Red Week (Netherlands)
| Red Week | |
|---|---|
| Part of the revolutions of 1917–23 | |
| Date | 9–14 November 1918 |
| Location | |
| Caused by | Aftermath of World War I |
| Goals | Revolutionary socialism |
| Resulted in | No revolution |
The Red Week (Dutch: Roode Week) was an unsuccessful attempt to start a socialist revolution in the Netherlands in early November 1918. The revolutionary attempt, which lasted nearly a week, from 9 to 14 November,[citation needed] which is why it is known as the Red Week. It is also known as "Troelstra's mistake" (Vergissing van Troelstra), because it was led by the Dutch socialist Pieter Jelles Troelstra.
Background
[edit]World War I
[edit]The Netherlands remained neutral during the First World War through careful diplomacy. Despite this neutrality, conscripts were mobilized, and food was rationed due to shortages, occasionally resulting in unrest, such as the 1917 Potato riots in Amsterdam.[1]
SDAP
[edit]
The Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) was established in 1893 by a reformist faction that opposed the anarchist majority within the Social Democratic League (SDP). One of its prominent founders was Pieter Jelles Troelstra, who served as the party's leader from its inception. Unlike the SDP, the SDAP sought to achieve its objectives through parliamentary methods.[1]
Political parties, including the SDAP, had agreed to maintain neutrality in party politics during the war. Following the Pacification of 1917, universal male suffrage — a long-standing demand of the SDAP — was introduced. The SDAP had high expectations for the general election of 3 July 1918, but their representation only increased from 15 to 22 seats (out of 100). In contrast, the General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations won 30 seats and formed the right-wing first Ruijs de Beerenbrouck cabinet.[1]
Revolutionary wave
[edit]Starting in 1917, a series of revolutions took place around the world, most notably the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the German Revolution of 1918–1919.[1]
Harskamp riots
[edit]
On 22 October 1918, General Cornelis Jacobus Snijders requested the mobilization of additional troops and the suspension of periodical leave, fearing that the German retreat from Belgium might lead some German forces to cross the border into Limburg. On 25 October 1918, soldiers at the Harskamp military camp rioted due to their conditions, particularly the withdrawal of leave. The riot was quickly suppressed, although some unrest spread to other military camps, raising concerns about the reliability of the army. A conflict arose between the cabinet and Snijders over the inquiry into the riots, leading to the announcement on 6 November that Snijders would step down.[1]
Events
[edit]When the events of Harskamp were published in newspapers on 28 October, the leadership of the SDAP as well as the Dutch Confederation of Trade Unions (NVV) met to discuss how to respond to the national and international events. They decided to organise a party conference. They met again on 2 November, where Troelstra presented his manifesto for the party conference, which included revolutionary language. Most present opposed such language, in particular party chair Willem Vliegen.[1]
The day before Snijders' departure was announced, Troelstra had requested Snijders' removal in a debate in the House of Representatives, while also warning of possible social-democratic revolution.[1]
On 9 November, the German Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated. This, along with Troelstra's early declaration, caused a group of socialists from Rotterdam, led by Arie de Zeeuw, to feel that the revolution should begin as soon as possible. On 11 November they presented their demands to the mayor. Troelstra was very impressed by the demands, willing to go further. According to Willem Drees (later Dutch prime minister), Troelstra spoke about "taking over power" and "revolution", and claimed that the time had come for it.[2]
The government quickly reacted. Armed police officers were stationed in Utrecht and in Amsterdam, and the royal family was secured. On 11 November, Catholic organizations met in The Hague and started a counter-campaign, included spreading of 500,000 pamphlets. Protestants and moderate socialists joined the counter-movement because they feared the extremism of a socialist revolution. Based on national and loyalist sentiments, the reaction was named "Orange Movement" (Dutch: Oranjebeweging), after the Dutch royal family Orange-Nassau.
On 12 November, prime minister Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck gave a speech, stating that the daily bread ration would be increased from 200 grams (7.1 oz) to 280 grams (9.9 oz). Ruijs de Beerenbrouck called on the socialists to cooperate with the government and argued that violence would be disruptive to the food supply.
After that speech, Troelstra gave a long speech in parliament in which he incited a revolution and declared that the time had come for the workers to assume control of the government.[3] Consequently, more troops were sent to the major cities (Rotterdam, Amsterdam and The Hague). On the night of 13 November, the counter-movement hung posters which stated that the revolutionaries were only a small minority. By that time, it was clear that the attempted revolution had failed.
See also
[edit]- Socialism in the Netherlands
- Loppem Coup, Belgium, in November 1918
Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Hartmans 2018.
- ^ R. Bouwman. Troelstra en het succes van zijn mislukte revolutie. Socialisme en democratie, 38, nr. 7/8 (Amsterdam 1981): 23.
- ^ "XI. Continental Europe". Political Science Quarterly. 34 (3, Supplement). The Academy of Political Science: 144. September 1919. doi:10.2307/2141679. JSTOR 2141679.
References
[edit]- Hartmans, Rob (2018). De revolutie die niet doorging [The revolution that didn't happen] (in Dutch). Omniboek. ISBN 978-94-019-1340-9.
Further reading
[edit]- van Tuyll van Serooskerken, Hubert P. (2001). The Netherlands and World War I: espionage, diplomacy and survival. History of warfare. Vol. 7. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 90-04-12243-5.
- Linmans, Wouter (2024). Revolutiekoorts [Revolution fever]. ISBN 978-90-253-1355-5.