in Japan. By 1922 at least 2,000 Taiwanese were enrolled in educational institutions in metropolitan Japan. The number increased to 7,000 by 1942.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=230}} By 1944, there were 944 primary schools in Taiwan with total enrollment rates of 71.3% for Taiwanese children, 86.4% for indigenous children, and 99.6% for Japanese children in Taiwan. As a result, primary school enrollment rates in Taiwan were among the highest in Asia, second only to Japan itself.<ref name=gio7 />

==Demographics==
As part of the emphasis placed on governmental control, the Colonial Government performed detailed censuses of Taiwan every five years starting in 1905. Statistics showed a population growth rate of 0.988 to 2.835% per year throughout Japanese rule. In 1905, the population of Taiwan was roughly 3&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Takekoshi |first1=Yosaburō |author-link=Takekoshi Yosaburō |title=Japanese rule in Formosa |date=1907 |publisher = Longmans, Green, and co. |location = London, New York, Bombay and Calcutta |ol=6986981M |oclc=753129 |chapter=Chapter XIII: Population and future development of the island resources |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/japaneseruleinf01takegoog#page/n230/mode/1up }}</ref> By 1940 the population had grown to 5.87&nbsp;million, and by the end of [[World War II]] in 1946 it numbered 6.09&nbsp;million. As of 1938, around 309,000 people of Japanese origin lived in Taiwan.<ref name=":0" />

=== Indigenous peoples ===
According to the 1905 census, the [[Taiwanese aborigines|indigenous]] population included 45,000+ plains indigenous{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} who were almost completely assimilated into [[Han Chinese]] society, and 113,000+ mountain indigenous.<ref>{{cite web|title=台湾総督府統計書. 第15（明治44年）|trans-title=Governor-General of Taiwan Statistic Yearbook 1911|publisher=Governor-General of Taiwan|year=1913|url=http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/974276|page=36|access-date=August 30, 2015|archive-date=April 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422001420/http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/974276|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Overseas Chinese===
The Consulate-General of the Republic of China in [[Taihoku Prefecture|Taihoku]] was a diplomatic mission of the [[government of the Republic of China]] (ROC) that opened April 6, 1931, and closed in 1945 after the [[Taiwan Retrocession Day|handover]] of Taiwan to the ROC. Even after Taiwan had been ceded to Japan by the [[Qing dynasty]], it still attracted over 20,000 Chinese immigrants by the 1920s.  On May 17, 1930, the Chinese [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] appointed Lin Shao-nan to be the Consul-General<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.koryu.or.jp/08_03_03_01_middle.nsf/2c11a7a88aa171b449256798000a5805/2d5c65491c37176a49256cfc00339ab1/$FILE/lanshichi2.pdf | title = Nationalism in Practice: Overseas Chinese in Taiwan and the Taiwanese in China, 1920s and 1930s | publisher = [[Academia Sinica]] Institute of Modern History | last = Lan | first = Shi-chi | access-date = March 27, 2014 | archive-date = June 23, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160623231034/https://www.koryu.or.jp/08_03_03_01_middle.nsf/2c11a7a88aa171b449256798000a5805/2d5c65491c37176a49256cfc00339ab1/$FILE/lanshichi2.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> and Yuan Chia-ta as Deputy Consul-General.

===Japanese colonists===
Japanese commoners started arriving in Taiwan in April 1896.{{sfn|Tai|2014|p=90}} Japanese migrants were encouraged to move to Taiwan because it was considered the most effective way of integrating Taiwan into the Japanese Empire. Few Japanese moved to Taiwan during the colony's early years due to poor infrastructure, instability, and fear of disease. Later on as more Japanese settled in Taiwan, some settlers came to view the island as their homeland rather than Japan. There was concern that Japanese children born in Taiwan, under its tropical climate, would not be able to understand Japan. In the 1910s, primary schools conducted trips to Japan to nurture their Japanese identity and to prevent Taiwanization. Out of necessity, Japanese police officers were encouraged to learn the local variants of [[Southern Min|Minnan]] and the Guangdong dialect of [[Hakka language|Hakka]]. There were language examinations for police officers to receive allowances and promotions.{{sfn|Matsuda|2019|p=103–104}} By the late 1930s, Japanese people made up about 5.4 percent of Taiwan's total population but owned 20–25 percent of the cultivated land which was also of higher quality. They also owned the majority of large land holdings. The Japanese government assisted them in acquiring land and coerced Chinese land owners to sell to Japanese enterprises. Japanese sugar companies owned 8.2 percent of the arable land.{{sfn|Ye|2019|p=201}}

At the end of the [[Second World War]], there were almost 350,000 Japanese civilians living in Taiwan. They were designated as Overseas Japanese (''Nikkyō'') or as Overseas Ryukyuans (''Ryūkyō'').{{sfn|Dawley|2015|p=115–117}} Offspring of intermarriage were considered Japanese if their Taiwanese mother chose Japanese citizenship or if their Taiwanese father did not apply for ROC citizenship.{{sfn|Dawley|2015|p=122}} As many as half the Japanese who left Taiwan after 1945 were born in Taiwan.{{sfn|Dawley|2015|p=115–117}} The Taiwanese did not engage in widespread acts of revenge or push for their immediate removal, although they quickly seized or attempted to occupy property they believed were unfairly obtained in previous decades.{{sfn|Dawley|2015|p=118}} Japanese assets were collected and the Nationalist government retained most of the properties for government use, to the consternation of the Taiwanese.{{sfn|Dawley|2015|p=129}} Theft and acts of violence did occur, however this has been attributed to the pressure of wartime policies.{{sfn|Dawley|2015|p=118}} [[Chen Yi (Kuomintang)|Chen Yi]], who was in charge of Taiwan, removed Japanese bureaucrats and police officers from their posts, resulting in unaccustomed economic hardship for Japanese citizens. Their hardship in Taiwan was also met by news of hardship in Japan. A survey found that 180,000 Japanese civilians wished to leave for Japan while 140,000 wished to stay. An order for the deportation of Japanese civilians was issued in January 1946.{{sfn|Dawley|2015|p=119}} From February to May, the vast majority of Japanese left Taiwan and arrived in Japan without much trouble. Overseas Ryukyuans were ordered to assist the deportation process by building camps and work as porters for the Overseas Japanese. Each person was allowed to leave with two pieces of luggage and 1,000 yen.{{sfn|Dawley|2015|p=120–122}} The Japanese and Ryukyuans remaining in Taiwan by the end of April did so at the behest of the government. Their children attended Japanese schools to prepare for life in Japan.{{sfn|Dawley|2015|p=122–124}}

==Social policy==
[[File:Pu-Zi-Temple-Beitou-Taipei-.jpg|thumb|The old Tetsuma-in (now Puji Temple in [[Beitou District|Beitou]], [[Taipei]]), constructed during Japanese rule]]

==="Three Vices"===
The "Three Vices" ({{lang|zh-hant|三大陋習}}, ''Santai rōshū'') considered by the Office of the Governor-General to be archaic and unhealthy were the use of [[opium]], [[foot binding]], and the wearing of [[Queue (hairstyle)|queues]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Wu |first=Wen-shing (吳文星) |title=近代台灣的社會變遷 |trans-title=Recent Changes in Taiwanese Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wu |first=Mi-cha |title=台灣史小事典 |trans-title=A Brief Timeline of Major Incidents in Taiwanese History |publisher=遠流出版 |date=2000 |isbn=9789573241614}}</ref>

In 1921, the [[Taiwanese People's Party]] accused colonial authorities before the [[League of Nations]] of being complicit in the addiction of over 40,000 people, while making a profit off opium sales.{{contradictory-inline|article=Taiwanese People's Party|reason=According to the TPP's article, it was not founded until 1927|date=November 2024}} To avoid controversy, the Colonial Government issued the New Taiwan Opium Edict on December 28, and related details of the new policy on January 8 of the following year. Under the new laws, the number of opium permits issued was decreased, a [[drug rehab|rehabilitation clinic]] was opened in [[Taipei|Taihoku]], and a concerted anti-drug campaign launched.<ref>Government figures show 2,000 opium permits issued in 1945.</ref> Despite the directive, the government remained involved with the opium trade until June 1945.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Han Cheung|title=Taiwan in Time: The 'war' on opium|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2017/01/15/2003663122|access-date=15 January 2017|work=Taipei Times|date=15 January 2017|archive-date=January 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115163238/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2017/01/15/2003663122|url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2024|reason=Source concurs that Taiwanese intellectuals complained to LoN and that Japan took some action, but does not give detail like the name of the edict, # of permits, dates}}

===Literature===
[[File:Loa Ho 1919-20 E-mng.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Loa Ho|Rai Wa]], father of the new literature in Taiwan]]

Taiwanese students studying in Tōkyō first restructured the [[Enlightenment Society]] in 1918, later renamed the [[New People Society]] (新民会, ''Shinminkai'') after 1920. This was the manifestation for various upcoming political and social movements in Taiwan. Many new publications, such as ''Taiwanese Literature & Art'' (1934) and ''New Taiwanese Literature'' (1935), started shortly thereafter. These led to the onset of the vernacular movement in society at large as the modern literary movement broke away from the classical forms of ancient poetry. In 1915, this group of people, led by [[Lin Hsien-tang|Rin Kendō]], made an initial and large financial contribution to establish the [[Taichung Municipal Taichung First Senior High School|first middle school in Taichū]] for the aboriginals and Taiwanese.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lin|first1=Hsien-tang |date=1927 |script-title=zh:林獻堂先生紀念集|language=zh |volume=1 |pages=17–22}}; {{cite book |last=Tai |first=Pao-tsun |year=1987 |script-title=zh:士紳型政治運動領導者—林獻堂 |language=zh |series=臺灣近代名人誌 |volume=4 |pages=41–73 |oclc=18086252}}</ref>

Literature movements did not disappear even when they were under censorship by the colonial government. In the early 1930s, a famous debate on Taiwanese rural language unfolded formally. This event had numerous lasting effects on Taiwanese literature, language and racial consciousness. In 1930, Taiwanese-Japanese resident [[Huang Shihui|Kō Sekiki]] (黄 石輝, ''Huáng Shíhuī'') started the debate on rural literature in Tōkyō. He advocated that Taiwanese literature should be about Taiwan, have impact on a wide audience, and use [[Taiwanese Hokkien]]. In 1931, [[Guo Qiusen|Kaku Shūsei]] (郭秋生, ''Guō Qiūshēng''), a resident of Taihoku, prominently supported Kō's viewpoint. Kaku started the Taiwanese Rural Language Debate, which advocated literature published in Taiwanese. This was immediately supported by [[Loa Ho|Rai Wa]] (頼 和, ''Lài Hé''), who is considered as the father of Taiwanese literature. After this, dispute as to whether the literature of Taiwan should use Taiwanese or [[Written vernacular Chinese|Chinese]], and whether the subject matter should concern Taiwan, became the focus of the New Taiwan Literature Movement. However, because of the upcoming war and the pervasive Japanese cultural education, these debates could not develop any further. They finally lost traction under the Japanization policy set by the government.<ref name = pol_movement>
* {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Jim |script-title=zh:台灣─我的選擇 |date=1995 |publisher=玉山社 |location=Taipei |isbn=9789579361071 |trans-chapter=National recognition of Taiwanese political movements in the past hundred years |chapter=一百年來臺灣政治運動中的國家認同 |language=zh |pages=73–145}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=De-shui |script-title=zh:激動!臺灣的歷史 : 臺灣人的自國認識 |date=1992 |publisher=前衛 |location=Taipei |isbn=9789579512756 |language=zh |trans-title=Excitement! Taiwan's history: Taiwanese's self-recognition}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Zhao-ying |script-title=zh:臺灣文學與本土化運動 |language=zh |date=1998 |chapter=論臺灣的本土化運動：一個文化史的考察 |trans-chapter=Discussion on Taiwanese nativism: An investigation in cultural history |publisher=National Taiwan University Press |location=Taipei |isbn=9789860197495}}</ref>

Taiwanese literature mainly focused on the Taiwanese spirit and the essence of Taiwanese culture. People in literature and the arts began to think about issues of Taiwanese culture, and attempted to establish a culture that truly belonged to Taiwan. The significant cultural movement throughout the colonial period were led by the young generation who were highly educated in formal Japanese schools. Education played such a key role in supporting the government and to a larger extent, developing economic growth of Taiwan.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024|reason=Sentences above do not seem to be related to the source below.}} However, despite the government prime effort in elementary education and normal education, there was a limited number of middle schools, approximately 3 across the whole country, so the preferred choices for graduates were leaving for Tōkyō or other cities to get an education. The foreign education of the young students was carried out solely by individuals' self-motivation and support from family. Education abroad got its popularity, particularly from [[Taichū Prefecture|Taichū prefecture]], with the endeavor for acquiring skills and knowledge of civilization even under the situation of neither the colonial government nor society being able to guarantee their bright future; with no job plan for these educated people after their return.<ref>{{cite book |oclc=673809296 |script-title=ja:台湾総督府学事年報. 第２５（昭和元年度） |title=Taiwan sōtokufu gakuji nenpō |volume=25 |year=1927 |publisher=台湾総督府文教局 |location=Taihoku/Taipei |language=ja |pages=50–1 |url=http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1447981/50 |access-date=December 27, 2014 |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227124154/http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1447981/50 |url-status=live }}; {{cite book |script-title=ja:台湾総督府学事年報 |volume=28 |year=1930 |publisher=台湾総督府文教局 |location=Taihoku/Taipei |language=ja |page=46}}</ref>

=== Art ===
{{Main|Taiwanese art}}
Art was first institutionalized in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period with the establishment of public schools dedicated to the fine arts. The Japanese introduced oil and watercolor paintings to Taiwan and Taiwanese artists were heavily influenced by their Japanese counterparts. As was typical of colonial rulers the Japanese did not establish tertiary institutions for art education in Taiwan, all students wishing to pursue an advanced degree in the arts had to travel to Japan to do so.<ref name="Taiwan Today" >{{cite web |last1=Chung |first1=Oscar |title=Beauty in Diversity |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?post=168600&unit=20,35&unitname=Taiwan-Review&postname=Beauty-in-Diversity |website=taiwantoday.tw |publisher=Taiwan Today |access-date=27 January 2020|date=January 2020 }}</ref>

In the 1920s, the [[New Cultural Movement]] influenced a generation of artists who used art as a way to demonstrate their equality with, or even their superiority over, their colonizers.<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=FEATURE: Art from 1920s-1940s forms Taiwanese identity |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/11/02/2003767174 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>

==Change of governing authority==
{{See also|Surrender of Japan|Political status of Taiwan|Taiwan after World War II}}
[[File:General Chen Yi of China accepts the surrender of Andō Rikichi, the Japanese Governor-General of.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chen Yi (Kuomintang)|Chen Yi]] (right) accepting the receipt of Order No. 1 signed by [[Rikichi Andō]] (left), the last Japanese Governor-General of Taiwan, in [[Zhongshan Hall|Taihoku City Hall]]]]

Japan [[Surrender of Japan|surrendered]] to the Allies on 14 August 1945. On August 29, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Chen Yi as Chief Executive of Taiwan Province, and announced the creation of the Office of the Chief Executive of Taiwan Province and [[Taiwan Garrison Command]] on September 1, with Chen Yi also as the commander of the latter body. After several days of preparation, an advance party moved into Taihoku on October 5, with more personnel from Shanghai and Chongqing arriving between October 5 and 24. By 1938 about 309,000 Japanese lived in [[Taiwan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title = Formosa (Taiwan) Under Japanese Rule |first=A. J. |last=Grajdanzev |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=15 |year=1942 |pages=311–324 |jstor=2752241 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/2752241 }}</ref> Between the Japanese surrender of Taiwan in 1945 and 25 April 1946, the Republic of China forces repatriated 90% of the Japanese living in Taiwan to Japan.<ref>{{cite web |title = Taiwan history: Chronology of important events |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2003-07/21/content_539034.htm |website = China Daily |publisher=China Daily Information Co. |access-date=December 23, 2014 |date=July 21, 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160416173855/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2003-07/21/content_539034.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[History of Taiwan]]
* [[Japan–Taiwan relations]]
* [[Japanese Immigrant Villages in Taiwan]]
* [[Japanese opium policy in Taiwan (1895–1945)]]
* [[Political divisions of Taiwan (1895–1945)]]
* ''[[Knowing Taiwan]]''
* [[Remains of Taipei prison walls]]
* [[Taiwan under Qing rule]]
* [[Taiwanese Resistance to the Japanese Invasion (1895)]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist-ur}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

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==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Setzekorn |first=Eric |date=December 2014 |title=Target Taiwan: Bombing Japan's Model Colony |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OfbI_gc4l6IxI42E9JQGWEDM-G6KpxQV/view |journal=U.S. Military History Review |publisher=U.S. Military History Group |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=25–43 |access-date=January 15, 2015 }}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Lai |first=Huang-Wen |title=The Turtle Woman's Voices: Multilingual Strategies of Resistance and Assimilation in Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule |type=Master of Arts (M.A.) |url=http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/60/ |date=2007 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst |access-date=December 23, 2014 |oclc=212820340 }}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Taiwan under Japanese rule}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Taiwan under Qing rule|Under Qing rule]]<br />{{nobold|1683–1895}}
| title = [[History of Taiwan]]<br />Under Japanese rule
| years = 1895–1945
| after = [[History of Taiwan since 1945|Under Republic of China rule]]<br />{{nobold|1945–}}
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Taiwan related articles}}
{{Gaichi}}
{{JapanEmpireNavbox}}
{{States in the sphere of influence of Imperial Japan during World War II}}
{{Collaboration with Axis Powers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taiwan under Japanese Rule}}
[[Category:Taiwan under Japanese rule| ]]
[[Category:Former Japanese colonies]]
[[Category:Former colonies in Asia]]
[[Category:Japanese military occupations]]
[[Category:Taiwan in World War II|*]]
[[Category:1890s in Taiwan|*Japanese rule]]
[[Category:1900s in Taiwan|*Japanese rule]]
[[Category:1910s in Taiwan|*Japanese rule]]
[[Category:1920s in Taiwan|*Japanese rule]]
[[Category:1930s in Taiwan|*Japanese rule]]
[[Category:1940s in Taiwan|*Japanese rule]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Taiwan|*Japanese rule]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in the Japanese colonial empire]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments in Taiwan|*Japanese rule]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments in the Japanese colonial empire]]
[[Category:1952 disestablishments in the Japanese colonial empire]]
[[Category:Japanese imperialism and colonialism]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1895]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1952]]
[[Category:Former countries of the interwar period]]