User:Ngwinn/Neuromodulation
Moved to therapies and treatments section: Neuromodulation also refers to an emerging class of medical therapies that target the nervous system for restoration of function (such as in cochlear implants), relief of pain, or control of symptoms, such as tremors seen in movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. The therapies consist primarily of targeted electrical stimulation or infusion of medications into the cerebrospinal fluid using intrathecal drug delivery, such as baclofen for spasticity. Electrical stimulation devices include deep brain stimulation systems (DBS), colloquially referred to as "brain pacemakers", spinal cord stimulators (SCS) and vagus nerve stimulators (VNS), which are implanted using minimally invasive procedures, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and scrambler therapy devices, which are fully external, among others.
Neuromodulation is often used as a treatment mechanism for moderate to severe migraines by way of nerve stimulation. These treatments work by utilizing the basic ascending pathways. There are three main modes. It works by connecting a device to the body that sends electrical pulses directly to the affected site (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), directly to the brain (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation), or by holding a device close to the neck that works to block pain signals modulation from the PNS to the CNS. [1] and sends two of the most notable modes of that treatment, which are electrical and magnetic stimulation. Electrical nerve stimulation and some of the characterizations include transcranial alternating stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. The other is magnetic stimulation, which includes single pulse and repetitive transcranial stimulation. [1]
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Types of Neuromodulation Therapies
There are two main categories for neuromodulation therapy: chemical and electrical.
Electrical Neuromodulator Therapies
With electrical neuromodulation, there are three subcategories: deep brain, spinal cord, and transcranial, each aiming to treat specific conditions. Deep brain stimulation involves electrodes being surgically implanted into specific sections of the brain that are commonly responsible for movement and motor control deficiencies and disorders like Parkinson's and tremors. Spinal cord stimulation works by being placed near the spinal cord to send electrical signals through the body to treat various forms of chronic pain like lower back pain and CRPS. This form of neuromodulator treatment is considered one of the more high-risk treatments because of its manipulation near the spinal cord. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is slightly different in that it utilizes a magnetic field to generate electrical currents throughout the brain. This treatment is widely used to remedy various mental health conditions like depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other mood disorders.[2][3]
Chemical Neuromodular Therapies
Chemical neuromodulation mostly consists of collaborating natural and artificial chemical substances to treat various conditions. It uses both invasive and non-invasive modes of treatment, including pumps, injections, and oral medications. This mode of treatment can be used to manage immune responses like inflammation, mood, and motor disorders. [4]
GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has an inhibitory effect on brain and spinal cord activity.
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GABA is an amino acid that is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter for the central nervous system (CNS). It reduces neuronal excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission. GABA has a multitude of different functions during development and influences the migration, proliferation, and proper morphological development of neurons. It also influences the timing of critical periods and potentially primes the earliest neuronal networks. There are two main types of GABA receptors: GABAa and GABAb. GABAa receptors inhibit neurotransmitter release and/or neuronal excitability and are a ligand-gated chloride channel. GABAb receptors are slower to react due to a GCPR that acts to inhibit neurons. GABA can be the culprit for many disorders ranging from schizophrenia to major depressive disorder because of its inhibitory characteristics being dampened. [2][3][4][5]
"See also" section edits
Symptom Validity Assessment definition- an examinee's validity is tested by examining their truthfulness and accuracy about a specific behavioral presentation, self-reports, and neuropsychological performance. [6]
Performance Validity Testing definition- an examiner's way of measuring the overall efficacy of an evaluation method. [7]
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Volume Transmission
Tonic Transmission
There are three main components of tonic transmission: Continued release, sustained release, and baseline regulation. In the context of neuromodulation, continuous release is responsible for releasing neurotransmitters/neuromodulators at a constant low level from glial cells and tonic active neurons. Sustained Influence provides long-term stability to the entire process, and baseline regulation ensures that the neurons are in a continued state of readiness to respond to any signals. Acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are some of the main components in tonic transmission to mediate arousal and attention. [5]
Phasic Transmission
There are three main components of phasic transmission: burst release, transient effects, and stimulus-driven effects. As the name suggests, burst release is in charge of releasing neurotransmitters/neuromodulators in intense, acute bursts. Transient effects create acute momentary adjustments in neural activity. Lastly, as the name suggests, stimulus-driven effects react to sensory input, external stressors, and reward stimuli, which involve dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. [6]
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[edit]- ^ Tiwari, Varun; Agrawal, Sachin (2022-11-07). "Migraine and Neuromodulation: A Literature Review". Cureus. doi:10.7759/cureus.31223. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 9729750. PMID 36505141.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Allen, Mary J.; Sabir, Sarah; Sharma, Sandeep (2024), "GABA Receptor", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30252380, retrieved 2024-06-27
- ^ Sigel, Erwin; Steinmann, Michael E. (2012-11-23). "Structure, Function, and Modulation of GABAA Receptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (48): 40224–40231. doi:10.1074/jbc.R112.386664. ISSN 0021-9258. PMC 3504738. PMID 23038269.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sigel, Erwin; Steinmann, Michael E. (2012-11-23). "Structure, Function, and Modulation of GABAA Receptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (48): 40224–40231. doi:10.1074/jbc.R112.386664. ISSN 0021-9258. PMC 3504738. PMID 23038269.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sorge, Robert (2002-2024). Dynamics of Pain. Great River.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|year=(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ BUSH, S; RUFF, R; TROSTER, A; BARTH, J; KOFFLER, S; PLISKIN, N; REYNOLDS, C; SILVER, C (2005-06). "Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessityNAN Policy & Planning Committee". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 20 (4): 419–426. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.002. ISSN 0887-6177.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Greher, Michael R.; Wodushek, Thomas R. (2017-03). "Performance Validity Testing in Neuropsychology: Scientific Basis and Clinical Application—A Brief Review". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 23 (2): 134–140. doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000218. ISSN 1527-4160.
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Instructor Feedback:
I had to review the published Wikipedia article to understand that your edits were specific to the "Other uses" section. You have selected an appropriate example of peer-reviewed secondary literature published in the last 10 years, but your proposed edits require an alternate focus. Remember, the article is specifically about neuromodulation. Your edits feel geared towards an audience reading about migraine. I would reengineer the edits to focus more on neuromodulation as a tool used in the treatment of migraines. Given that focus, I would shorten the contribution to one sentence max. Keep the focus on neuromodulation, not the disease or condition being treated. I encourage you to review the final assignment rubric so you know what I will be evaluating for the final assignment.