User:Y-S.Ko/Wikipedia course/Medical/Rheumatology

v t e Physiology of bone and cartilage
Bone	Bone density Bone remodeling Bone healing Bone resorption Osseointegration Ossification Osteolysis Bone age Periosteal reaction
Cartilage	Chondrogenesis
Joint	Range of motion
Teeth	Chewing Cementogenesis

Inflammation

Symptoms

Mechanism

Acute

Plasma-derived mediators

Cell-derived mediators

preformed	Lysosome granules biogenic amines Histamine Serotonin
synthesized on demand	cytokines IFN-γ IL-8 TNF-α IL-1 eicosanoids Leukotriene B4 Prostaglandins Nitric oxide Kinins

Chronic

Other

Tests

General

v t e Signs and symptoms relating to movement and gait
Gait	Gait abnormality CNS Scissor gait Cerebellar ataxia Choreic gait Festinating gait/Parkinsonian gait Magnetic gait Marche à petit pas Propulsive gait Stomping gait Spastic gait Truncal ataxia Vestibular gait Muscular Myopathic gait/Waddling gait Trendelenburg gait Pigeon gait Foot drop Steppage gait Toe walking Asymmetric gait Leaping gait Asynchronous gait Gunslinger's gait Hemiparetic gait Limp Antalgic gait Deformity Lotus gait
Coordination	Ataxia Cerebellar ataxia Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesia Pronator drift Dyssynergia Sensory ataxia Asterixis Abasia Hemimotor neglect
Abnormal movement	Athetosis Chorea Tremor Fasciculation Fibrillation Myokymia Myoclonus Hyperkinesia / Hypokinesia Myotonia / Pseudomyotonia Hypotonia Stereotypy Akathisia Echopraxia Echolalia
Posturing	Abnormal posturing Stooped posture Camptocormia Osteoporosis Opisthotonus Spasm Trismus Cramp Tetany Hypertonia Joint locking Catalepsy Waxy flexibility Grimacing Tonic immobility
Paralysis	Flaccid paralysis Periodic paralysis Spastic paraplegia Spastic diplegia Spastic paraplegia Syndromes Monoplegia Diplegia / Paraplegia Hemiplegia Triplegia Tetraplegia / Quadruplegia General causes Upper motor neuron lesion Lower motor neuron lesion Sleep paralysis
Weakness	Hemiparesis Gowers' sign Locomotive syndrome Ptosis
Range of motion	Contracture Bethlem sign Club foot Joint stiffness Ankylosis Hypermobility Gorlin sign EDS HSD Boutonniere deformity Swan neck deformity Scoliosis Kyphosis
Other	Rachitic rosary Flat feet Overpronation/Flexible flat feet Knock-knee Bow-leggedness Back knee Hyporeflexia Hyperreflexia Clasp-knife response Shivering Hypnic jerk Astasia-abasia Vertigo Motion sickness Conversion disorder Shell shock Stupor Catatonia Dancing mania

Systemic connective tissue disorders

General

Systemic lupus erythematosus	Drug-induced SLE Libman–Sacks endocarditis Lupus nephritis
Inflammatory myopathy	Myositis Dermatopolymyositis Dermatomyositis/Juvenile dermatomyositis Polymyositis* Inclusion body myositis
Scleroderma	Systemic scleroderma Progressive systemic sclerosis CREST syndrome
Overlap syndrome / Mixed connective tissue disease

Other hypersensitivity/autoimmune

Sjögren syndrome

Other

Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases

Type I/allergy/atopy
(IgE)

Foreign	Allergic asthma Allergic urticaria Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) Anaphylaxis Atopic dermatitis Food allergy common allergies include: Egg Milk Peanut Seafood Soy Tree nut Wheat Penicillin allergy
Autoimmune	Autoimmune urticaria Eosinophilic esophagitis

Type II/ADCC

- IgG
- IgM

Foreign

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Autoimmune

Cytotoxic	Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Bullous pemphigoid Goodpasture syndrome Guillain–Barré syndrome Immune thrombocytopenic purpura Pemphigus vulgaris Rheumatic fever
"Type V"/receptor	Graves' disease Myasthenia gravis Pernicious anemia

Type III
(Immune complex)

Foreign	Arthus reaction Farmer's lung Henoch–Schönlein purpura Hypersensitivity vasculitis Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Reactive arthritis Serum sickness
Autoimmune	Lupus Rheumatoid arthritis Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Type IV/cell-mediated
(T cells)

Foreign	Allergic contact dermatitis Mantoux test
Autoimmune	Coeliac disease Giant cell arteritis Hashimoto's thyroiditis Multiple sclerosis Postorgasmic illness syndrome Reactive arthritis Type 1 diabetes
GVHD	Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease

Unknown/
multiple

Foreign	Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Latex allergy (I+IV) Transplant rejection
Autoimmune	Autoimmune adrenalitis Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome APS1 APS2 Sjögren syndrome Systemic autoimmune disease

Dislocations/subluxations, sprains and strains

Joints and
ligaments

Head and neck	Dislocation of jaw Whiplash
Shoulder and upper arm	GH (Dislocated shoulder) AC (Separated shoulder) ALPSA lesion SLAP tear Bankart lesion
Elbow and forearm	Pulled elbow Gamekeeper's thumb
Hip and thigh	Hip dislocation
Knee and leg	Tear of meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament injury Posterior cruciate ligament injury Unhappy triad Patellar dislocation Knee dislocation
Ankle and foot	Sprained ankle (High ankle sprain) Turf toe

Muscles and
tendons

Shoulder and upper arm	Rotator cuff tear
Hip and thigh	Pulled hamstring
Knee and leg	Patellar tendon rupture Achilles tendon rupture Shin splints

Osteochondrodysplasias

Osteodysplasia/
osteodystrophy

Diaphysis	Camurati–Engelmann disease
Metaphysis	Metaphyseal dysplasia Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Epiphysis	Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia
Osteosclerosis	Raine syndrome Osteopoikilosis Osteopetrosis
Other/ungrouped	FLNB Boomerang dysplasia Opsismodysplasia Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia McCune–Albright syndrome

Chondrodysplasia/
chondrodystrophy
(including dwarfism)

Osteochondroma

osteochondromatosis
- Hereditary multiple exostoses

Chondroma/enchondroma

enchondromatosis
- Ollier disease
- Maffucci syndrome

Growth factor receptor

FGFR2:	Antley–Bixler syndrome
FGFR3:	Achondroplasia Hypochondroplasia Thanatophoric dysplasia

COL2A1 collagen disease

SLC26A2 sulfation defect

Chondrodysplasia punctata

Other dwarfism

Bone and joint disease

Bone

Inflammation

endocrine:	Osteitis fibrosa cystica Brown tumor
infection:	Osteomyelitis Sequestrum Involucrum Sesamoiditis Brodie abscess Periostitis Vertebral osteomyelitis

Metabolic

Bone resorption

Other

Joint

Chondritis	Costochondritis Relapsing polychondritis
Other	Slipping rib syndrome Tietze syndrome

Combined

Osteochondritis

Osteochondritis dissecans

Child

leg:	hip Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease tibia Osgood–Schlatter disease Blount's disease foot Köhler disease Sever's disease
spine	Scheuermann's disease
arm:	wrist Kienböck's disease elbow Panner disease

Diseases of joints

General

Symptoms

Inflammatory

Infectious	Septic arthritis Tuberculosis arthritis
Crystal	Chondrocalcinosis CPPD (Pseudogout) Gout
Seronegative	Reactive arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Enteropathic arthropathy
Connective tissue disorders	SLE systemic sclerosis Sjögren's
Other	Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Felty's syndrome Palindromic rheumatism Adult-onset Still's disease

Noninflammatory

v t e Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (primarily M01A and M02A, also N02BA)
pyrazolones / pyrazolidines	Aminophenazone Ampyrone Azapropazone Clofezone Difenamizole Famprofazone Feprazone Kebuzone Metamizole Mofebutazone Morazone Nifenazone Oxyphenbutazone Phenazone Phenylbutazone Propyphenazone Sulfinpyrazone Suxibuzone^‡
salicylates	Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)^# Aloxiprin Benorylate Carbasalate calcium Diflunisal Dipyrocetyl Ethenzamide Guacetisal Magnesium salicylate Methyl salicylate Salsalate Salicin Salicylamide Salicylic acid (salicylate) Sodium salicylate
acetic acid derivatives and related substances	Aceclofenac Acemetacin Alclofenac Amfenac Bendazac Bromfenac Bufexamac Bumadizone Diclofenac Difenpiramide Etodolac Felbinac Fenclozic acid Fentiazac Indometacin Indometacin farnesil Isoxepac Ketorolac Lonazolac Mofezolac Oxametacin Prodolic acid Proglumetacin Sulindac Tiopinac Tolmetin Zomepirac^†
oxicams	Ampiroxicam Droxicam Isoxicam Lornoxicam Meloxicam Piroxicam Pivoxicam Tenoxicam
propionic acid derivatives (profens)	Alminoprofen Benoxaprofen^† Carprofen^‡ Dexibuprofen Dexketoprofen Fenbufen Fenoprofen Flunoxaprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen^# Ibuproxam Indoprofen^† Ketoprofen Loxoprofen Miroprofen Naproxen Oxaprozin Pelubiprofen Piketoprofen Pirprofen Suprofen Tarenflurbil Tepoxalin^‡ Tiaprofenic acid Vedaprofen^‡ Zaltoprofen COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator: Naproxcinod
n-arylanthranilic acids (fenamates)	Azapropazone Clonixin Etofenamate Floctafenine Flufenamic acid Flunixin Flutiazin Glafenine^† Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Morniflumate Niflumic acid Tolfenamic acid
COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs)	Apricoxib Celecoxib (+tramadol) Cimicoxib^‡ Deracoxib^‡ Etoricoxib Firocoxib^‡ Lumiracoxib^† Mavacoxib^‡ Parecoxib Robenacoxib^‡ Rofecoxib^† Valdecoxib^†
other	Aminopropionitrile Benzydamine Chondroitin sulfate Diacerein Fluproquazone Glucosamine Glycosaminoglycan Hyperforin Nabumetone Nimesulide Oxaceprol Proquazone Superoxide dismutase / orgotein Tenidap
NSAID combinations	Ibuprofen/famotidine Ibuprofen/hydrocodone Ibuprofen/oxycodone Ibuprofen/paracetamol Meloxicam/bupivacaine Naproxen/diphenhydramine Naproxen/esomeprazole
Key: underline indicates initially developed first-in-class compound of specific group; ^#WHO-Essential Medicines; ^†withdrawn drugs; ^‡veterinary use.
category commons portal

v t e Specific antirheumatic products / DMARDs (M01C)
Quinolines	Oxycinchophen
Gold preparations	Sodium aurothiomalate Sodium aurothiosulfate Auranofin Aurothioglucose Aurotioprol
Other	Penicillamine #/Bucillamine Chloroquine #/Hydroxychloroquine Leflunomide Sulfasalazine # antifolate (Methotrexate #) thiopurine (Azathioprine) #
^#WHO-EM ^‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: ^†Phase III ^§Never to phase III

Topical products for joint and muscular pain (M02)

Anti-inflammatory
preparations,
non-steroids

Pyrazolidines	Clofezone Mofebutazone Oxyphenbutazone Phenylbutazone
Acetic acid derivatives	Diclofenac Fentiazac Tolmetin
Other	Bendazac Benzydamine Bufexamac Etofenamate Felbinac Feprazone Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen Indometacin Ketoprofen Meclofenamic acid Naproxen Nifenazone Niflumic acid Piketoprofen Piroxicam Suxibuzone

Capsaicin derivatives

Zucapsaicin

Other

Skeletal muscle relaxants (M03)

Peripherally acting
(primarily antinicotinic,
NMJ block)

Non-depolarizing

Curare alkaloids	Alcuronium Dimethyltubocurarine Tubocurarine
4° ammonium agents	ultra-short duration: Gantacurium short duration: Rapacuronium Mivacurium Chandonium intermediate duration: Atracurium Cisatracurium Fazadinium Rocuronium Vecuronium long duration: Doxacurium Dimethyltubocurarine Pancuronium Pipecuronium Laudexium Gallamine unsorted: Hexafluronium (Hexafluorenium)

Depolarizing

Choline derivatives: Suxamethonium (Succinylcholine)

Polyalkylene derivatives: Hexamethonium

ACh release inhibitors

Botulinum toxin

Centrally acting

Carbamic acid esters	Carisoprodol Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Febarbamate Meprobamate Phenprobamate Styramate Tybamate
Benzodiazepines	Bromazepam Diazepam Clonazepam Flunitrazepam Lorazepam Nitrazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam
Nonbenzodiazepines	Eszopiclone
Thienodiazepines	Etizolam
Quinazolines	Methaqualone
Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Cyclobenzaprine Orphenadrine
Other	Arbaclofen placarbil Baclofen Chlormezanone Chlorphenesin Chlorzoxazone Eperisone Fenyramidol Flopropione Gabapentin GHB Inaperisone Lanperisone Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Phenibut Pregabalin Pridinol Promoxolane Quinine Silperisone Thiocolchicoside Tizanidine Tolperisone Zoxazolamine

Directly acting

Dantrolene

Drugs used for gout (M04)

Uricosurics

primary	Probenecid Sulfinpyrazone Benzbromarone Isobromindione
secondary	Amlodipine Atorvastatin Fenofibrate Guaifenesin Lesinurad^‡ Losartan

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors

purine analogues	Allopurinol^# Oxypurinol Tisopurine
other	Febuxostat Inositols (Phytic acid Myo-inositol) Topiroxostat

Mitotic inhibitors

Colchicine

Other

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

v t e Drugs for treatment of bone diseases (M05)
Bisphosphonates	Nitrogenous Alendronic acid Ibandronic acid Incadronic acid Minodronic acid Neridronic acid Pamidronic acid Risedronic acid Zoledronic acid Non-nitrogenous Etidronic acid Clodronic acid Tiludronic acid
Bone morphogenetic proteins	Dibotermin alfa Eptotermin alfa
Other	Resorption inhibitor Ipriflavone Aluminium chlorohydrate Dual action bone agent Strontium ranelate RANKL inhibitor Denosumab Sclerostin inhibitor Romosozumab Cathepsin K inhibitor Odanacatib Parathyroid hormone-related protein analogues Abaloparatide Teriparatide Calcitonin Calcium Vitamin D

v t e Other drugs for disorders of the musculo-skeletal system (M09)
Quinine and derivatives	Hydroquinine
Enzymes	Bromelains Chymopapain Collagenase clostridium histolyticum Trypsin
Gene therapies	Delandistrogene moxeparvovec Onasemnogene abeparvovec
Antisense oligonucleotides	Casimersen Drisapersen^† Eteplirsen Golodirsen Nusinersen Viltolarsen
Glucocorticoids	Deflazacort Vamorolone
Histone deacetylase inhibitors	Givinostat
Other	Aceneuramic acid Ataluren Branaplam Chondrocytes Hyaluronic acid Palovarotene Risdiplam
^#WHO-EM ^‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: ^†Phase III ^§Never to phase III