User:Dhooks21/sandbox

Introduction

The September 11 attacks transformed the first term of President George W. Bush and led to what he has called the Global War on Terrorism. The accuracy of describing it as a "war" and the political motivations and consequences are the topic of strenuous debate. The US government increased military operations, economic measures and political pressure on groups it accused of being terrorists, as well as on governments and countries accused of sheltering them. October 2001 saw the first military action initiated by the US. Under this policy, the NATO invaded Afghanistan in order to remove the Taliban regime (which harbored al-Qaeda) and to capture al-Qaeda forces.

The war, however, is ongoing and has not been won. Critics point out that the Afghan conflict has contributed to the destabilization of neighboring Pakistan and Afghanistan itself is far from at peace—Lord Ashdown, British diplomat and former international High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, has gone as far as to describe the country as "a failed state." Politics believe 9/11 was a result of the U.S invasion in Afghanistan.

Rescue and Rescue

After all three attacks that took place on September 11, 2001, society as a whole suffered dramatically. New York known for it's attraction and the city that never sleeps experienced a horrendous tragedy that would never be forgotten. Recovery took years and the economy at that point of time declined drastically. Americans needed as much ministration and easement possible to cope with the brutal and fatal attacks that took place that day. Various first responders came together that day to unite and help as much as possible. Whether they were police officers, firefighters, doctors, nurses, or even random people the main objective was to cooperate and help the wounded. Due to all of the fatal deaths and personnel who suffered from PTSD or other health or related problems were funded through the September 11th Victim Compensation fund. This fund better known as VCF was purposely for those that experienced the disaster directly or those who lost family members from the attack. Recently the fund has started to reimburse those first responders who've risked their lives trying to save the victims who were badly mutilated. In addition those who later encounter health problems from the toxic air distributed throughout the air. Most victims were exposed to smoke due to the burning towers and gas throughout the air.

By 2004, nearly half of more than 1,000 screened rescue-and-recovery workers and volunteers reported new and persistent respiratory problems, and more than half reported persistent psychological symptoms. Because of the long latency period between exposure and development of asbestos-related diseases, exposed Manhattan residents, especially rescue-and-recovery workers, may suffer future adverse health effects. The January 6, 2006 death of NYPD James Zadroga was ruled by a New Jersey coroner as directly due to clean-up at the WTC site. This ruling was unequivocally rejected in October 2007 by the New York City Chief Medical Examiner, Dr. Charles Hirsch, and Medical Examiner Michele Sloane.

Security

The evolution of security and protective services changed tremendously due to the outcome of the attacks. Starting with air travel, airport security and screening, and guidelines that must be obeyed before getting onboard. Congress immediately responded after the terrorist attack by pushing out the Aviation and Transportation Security Act. As a result, with this act congress hoped to further avoid any other scenarios that pertained to the terrorist attack that happened on September 11th. Not only was this act regarding just air travel, it referred to all types of transportation. Additional screening was another main focus that took place during this time of leisure. Many passengers were prescreened and advanced screened at different security checkpoints. A major issue that was reoccurring was racial profiling and individual's privacy. Due to the fact of the terrorist attack, anyone who looked similar to or of the Arabic race was immediately dealt with and taken into custody for further screening. Luggage screening was another main objective. New machinery was introduced to get more into depth to scan people's luggage thoroughly and as well search for weapons or bombs. Moreover, pilots were funded by the Department of Homeland Security to carry a firearm onboard. Better known as a Federal flight deck officer these pilots undergo training to prevent terrorism attacks or anything that involves harming others onboard.

Adding onto security, another act was passed known as the USA Patriot Act With this act law enforcement was enhanced significantly allowing certain laws to override one another. For example law enforcement are able to break and enter one's premises without a search warrant and without their consent. Above all, roving wiretaps was a way of government to spy on surveillance. For instance they were allowed to search through one's record searches, and intelligence searches. Specifically meaning if one searched terrorism activities or unusual behavior then deleted their history, government is allowed to see that. The overall gesture of this act was to catch acts of terrorism before any attacks were planned and executed. A program called Total Information Awareness was developed to enhanced technology that would collect and analyze information about every individual in the United States, and trace unusual behaviors that could help prevent terrorist activities. Such things that were gathered thru the program were Internet activity, credit card purchase histories, airline ticket purchases, and medical records.

Backlashes and Hate Crimes

In the weeks following the attacks, there was a surge in incidents of harassment and hate crimes against South Asians, Middle Easterners, and anyone thought to be "Middle Eastern-looking" people—particularly Sikhs, because Sikh males usually wear turbans, which are stereotypically and erroneously associated with Muslims by many Americans. Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Sikh man, was one of the first victims of this backlash; he was shot dead on September 15 at the gas station he owned in Mesa, Arizona. In many cities there were reports of vandalism against mosques and other Islamic institutions, including some cases of arson. In the year after the attack, anti-Muslim hate crimes jumped 1,600 percent and this is further aggravated by a climate of prejudice that manifests in different ways.

The only death officially recorded as a homicide in New York City on September 11 was Henryk Siwiak, a Polish immigrant who was shot in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. While he had taken a wrong turn on his way to a new job onto a street known for high rates of robbery and drug dealing, his family has theorized he may have been the victim of a hate crime in the wake of the attacks, since he was wearing camouflage clothing, had dark hair and spoke imperfect, heavily accented English—all of which may have led someone to believe he had something to do with the attackers. The case remains unsolved; police are open to the family's theory but have not classified the killing as a bias crime.

In 2008, author Moustafa Bayoumi released the book How Does It Feel to Be a Problem?: Being Young and Arab in America. The author says mass arrests and deportations of Arabs and Arab Americans were conducted by the various government organizations, including the FBI, often with insufficient evidence to connect them to terrorism; that some were incarcerated indefinitely without notifying the detainee's relatives, as if they had just disappeared. Bayoumi maintains deportation of Arabs and Arab-Americans significantly increased following 9/11, often at short notice, saying in one case a man was deported without his clothes.

On July 20, 2011 Mark Stroman was executed for killing a Dallas store clerk during a shooting spree taken in revenge for the 9/11 attacks.

9/11-related plots and attacks within the US

• List of unsuccessful terrorist plots in the United States post-9/11

^{Thwarted Attacks}

• A similar al-Qaeda plan to crash airplanes into the US Bank Tower (aka Library Tower) in Los Angeles and in other buildings elsewhere in the US as part of a 'Second Wave' of aircraft hijackings by martyr (suicide) squads to be in the spring or summer of 2002
• 2001 shoe bomb plot in which a passenger carried shoes that were packed with two types of explosives
• 2003 plot by Iyman Faris to blow up the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City
• 2004 Financial buildings plot which targeted the International Monetary Fund and World Bank buildings in Washington, DC, the New York Stock Exchange and other financial institutions
• 2004 Columbus Shopping Mall Bombing Plot
• 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot which was to involve liquid explosives
• 2006 Sears Tower plot
• 2007 Fort Dix attack plot
• 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot
• 2009 Northwest Airlines Flight 253 in which a passenger tried to set off plastic explosives sewn to his underwear
• 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt

Successful attacks

• June 1, 2009, Little Rock recruiting office shooting. One person was killed and another was wounded.
• November 5, 2009, Fort Hood shooting in Texas. 13 people were killed and 30 others were wounded.
• Boston Marathon bombings. 3 killed and over 200 wounded.

• Bombings in Kabul, Afghanistan occurred after the attacks and were reposted live by CNN correspondent Nic Robertson less than 24 hours after the attacks in America.

Effects on Children

The attacks were regarded by some as particularly disturbing to children, in part because of the frequency with which the images were replayed on television. Many schools closed early, especially those with children whose parents worked in Washington, D.C. and NYC. In Sarasota, Florida, Emma E. Booker Elementary School became a part of history because President George W. Bush was reading to a classroom of children when the attacks happened.

Mental disorders is referred as an behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. Many children who were directly exposed to the terrorist attack or suffered by losing a parent or family member tend to be dealing with specific disorders. Whether its from depression, anxiety, or even health conditions these are all effects from the attack. Ideally no kid can cope with the the fact their parent or family member was killed in the horrific incident therefore many children are sent to psychologist for further diagnostics and treatments.

Long Term Effects on Children

Psychological studies focused on children exposed to the attacks in Lower Manhattan and New York City found higher rates of clinically significant behavior problems among preschool children, as well as elevated rates of PTSD and depression in the years after the attacks. For children who lost a parent in the attack, psychologists noticed that while some coped well initially they would at times succumb to bouts of depression and self harm later in life, or become reluctant to discuss their family history.

Health Effects

The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers contained more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens. Subsequent debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovery workers are said to be linked to exposure to these carcinogens. The Bush administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security; however, the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002.

Health effects also extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown. Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the victims' names will be included in the World Trade Center memorial. Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust. There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development. A notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby. A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30–40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack.

Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system. On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city. Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe. Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area.

Claims

During the somber time period for Americans, the patriotism stayed strong. Following the road to recovery the federal government and state begin issuing grants and various funds to compensate and help those who suffered traumatically. First the 9/11 Heroes Stamp Program was administered by the Department of Homeland Security which basically gave funds to those who became disabled from direct contact in the attack or suffered a loss from the attack. In addition, the Post- 9/11 GI Bill became a result after 9/11, paying homage to the U.S military soldiers, which provided educational and financial assistance to those soldiers who were returning back to civilian life. Lastly, the main objective was to advanced security everywhere to prevent other attacks from flourishing again. This required strict rules and regulations, followed by abundant amounts of dollars. Therefore, the federal grant aid assisted states, communities, and local organizations in their efforts to stay safe and remain readily prepared. In order for that to happen the program law enforcement training and technical assistance grant was created hoping to stop or better compose for a terrorist attack.

Economics

After the terrorist attack various repercussions took place that effected the U.S as a whole. Due to all the money and claims that were being put out to help aid the victims of the attack, as well as different security and laws to protect the U.S, caused several layoffs and unemployments. Specifically, It was said that 462 extended masses were layoffs because of the attacks that displaced approximately 130,000 employees. The unemployment rate inclined to a total of 5.0% which is significantly too high. In addition 9/11 hinder our trade relations with foreign countries and made the supply of oil demands a hassle. In particularly, the U.S primarily wants oils because its a form a revenue due to its power of bringing money into the country. Also its a form of energy, and in other words a form of supply and demand. However, after the attack oil prices skyrocketed. Granted, the terrorist group associated with the attacks are from the area where the most important source of world's oil is produced.

Park51

Park51 (originally named Cordoba House) is a planned 13-story Muslim community center to be located two blocks from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. The majority of the center will be open to the general public and its proponents have said the center will promote interfaith dialogue. It will contain a Muslim prayer space that has controversially been referred to as the "Ground Zero mosque", though numerous commentators noted that it was neither a mosque nor at Ground Zero.

It would replace an existing 1850s Italianate-style building that was being used as a Burlington Coat Factory before it was damaged in the September 11 attacks. The proposed multi-faith aspects of the design include a 500-seat auditorium, theater, a performing arts center, a fitness center, a swimming pool, a basketball court, a childcare area, a bookstore, a culinary school, an art studio, a food court, and a memorial to the victims of the September 11 attacks. The prayer space for the Muslim community will accommodate 1,000–2,000 people.

Hate crimes

An increase in racial tensions was seen in countries such as England, with a number of violent crimes linked to the September 11th attacks. The most severe example was seen in Peterborough, where teenager Ross Parker was murdered by a gang of up to ten Muslims of Pakistani background who had sought a white male to attack.

On the other hand, hate crimes against Muslims also increased around the world. For example, Canada experienced a 16-fold increase in anti-Muslim attacks immediately a year after 9/11. In the year leading to the attack, there were only 11 reported crimes but a year following 9/11, there were 173 hate crime cases reported. The same also happened in the United Kingdom and Australia. In the latter's case, a study conducted in Sydney and Melbourne revealed an overwhelming majority of Muslim residents who experienced racism or racist violence since the attack. Another study claimed that hate crimes "increased for all Muslims after 9/11, although the relative risk was much higher for those individuals living in countries with smaller Muslim populations."

See also

• 9/11 Commission Report
• 9/11 conspiracy theories
• Class of 9/11
• Fahrenheit 9/11 – a documentary by Michael Moore
• Health effects of September 11, 2001 attacks
• September 11 attacks
• War games in progress on September 11, 2001
• Patriot Day

References

External Links

• http://www.memrifilms.org/
• https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112shrg67123/pdf/CHRG-112shrg67123.pdf

Reflective Essay

Wikipedia was just one of them “websites” I thought I can find a quick answer from whenever I needed a specific answer. However, Wikipedia is more than just that, it’s a lifestyle. I specifically use the word lifestyle because it’s constantly modified on a daily basis from other users. Particularly, most of the time it’s either a user adding more cited work to a claim or correcting information that could have been proven to be right or wrong through generations. Moreover, using Wikipedia for my course’s assignments and article evaluations I began to learn the essence of what Wikipedia has to offer. For example, for every article that is published, users are allowed to have a talk page pertaining to that article. Talk pages are basically group chats that allows users to give their thoughts and ideas about the article. In addition, it allows you to tell what changes you’re about to make to that certain article. Also, I learned about a sandbox which preferably allows you to build a draft of your own work and ideas that you will later move onto Wikipedia. Likewise, I used my sandbox to brainstorm the article I evaluated before publishing it where others can see. Approaching the article, that I decided to critique I was very patient. I mention patient because it’s a very sensitive topic to America. With precise research and the adequate time to hit every topic I knew I could add more than what was already originated on Wikipedia. Therefore, my main focus was to hit the subtopics that lacked citations and or needed clean ups and organization.

Getting into details about the edits I created, my main attentive was to improve paragraphs that was lacking citations. What good is the information if there is no evidence to prove it’s factual? That fact that there wasn’t any citations or references to certain claims I had to clean that up. Furthermore, some paragraphs needed cleans up. For instances paragraphs were very unorganized and needed major grammar corrections. Besides those edits, a major factor for me was removing biased and unnecessary information included into the article. So how does my article differ from the original article? Simple, my article may have less information but all of the information provided remains on topic and is completely cited with evidence to its proof. As well as develops a clear understanding of what is being read. With that being said I’ve received positive feedback from others stating my article was well moderately developed compared to when I first started using the originated text. Notably, I participated in the peer review and contributed in giving suggestions, advice, and motivation. As a result, they did the same by giving me advice on organizing subtopic headers.

Overall, using Wikipedia is quite the experience. Above all I would say assignments on Wikipedia are learning experiences. Getting different perspectives and views encourages you and helps you better your work. Compared to regular assignments where it’s just you and not receiving the beneficial help or ideas. Wikipedia is known to be non- reliable factor throughout it’s years. Even the teachers in middle school and high school tell students to stay away from Wikipedia because the information can be tampered with. However, I believe if individuals lose that mindset and see the essence of Wikipedia they will change their perspectives.

Added Citations:

https://www.wired.com/2003/07/funding-for-tia-all-but-dead/

https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/deception-detection

Peer Reviewed Assignment 7 complete: Davonte Hooks reviewed Niyati815 Article

Article Topic: Aftermath of the September 11 Attacks (Article Selection Improvement)(chosen Topic)

Is the Article's Content relevant to the topic? As described in the article's title the content is relevant to the topic. It explains the effects of the unforgettable terrorist attack that happened on 9/11 in New York City. It goes into details about how this attack triggered a chain reaction through society as a whole. Preferably, how this attack made for higher security, how certain ethic groups were harassed and judge, and how the economy or shall I say the whole United States went through a complete change. Although this article relatively remained on topic there were many paragraphs that were not well organized. Most paragraphs would talk about a specific topic but somehow it would drift into another scenario. For example one paragraph is titled hate crimes, referring to muslims or of that ethnicity and how people would target them as being suspects. I believe in that paragraph it should have only discussed that, yet the paragraph went into details about some of the killings of specific individuals and how they were killed there names and race.

Is the article written neutrally? Surprisingly, this article was written neutrally. I assumed due to the attack and the effects it had on the United States there were going to be a few opinions towards certain circumstances.

Does each claim have a citation? No most of the paragraphs written in this article don't have citations or the citation is presented wrong. For example in the paragraph "Rescue and Recovery" it gives a random url link to describe the immediate help actions from the military. Moreover, some of the links don't relate to the article at all or doesn't justify the main concept of a paragraph.

Are the citations reliable? Going back to the citations in each paragraph most of them are not reliable but there are some that are. Some links and tabs don't support some of the statistic or points given.

Reference/Citation: for the article: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

Department of Homeland Security/

https://www.dhs.gov/secretary#

Article Topic: Audio Topic (Article Selection Improvement)

Is the article's content relevant to the topic? It pertains back to the root of audio power and what it consist of in order to have the perfect sound but most of the information sounds biased. The information is not well organized and well presented.

Is the article written neutrally? Yes the article is written neutrally there is no opinions or persuasive writing. The article content revolves around information of audio power.

Does each claim have a citation? Some claims do not have a citation and there is information without actual evidence defining that statement. Without citation being provided it can seem as if one's information is biased and not factual, or nonetheless just background information obtained from someone. ]

Are the citations reliable? The citations that are presented are reliable, otherwise no because much citation is not presented.

Other improvements: Some paragraphs are just a sentence and need to be expanded.

Article Topic: Affective Computing (Article Selection Improvement)

Is the Article's Content relevant to the topic? I believe the article's content was relevant to the topic. It stated by definition that affective commuting is the study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects. Blatantly, the article did just that by giving more of a psychological stand point. Specifically the content went in depth by showing how each sensors in the technology mentally and emotionally transmit human like characteristics. The focus of the article or shall I say theme is converting human and computer interaction, giving technology human qualities.

Is the article written neutrally? Figuratively, the article is written neutral. It's main focus is not pertaining to one side of the article. It undergoes the spread of artificial intelligence and how it benefits and help humans on a daily basis.

Does each claim have citation? For the most part each claim has a citation. In particularly each linked referenced in a paragraph related back to another article on wikipedia revolving around the main focus of the text. However, a citation I am relatively skeptical about are the charts. For example there wasn't a link or any proof related to how it was analyzed involving skin resistance to the time while the subject played video game.

Are the citations reliable? I think the sources are reliable and the refer back to the main point of the article.

Improvements Although this was a great article and very interesting I feel as though some improvements could have been made. Firstly, I strongly believe the history and the influential stand point should have been more explained. However, I know it stated where it can be traced back to but the link didn't give straightforward info. In addition, more artificial intelligence should have been brought forth and how it related to each sensor. For instance lets say if the paragraph talked about hearing sensors it could have related to the new artificial intelligence and integrated sensor hearing aids for those who are losing their hearing.

Article: Social Science (Evaluate Article)

Content Everything explained in this article stayed relatively on topic and everything was stated clearly. In particularly, the article's introduction introduced that there were more branches of social science that studied the society and human behavior. Given that information, later on into the article each branch was explicated. In addition the article even gave history as to how social science and evolution developed throughout ages and how social science was influenced by different revolutions. Furthermore, this was a well organized and descriptive article as it remained on topic and was I not distracted throughout my reading. However, I did observe some of the sources were out of date most of them being from the 1900's. Therefore an improvement can be the updating of citation.

Tone Overall, the article's tone is neutral but there is a claim that appears biased towards a particular position. For example the article delineated that for educational and degree purposes that the bachelor of social science is most flexible and goes more in depth than any other degrees involving social science subjects. I believed that is opinionated because one can feel the opposite towards that statement also there are no supporting sources to verify that is in fact true.

Sources Most of every citation link works and supports each topic explained in the article. I was capable of clicking most of the links and seeing supporting documentations. Each fact relating to the beliefs and study of a branch was referenced back to an appropriate scientist or publisher/author.