User:Ms0615/sandbox
| Lake Waccamaw | |
|---|---|
 Sunset from State Park by Joey Nobles | |
  Lake Waccamaw  Lake Waccamaw | |
| Location | Columbus County, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°17′16″N 78°30′31″W / 34.28778°N 78.50861°W |
| Primary inflows | Big Creek; First Little, Second Little and Third Little Creeks |
| Basin countries | United States |
| Managing agency | North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation |
| Designation | State Lake |
| Surface area | 8,938 acres (3,617 ha) |
| Average depth | 7.5 ft (2.3 m) |
| Surface elevation | 43 ft (13 m) |
| Settlements | Lake Waccamaw |
Lake Waccamaw is a fresh water lake located in Columbus County in North Carolina. This particular lake is considered the largest Carolina Bay in North Carolina. The term "Bay" Lake stems from the abundance of bay trees (Magnolia virginiana L., Gordonia lasianthus Ellis, and Persea) growing in the numerous swampy oval depressions on the Carolina coastal plain.[1] Lake Waccamaw is fed by four creeks: First, Second, Third, and Big creeks and has one main outflow river. This outflow river is the Waccamaw River which flows southeasterly through the vibrant Green Swamp into South Carolina where it then empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Georgetown, South Carolina. Lake Waccamaw has been home to many endemic species and is considered a very biologically diverse North Carolina lake.[2] According to Hubbs and Raney (1946), Lake Waccamaw and the surrounding watersheds have some of the most peculiar and strongly endemic fauna that North Carolina has to offer[3].
Geography
[edit]Lake Waccamaw has a broad, flat bottom of gyttja (mud) and peat encircled by sandy shallows and submerged sandy terraces that extend up to 500 m offshore. The lake is oval in shape measuring roughly 5.2 miles (8.4 km) by 3.5 miles (5.6 km) covering 8,938 acres (3,617 ha) surface area with an average depth of 7.5 feet (2.3 m) and a shoreline of about 14 miles (23 km). The marginal 70% of the lake bottom is composed of clear sand, whereas the central 30% is overlaid with a deposit of fibrous and pulpy peat.[4]
Natural history
[edit]The lake has been estimated to be between 15,000 and 30,000 years old. It is underlain by layers containing fossils of various ages, including the lower Pliocene Goose Creek Limestone[5] and the lower Pleistocene Waccamaw Formation. In 2008 a whale fossil was found in the lake.[6] Scientists have removed the bones of a whale that they say may date back 1 - 3 million years. The skull of the whale has been restored and is currently on display at Lake Waccamaw State Park through longstanding loan from the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences.
The lake is fed mainly by Big Creek and the surrounding swamp lands. The organic matter from the decaying vegetation of the swamps makes the water tea-colored. The lake is full of life. It even contains some species of fish, such as the Waccamaw silverside, that are native only to Lake Waccamaw.[7] Unlike most of the other Carolina Bay lakes, Lake Waccamaw gets the majority of its water from the surrounding swamp instead of direct rain water. A limestone bluff along the north shore filters the water and reduces the acidity levels, making the lake ideal for a wide range of aquatic life.[1] Genetic analysis shows that the mussel species reported as endemic are not distinct from populations outside the lake, but many of the freshwater mollusks and fish found in the lake are imperiled, especially with declining water quality. [8]
Lake Waccamaw is one of the largest Carolina Bays. Although the idea that they were formed by meteorite or comet impact remains popular in public imagination, no evidence supporting the claim has been found. Dredges have brought up old charred tree stumps, and they support a theory that the lake is the basin left by a prehistoric peat fire.[citation needed]
Human history
[edit]Before the arrival of European settlers to the area surrounding Lake Waccamaw, it was inhabited by Native Americans. A place still called Indian Mounds is on the east shore and, on the site of one mound, it is said nothing will grow.
Charles II of England originally granted this land to one of the Lord Proprietors who made individual grants to those willing to settle in this part of the new world. These large grants were divided among heirs and new settlers. By the mid-18th century, few of the early settlers or their descendants were left around the lake area. They were replaced by people such as John Powell, who brought cattle from Virginia to settle his grant of land.
There is a quote attributed to John Bartram stating, "This is the pleasantist place that I have ever seen". There is, however, no evidence of this quote in his writings. The origin of the quote is perhaps explained by The News Reporter which states, "N.C. State University researcher John A. McGeachy seems to have found it in his paper “Travel on the Cape Fear River in the Colonial Period". A group of at least 14 men traveled the area with Nathaniel Moore in 1733. The publication from that trip was called “A New Voyage to Georgia.” From old Brunswick they traveled 40 miles (64 km) up the Cape Fear River to Moore's place, then to Lake Waccamaw, described by an unnamed author as “the pleasantest place that ever I saw in my life.”
John Powell's son, Absalom, after the American Revolutionary War, started buying large areas of land. A North Carolina Historical Marker was placed near his grave on August 22, 1933 at Lake Waccamaw. John Powell's son, Isaac, of Lake Waccamaw was appointed first major for Bladen County militia in 1804 and a Justice of the Peace in 1806. He was the largest landowner of his day in Columbus County, owning over 10,000 acres (40 km²) - most of his land in the area of Lake Waccamaw.
The lake was established as a North Carolina State Lake in 1929, and it is managed by the adjacent Lake Waccamaw State Park.
A natural sand bar, which extends along the northwest shore between a fringing cypress swamp and the main lake, was supplemented with spoil dredged to form a neighboring canal in 1946 and developed with private residences. Big Creek delivers tea-colored water from the large cypress and gum tree swamp at the northeast corner of the lake, and the Waccamaw River emerges from the southern shore. A dam at the outlet built in 1926[9] now regulates lake levels, which used to fall by as much as a meter during dry spells, occasionally exposing the sand terraces. The dam was renovated in 2008 to help restore control of the lake water levels.
Lake Waccamaw has several feeders, called First Little, Second Little and Third Little Creeks and then Big Creek as well as water from the Friar swamp. Underground springs feed the creeks.
Recent environmental events
[edit]
The lack of rain in the eastern portion of North Carolina during 2007 affected the water level in Lake Waccamaw. Water levels dropped greater than 15 inches (380 mm) below normal as of late 2007. The record low is 19.5 inches (500 mm) recorded in 1993. The record high was 37 inches (940 mm) above normal in 1999. In 2008, some additional rain and swamp drainage had increased the water levels.
In October 2012 there was a hydrilla outbreak. Efforts to free the lake of the invasive weed were estimated to take between 5 and 7 years.[10]
Aquatic life in Lake Waccamaw
[edit]Several endemic species are located within the waters of Lake Waccamaw. According to Hubbs and Raney (1946), endemic species are those particular species of organisms that are only found in one particular location and nowhere else in the world[11]. Many of the endemic species that encompass Lake Waccamaw have overall increased the biodiversity of the landscape and made this particular lake the most unique because they are not found anywhere else[12].
These endemic fish that inhabit Lake Waccamaw are the Waccamaw Darter and Waccamaw Silverside[13] and the Waccamaw Killifish [11].
The Waccamaw Darter (Etheostoma perlongu), is a unique freshwater fish species that inhabits Lake Waccamaw. This particular species grows at a rapid rate within the first year of life, but slows growth after that year[14]. According to Hubbs and Raney (1946), the Waccamaw Darter is one of the many endemic species that are present around the sandy shoals of the lake [11]. The Waccamaw Darter can be identified by their how many scales cover their bodies[11].
The Waccamaw Silverside (Menidia extensa), is a federally endangered species of fish that is endemic to the waters of Lake Waccamaw and the upper ends of the Waccamaw River[15]. This particular species is still thriving within Lake Waccamaw, but it is at risk due to the increase in pollutants that have affected the overall water quality within the lake and river.
Lastly, the Waccamaw Killifish (Fundulus waccamensis), also known as the “sand shiner”, is normally found swimming in the shallow waters of Lake Waccamaw[11]. This particular species has a slender body, has been used as a bait minnow, and tends to have more vertebrae that other fish within the same family[11].
Lake Waccamaw also contains a diversity of unusual mollusks. There have been fifteen species of mussels and clams reported from the lake. Also of the 11 snail species that inhabit the waters, the Waccamaw amnicola and siltsnail are one-of-a-kind species.
Also within Lake Waccamaw, the American Alligator helps to enhance the biodiversity and serves as a vital part of the ecosystem.[16] The American Alligator ranges from 9-13 ft in length and can weigh roughly 200-500lbs.
| Species | Family | Habitat | Trophic level | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acantharchus pomotis | Centrarchidae | demersal | 3.0 | native |
| Ameiurus catus | Ictaluridae | demersal | 3.8 | native |
| Ameiurus natalis | Ictaluridae | demersal | 3.3 | native |
| Ameiurus platycephalus | Ictaluridae | demersal | 3.4 | native |
| Amia calva | Amiidae | demersal | 3.8 | native |
| Anguilla rostrata | Anguillidae | demersal | 3.7 | native |
| Aphredoderus sayanus | Aphredoderidae | demersal | 3.4 | native |
| Centrarchus macropterus | Centrarchidae | demersal | 3.7 | native |
| Cyprinus carpio carpio | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 3.0 | native |
| Dorosoma cepedianum | Clupeidae | pelagic | 2.0 | native |
| Elassoma zonatum | Elassomatidae | demersal | 3.0 | native |
| Enneacanthus gloriosus | Centrarchidae | demersal | 3.0 | native |
| Enneacanthus obesus | Centrarchidae | demersal | 3.0 | native |
| Erimyzon oblongus | Catostomidae | demersal | 2.8 | native |
| Erimyzon sucetta | Catostomidae | demersal | 2.8 | native |
| Esox americanus americanus | Esocidae | demersal | 3.4 | native |
| Esox niger | Esocidae | demersal | 4.0 | native |
| Etheostoma fusiforme | Percidae | benthopelagic | 3.2 | native |
| Etheostoma perlongum | Percidae | benthopelagic | 3.4 | endemic |
| Fundulus waccamensis | Fundulidae | benthopelagic | 3.0 | endemic |
| Gambusia affinis | Poeciliidae | benthopelagic | 3.2 | native |
| Lepisosteus osseus | Lepisosteidae | demersal | 4.2 | native |
| Lepomis auritus | Centrarchidae | demersal | 3.1 | native |
| Lepomis gibbosus | Centrarchidae | benthopelagic | 3.1 | native |
| Lepomis gulosus | Centrarchidae | demersal | 3.7 | native |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Centrarchidae | benthopelagic | 3.3 | native |
| Lepomis punctatus | Centrarchidae | demersal | 3.0 | native |
| Menidia extensa | Atherinidae | pelagic | 3.2 | endemic |
| Micropterus salmoides | Centrarchidae | benthopelagic | 3.8 | native |
| Morone americana | Moronidae | demersal | 3.0 | native |
| Notemigonus crysoleucas | Cyprinidae | demersal | 3.0 | native |
| Notropis chalybaeus | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 3.0 | native |
| Notropis petersoni | Cyprinidae | benthopelagic | 3.0 | native |
| Noturus gyrinus | Ictaluridae | demersal | 3.2 | native |
| Perca flavescens | Percidae | benthopelagic | 3.7 | native |
| Pomoxis nigromaculatus | Centrarchidae | benthopelagic | 4.2 | native |
| Umbra pygmaea | Umbridae | demersal | 3.6 | native |
Legend of Lake Waccamaw
[edit]There are many theories regarding the formation of Lake Waccamaw. One legend told is the story where the meteor (falling star) hit the earth on the southeast side of the lake and destroyed all the beautiful flowers that were placed in the garden by the warriors when they came back from a hunt or from protecting the village. The flower garden was taken care of by the women of the village. Many animals lived in the garden as well. Because the people forgot to give thanks to the Creator and became full of themselves, the Creator sent the meteor as punishment. To this day, the Waccamaw Siouan people remember the stories told.
Another legend is recorded in the book Recollections and Records. In the book the lake's origin is described in terms of a European-American romantic myth. According to local tradition, the large and beautiful lake was once a mound of flowers. The keeper of this beautiful garden was an American Indian princess who was known to all as the most beautiful princess in all the world. Each spring it became the custom for the chiefs of all tribes to send their sons to the camp of the princess. There they were received from her hands a blessing and a wild rose that would bring them good luck. As the tale goes, a young brave who had seen the princess asked her to become his wife. She replied that she had promised never to marry so she could stay in the garden, teach, and send all of the tribes her blessings. The brave became very angry and swore that he would destroy the mound of flowers. His tribe invaded and overcame the Waccamaw braves and their chiefs. The princess knelt and asked to die in the garden. She requested that the mound of flowers be changed into a beautiful lake that man could not destroy. She asked too, that the lake would never become dry and that the waters should always be pure and crystal.
Interesting facts
[edit]The Lake Waccamaw Depot museum, housed in a 1904 Atlantic Coast Line Railroad depot, is on the National Register of Historic Places. Exhibits include a 300-year-old Indian canoe and marine fossils recovered from the lake, natural history specimens, Waccamaw Siouan Indian artifacts, early European settler artifacts, railroad including a caboose, information on local industries including turpentine, cypress shingles, logging, and tool manufacturing, along with many old photographs. The hours are Wednesday, Thursday and Friday from 10 AM to 3 PM and Sundays from 3 to 5 PM. Admission is free. The museum is handicapped accessible.
References
[edit]- ^ a b http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/wacbay.html
- ^ Burgess, Carla (2018). "Lumber River Basin" (PDF). Lumber River Basin. Retrieved Aug 20, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Hubbs, Carl. L; Raney, Edward C. (1946). "Endemic Fish and Fuana of Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina". MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 65: 5–29 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|journal=at position 27 (help) - ^ "Search FishBase". www.fishbase.de. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ^ Campbell, Matthew R.; Campbell, Lyle D. (1995). "Preliminary Biostratigraphy and Molluscan Fauna of the Goose Creek Limestone of Eastern South Carolina". Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology. 27 (1–4).
- ^ "Search FishBase". www.fishbase.de. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ^ McGrath, Gareth. "Whale of a find in Lake Waccamaw". Wilmington Star News. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- ^ McCartney, Michael A.; Bogan, Arthur E.; Sommer, Kristine M.; Wilbur, Ami E. (December 2016). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Lake Waccamaw Endemic Freshwater Mussel Species". American Malacological Bulletin. 34 (2): 109–120. doi:10.4003/006.034.0207.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c d e f Hubbs, Carl. L; Raney, Edward C. (1946). "Endemic Fish and Fuana of Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina". MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 65: 5–29 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|journal=at position 27 (help) - ^ North Carolina State Parks (2020). "Lake Waccamaw State Park Ecology". Retrieved Oct 16, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Burgess, Carla (2018). "Lumber River Basin" (PDF). Lumber River Basin. Retrieved Aug 20, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Shute, Peggy W.; Shute, John R.; Lindquist, David G. (1982). "Age, Growth and Early Life History of the Waccamaw Darter, Estheostoma Perlongum". Copeia. 3: 561–67.
- ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service (2019). "Waccamaw Silverside Menidia extensa". USFW. Retrieved Oct 15, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Zlotnicki, Mike (June 2020). "The Alligators Among Us" (PDF). WINC. Retrieved Nov 15, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Species in Waccamaw". FishBase. 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
External links
[edit]
Geographic data related to Ms0615/sandbox at OpenStreetMap- Lake Waccamaw informational website
- Photos Of Lake Waccamaw
- Columbus County Information
- Official Lake Photo Site