User:Jamesmarg/Venus' flower basket

Introduction

Jamesmarg/Venus' flower basket
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Porifera
Class:	Hexactinellida
Order:	Lyssacinosida
Family:	Euplectellidae
Subfamily:	Euplectellinae
Genus:	Euplectella
Species:	E. aspergillum
Binomial name
Euplectella aspergillum Owen, 1841

Collected specimen of Euplectella aspergillum

The Venus' flower basket (Euplectella aspergillum) is a glass sponge in the phylum Porifera. It is a marine sponge found in the deep waters of the Pacific ocean, usually at depths below 500 meters. Like other sponges, they feed by filtering sea water to capture plankton and marine snow. Similar to other glass sponges, they build their skeletons out of silica, which forms a unique lattice structure of spicules. The sponges are usually between 10 cm and 30 cm tall, and their bodies act as refuge for their mutualist shrimp partners. This body structure is of great interest in materials science as the optical and mechanical properties are in some ways superior to man-made materials. Little is known regarding their reproduction habits, however fluid dynamics of their body structure likely influence reproduction and it is hypothesized that they may be hermaphroditic.

Habitat

Venus' flower baskets are found in the western Pacific Ocean nearby the Philippine Islands. Other species of this genus occur throughout oceans around the world, including near Japan and in the Indian Ocean.

This sponge's habitat is on the rocky areas of the benthic seafloor, where it lives and grows connected to hard substrate for its entire life. It can be found from 100 m to 1000 m (330 ft to 3300 ft) below the ocean's surface, and is most common at depths greater than 500 m.

Morphology

Closeup of intricate lattice of the Venus' Flower Basket

The body is tubular, curved and basket-like and made up of triaxon spicules. The body is perforated by numerous apertures, which are not true ostia but simply parietal gaps. Syconoid type of canal system is present, where ostia communicate with incurrent canals, which communicates with radial canals through prosopyles which, in turn, open into the spongocoel and to the outside through the osculum.

The body structure of these animals is a thin-walled, cylindrical, vase-shaped tube with a large central atrium. The body is composed entirely of silica in the form of 6-pointed siliceous spicules, which is why they are commonly known as glass sponges. The spicules are composed of three perpendicular rays, giving them six points. Spicules are microscopic, pin-like structures within the sponge's tissues that provide structural support for the sponge. It is the combination of spicule forms within a sponge's tissues that helps identify the species. In the case of glass sponges, the spicules "weave" together to form a very fine mesh, which gives the sponge's body a rigidity not found in other sponge species and allows glass sponges to survive at great depths in the water column.

Euplectella aspergillum at a depth of 2572 meters

It is speculated that the sponge harnesses bioluminescence to attract plankton.

Their peculiar skeletal motifs have been found to have important fluid-dynamic effects on both reducing the drag experienced by the sponge and in promoting coherent swirling motions inside the body cavity, arguably to promote selective filter feeding and sexual reproduction. In a study performed by Italian researcher, a three-dimensional model of Venus' Flower Basket was utilized to simulate the flow of water molecules in and out of its lattice. The researchers found that, while reducing the sponge's drag, it also created minute vortices inside the sponge which facilitated the mixing of its sperm and eggs; additionally, making feeding more efficient for the shrimp living inside of its lattice.

Mutualistic Relationship

Red Shrimp can be seen encased by the glass sponge

The sponges are often found to house glass sponge shrimp, usually a breeding pair, who are typically unable to exit the sponge's lattice due to their size. Consequently, they live in and around these sponges, where the shrimp perform a mutualistic relationship with the sponge until they die. This may have influenced the adoption of the sponge as a symbol of undying love in Japan, where the skeletons of these sponges are presented as wedding gifts.

Silica spicules of Euplectella aspergillum

Anthropomorphic Applications

The glassy fibers that attach the sponge to the ocean floor, 5–20 centimetres (2–8 in) long and thin as human hair, are of interest to fiber optics researchers. The sponge extracts silicic acid from seawater and converts it into silica, then forms it into an elaborate skeleton of glass fibers. Other sponges such as the orange puffball sponge (Tethya aurantium) can also produce glass biologically. The current manufacturing process for optical fibers requires high temperatures and produces a brittle fiber. A low-temperature process for creating and arranging such fibers, inspired by sponges, could offer more control over the optical properties of the fibers. These nano-structures are also potentially useful for the creation of more efficient, low-cost solar cells. Furthermore, its skeletal structure has inspired a new type of structural lattice with a higher strength to weight ratio than other diagonally reinforced square lattices used in engineering applications.

These sponges skeletons have complex geometric configurations, which have been extensively studied for their stiffness, yield strength, and minimal crack propagation. An aluminum tube (aluminum and glass have similar elastic modulus) of equal length, effective thickness, and radius, but homogeneously distributed, has 1/100th the stiffness.

Besides these remarkable structural properties, Falcucci et al. found that their peculiar skeletal motifs deliver important fluid-dynamic effects on both reducing the drag experienced by the sponge and in promoting coherent swirling motions inside the body cavity, arguably to promote selective filter feeding and sexual reproduction.

Rao's work on biomimicry in architecture describes the architectural inspiration gleaned from the Venus' Flower Basket structure, notably in connection with Norman Foster's design for Gherkin tower in London.

Glass sponge's

References

1. 1. Monn, M. A., et al. (2015). New functional insights into the internal architecture of the laminated anchor spicules of Euplectella aspergillum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(16), 4976-4981. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415502112
   2. Sundar, V., et al. (2003). Fibre-optical features of a glass sponge. Nature, 424, 899–900. https://doi.org/10.1038/424899a
   3. Falcucci, G., et al. (2021). Extreme flow simulations reveal skeletal adaptations of deep-sea sponges. Nature, 595, 537–541. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03658-1
   4. Aizenberg, J., et al. & Fratzl, P. (2005). Skeleton of Euplectella sp.: structural hierarchy from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Science, 309(5732), 275-278. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1112255
   5. Aizenberg, J., et al. (2004). Biological glass fibers: correlation between optical and structural properties. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(10), 3358-3363. doi:10.1073/pnas.0307843101
   6. Weaver, J. C., et al. (2007). Hierarchical assembly of the siliceous skeletal lattice of the hexactinellid sponge Euplectella aspergillum. Journal of structural biology, 158(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2006.10.027
   7. Birkbak, M. E., et al. (2016). Internal structure of sponge glass fiber revealed by ptychographic nanotomography. Journal of Structural Biology, 194(1), pp124-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2016.02.006
   8. Rao, R. (2014). Biomimicry in architecture. International Journal of Advanced Research in Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering and Developing, 1(3), 101-107. Retrieved from https://biomimicryforhumanity.com/assets/files/biomimicry-architecture2.pdf
   9. Shimizu, K., et al. (2015). Glassin, a histidine-rich protein from the siliceous skeletal system of the marine sponge Euplectella, directs silica polycondensation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(37), 11449–11454. doi:10.1073/pnas.1506968112