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Al-Masjid Al-Haram is the greatest mosque in Islam and is located in the heart of the city of Mecca in Tihama, in the west of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In the middle is the Kaaba, which is the first house for people placed on the face of the earth to worship God in it according to the Islamic faith, and this is the greatest and holiest spot on earth for Muslims. And the Grand Mosque is the kiss of Muslims in their prayers. It was called the Grand Mosque because it has been forbidden to fight in it since the Prophet Muhammad entered Mecca victoriously, and Muslims believe that prayer in it is equivalent to one hundred thousand prayers. Because of the great importance of the mosque to the Muslims, the first rightly- guided caliphs, and after them, the rulers and kings, have great interest in expanding the area of the mosque, due to the increase in the number of Muslims in the world, and the first expansion of the mosque in history was by the Commander of the Faithful Omar Ibn Al-Khattab in the year 17 AH and after that, until the moment the expansion of the mosque is still expanding.

The period of the Companions

Omar bin al-Khattab

The expansion of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab was in the seventeenth year of the Hijrah, in which the area of the mosque was increased by 560 square meters. During his reign, the Grand Mosque came under a torrential torrent known as the “Umm Nahshel” torrent, about a woman who was swept away by the torrent, and the torrent uprooted Ibrahim’s shrine from its current location. So Omar returned the stone to its place, and there were no walls in the mosque surrounding it, but the role was overlooking it from everywhere. In the treasury of the Kaaba until they took it later, then surrounded the mosque with a short wall, and Omar said: “You descended upon the Kaaba, and it is its courtyard, and the Kaaba did not descend upon you.”

Othman Bin Affan

In the year 26 AH, the Commander of the Faithful, Othman bin Affan, increased the area of the mosque to become about 4,390 m 2, and the increase is estimated at approximately 2,040 m 2, during which the houses surrounding the Grand Mosque were demolished, and their land was inserted into the mosque, and Othman ibn Affan was the first Whoever entered the covered corridors and marble columns of the Sacred Mosque, where before that the mosque had been spacious. Uthman was exposed to what Omar Ibn Al-Khattab had been exposed to about the owners of the houses’ refusal to sell them and receive their prices for the sake of expansion, so he only took the price of it and ordered its demolition to its owners, so they shouted it and said: Uhud.” So he ordered them to be imprisoned, and Abdullah bin Khalid bin Asid, the governor of Makkah, interceded for them, so he expelled them and took the value of their role.

Umayyad dynasty period

Abdullah Al Zubair

Abdullah bin Al-Zubair reconstructed the Kaaba after a fire broke out during the siege of the army of Yazid bin Muawiyah in Mecca in his dispute with Abdullah bin Al-Zubayr, and the siege ended with the death of Yazid, and this expansion was in the year 60.

Walid bin Abdul Malik

During the reign of Al-Waleed bin Abdul-Malik, the fourth expansion of the mosque was in the year 91 AH, after it was hit by a torrential torrent, and it increased the area of the mosque, and many historians agreed that Al-Waleed was the first to use the columns brought from Egypt and the Levant in building the mosque, and built balconies, To shade the worshipers from the heat of the sun.

Abbasid period

Abi Jaafar Al-Mansour

This increase occurred in the period from the year 137 AH to the year 140 AH, as it increased the area of the Shami Corner in which Dar al- Nakhla and Dar al - Nadwa were at the bottom.

Al-Mu'tadid Billah

Al - Mu'tadid carried out some renovations and expansions from the year 281 AH to the year 284 AH. And three doors from the outside, and the increase was done in three years.

Al-Muqtadir Billah

During the period of Al-Muqtadir Billah, he added an area of two houses for Mrs. Zubaydah that was added to the area of the mosque in the year 306 AH , and he built a large door for her, which is now known as “Bab Ibrahim.”

Saudi state period

Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud

After the houses were attached to the mosque and the quest separated from it, the quest became a road on the side of the houses and shops, and after the area of Islam expanded a lot, it was necessary to increase the area of the mosque to accommodate the number of pilgrims, so King Abdulaziz was the first to form a special administration called the Board of Directors of the Haram. The Grand Mosque and monitoring its maintenance and service, and King Abdul Aziz also gathered the worshipers in the Grand Mosque behind one imam after four groups were held inside the mosque, each according to his doctrine. Among the most important things that King Abdul Aziz did:

In 1344 AH, the mosque was completely maintained and repaired.
In 1346 AH, the arcades were restored, the walls and columns painted, and the Zamzam Dome was repaired.
Umbrellas were installed to protect the worshipers from the heat of the sun.
Stone was paved between Safa and Marwa.
In Sha'ban 1347 AH, the lighting lamps in the Grand Mosque were renewed and increased to reach a thousand lamps.
On Safar 14, 1373 AH, when electricity was introduced to Makkah Al-Mukarramah, the Holy Mosque was illuminated and electric fans were placed in it.

Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

The mosque expansion project began during the reign of King Saud in Rabi’ al-Akhir in 1375 AH. The mosque’s area at that time was 28 thousand square meters and could accommodate about 50 thousand worshipers. The expansion took about 10 years. The foundation stone for the expansion was laid on Thursday, 23 Shaaban 1375 AH, April 5, 1956 AD. It included the expansion in several stages to include all parts of the mosque. The additions and maintenance for each part were as follows:

A street behind Al-Safa was opened so that people and cars would pass away from Al-Mas'i Street, and the Masai`` land would be paved with cement. And the construction of the two-story quest to accommodate the largest possible number of seekers, so that the length of the internal quest reached 394.5 m, its width is 20 m, the height of the ground floor of the quest is 12 m and the upper floor is 9 m.
In the year 1374 AH, he built a building for watering Zamzam in front of the well of Zamzam. The well of Zamzam became in the basement.
- The construction of three floors, the basements, the ground floor, and the first floor, the Masaa's construction on its two floors, and the expansion of the Mataf. The basement of Zamzam was provided with water taps and a stream for used water.
- In the year 1375 AH, the six candlesticks were replaced by the Stone of Ismail, peace be upon him, with five copper-lit candles
  - The expansion included the removal of buildings that were narrowed to the worshipers and the congregation in the courtyard, such as the Zamzam umbrella, Bab Bani Shaybah, and the four shrines. It also included diverting the rainwater stream between Jabal Al-Safa and the Ottoman building, and creating squares, streets, parking lots, toilets, and ablution spots close to the Grand Mosque. In all its directions on the latest system at that time.

Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud laid the foundation stone for what was known as the largest expansion project for the Grand Mosque in fourteen centuries. On 2 Safar 1409 AH corresponding to September 13, 1988 AD , this expansion included adding a new part to the mosque from the western side, and benefiting from the upper surface of the mosque, whose area reached -61 thousand m 2 - accommodated a larger number of worshipers, bringing the total carrying capacity of the sanctuary to one million and Half a million worshipers. Also, two new minarets were built, bringing the total number of minarets at the time to 9 minarets with a height of 89 meters for the minaret. The expansion included the addition of a new building to the sanctuary, consisting of three floors, in addition to preparing the roof to receive increases in the Hajj and Umrah seasons. 1,000 m2 with a height of 9 m. The expansion building was equipped with an air conditioning system, and a central cooling station was established to soften the atmosphere with chilled water, 450 meters away in the Ajyad area. It does not affect the comfort and safety of the worshipers, and it consists of six floors and contains the latest devices (treatment units and suction and pumping machines). The expansion included the preparation of the external courtyards, including the remaining square on the side of the small market, and the square located east of Al-Masaa with a total area of (85,800) square meters, sufficient to accommodate (195,000) worshipers. Thus, the area of the Grand Mosque becomes, including the building of the mosque after its expansion, the roof, and the entire courtyard (356,000) square meters, which can accommodate about (773,000) worshipers on normal days, while during the times of Hajj, Umrah, and Ramadan, the capacity of the campus increases to reach more than one million worshipers. The expansion building also includes a new main entrance and 18 regular entrances, in addition to the current entrances to the Grand Mosque, which are 3 main entrances and 27 regular entrances. The design took into account the construction of two new entrances for the basement, in addition to the current four entrances. The expansion building also includes two new minarets with a height of (89) meters, similar in architectural design to the seven minarets. To facilitate the arrival of groups of worshipers to the roof of the expansion during the seasons, two escalator buildings were added: one in the north of the expansion building, and the other in the south. The area of each of them is 375 square meters. It contains two sets of escalators, each group has a capacity of 15,000 people per hour. In addition to two sets of escalators within the boundaries of the building on both sides of the main entrance to the expansion, the escalators have been designed so that, in addition to the eight fixed stair units, they can serve the movement of pilgrims and worshipers at peak times, especially the elderly, without trouble. This brings the total number of escalator buildings to 7, spread around the perimeter of the campus, and the expansion to serve the first floor and the rooftop users. The number of columns for each floor of the expansion is 492 columns, all covered with marble.

Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

This expansion will be implemented through three main axes, the first is the same expansion of the Great Mosque of Mecca, to accommodate two million worshipers after the expansion, and the second is the external courtyards, which contain toilets, corridors, tunnels, and other supportive facilities that streamline the movement of worshipers in and out. The third is the service and air-conditioning area, power stations, water stations, and others. The expansion area reaches 750,000 square meters. The project includes the expansion of the courtyards of the Haram from the Levant side, starting from Bab Al-Marwa and ending at the Al-Bab neighborhood and Mount Hindi in Al-Shamiya, and the excavations from the King Fahd Gate side. This expansion consists of yards only, and it is proposed to build 63 hotel towers at the end of these yards.