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La metodología económica es el estudio de los métodos, especialmente el científico, relacionados con la economía, incluyendo los principios que subyacen al razonamiento económico.^[1] La filosofía de la economía también aborda la metodología en la intersección de ambas disciplinas.

Alcance

Las cuestiones metodológicas generales incluyen similitudes y contrastes a las ciencias naturales y otras ciencias sociales y, en particular, a:

La definición de la economía^[2]
El alcance de la economía definido desde sus métodos^[3]
Principios fundamentales y significancia operativa de la teoría económica^[4]
Individualismo metodológico frente a holismo^[5]
El rol de los supuestos simplificadores tales como la elección racional o la maximización de beneficios a la hora de explicar o predecir fenómenos económicos^[6]
Usos descriptivos/positivos, prescriptivos/normativos, y aplicados^[7] de la teoría^[8]
el estatus científico^[9] y dominio expansivo de la economía^[10]
cuestiones críticas con la práctica y progreso de la econometría^[11]
el balance de enfoques empíricos y filosóficos^[12]
el papel de los experimentos en economía^[13]
El papel de las matemáticas y la economía matemática en la economía^[14]
la escritura^[15] y retórica de la economía^[16]
la relación entre teoría, observación, aplicación, y metodología en la economía contemporánea.^[17]

La metodología económica ha pasado de reflexiones periódicas de los economistas a campo de investigación propio desde los años 70. Por una parte, ha expandido las fronteras de la filosofía, incluyendo la relación de la economía con la filosofía de la ciencia y la teoría del conocimiento.^[18] Por otra, en la filosofía de la economía, se tratan temas como la teoría de la decisión y la ética.^[19]

Véase también

Sistemas económicos

Referencias

↑ : Press + button to enlarge small-text links below. • Roger E. Backhouse, 2008. "methodology of economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Lawrence A. Boland, 1987. "methodology", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 455-56. • Daniel M. Hausman, 1989. "Economic Methodology in a Nutshell", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(2), pp. 115-127. • Kevin D. Hoover, 1995. "Review Article: Why Does Methodology Matter for Economics?" Economic Journal, 105(430), pp. 715-734.
↑ • John Stuart Mill, 1844. "On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It", Essay V, in Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy. • Roger E. Backhouse and Steven Medema, 2008. "economics, definition of", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • _____. 2009. "Retrospectives: On the Definition of Economics", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1), pp. 221–33 (close Bookmarks tab) Abstract.
↑ John Neville Keynes, 1891. The Scope and Method of Political Economy. Annotated chapter links. 4th ed., 1917 [1999]. Full Contents.
↑ • John R. Hicks, 1939. Value and Capital: An Inquiry into Some Fundamental Principles of Economic Theory. • Terence W. Hutchison, 1938. The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economic Theory. • Martin Hollis and Edward J. Nell, 1975. Rational Economic Man, ch. 3,4,5 and 7. Cambridge University Press. • Paul A. Samuelson, 1947. Foundations of Economic Analysis. • Richard G. Lipsey, 2008. "positive economics." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Lawrence A. Boland, 2008. "instrumentalism and operationalism", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • _____, 2003. The Foundations of Economic Method, 2nd Edition. Description and chapter links.
↑ • Kaushik Basu, 2008. "methodological individualism", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Edward J. Nell, 1998. General Theory of Transformational Growth, Part I. Cambridge University Press. • Harold Kincaid, 2008. "individualism versus holism", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • F.A. Hayek, 1948. Individualism and Economic Order. Chapter-preview links. • George J. Stigler and Paul A. Samuelson, 1963. "A Dialogue on the Proper Economic Role of the State." Selected Papers, No. 7. Archivado el 27 de mayo de 2010 en Wayback Machine. University of Chicago Graduate School of Business. • James M. Buchanan, 1990. "The Domain of Constitutional Economics", Constitutional Political Economy, 1(1), pp. 1-18, adapted as "Constitutional Political Economy" in C. K. Rowley and F. Schneider, ed., 2004, The Encyclopedia of Public Choice, v. 2, pp. 60-67. • Kenneth J. Arrow, 1994. "Methodological Individualism and Social Knowledge", American Economic Review, 84(2), pp. 1-9. • Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale. Description and preview. • Shiozawa, Y. 2004 Evolutinary Economics in the 21st Century: A Manifest, Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 1(1): 5-47.
↑ • Lawrence A. Boland, 2008. "assumptions controversy", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Milton Friedman, 1953. "The Methodology of Positive Economics" in Essays in Positive Economics. • Paul A. Samuelson, 1963. "Problems of Methodology: Discussion", American Economic Review, 53(2) American Economic Review, pp. 231-236. Reprinted in J.C. Wood & R.N. Woods, ed., 1990, Milton Friedman: Critical Assessments, v. I, pp. 107-13. Preview. Routledge. • Stanley Wong, 1973. "The 'F-Twist' and the Methodology of Paul Samuelson", American Economic Review, 63(3) p p. 312-325. Reprinted in J.C. Wood & R.N. Woods, ed., Milton Friedman: Critical Assessments, v. II, pp. 224-43. • Shaun Hargreaves Heap, 2008. "economic man", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Kenneth J. Arrow, [1987] 1989. "Economic theory and the hypothesis of rationality", in The New Palgrave: Utility and Probability, pp. 25-39. • Duncan K. Foley, 2004. "Rationality and Ideology in Economics", Social Research, pp. 329-342. Pre-publication version Archivado el 11 de agosto de 2003 en Wayback Machine.. • Thomas J. Sargent, 1994. Bounded Rationality in Macroeconomics, Oxford. Description and chapter-preview 1st-page links. • Vernon L. Smith, 2008. Rationality in Economics: Constructivist and Ecological Forms, Cambridge. Description/contents links and preview.
↑ • David Colander (1992). "Retrospectives: The Lost Art of Economics", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 6(3), pp. 191-198. • John Neville Keynes, 1891. The Scope and Method of Political Economy. ch. I-II. Annotated chapter links. 4th ed., 1917 [1999]. Full Contents.
↑ • Richard G. Lipsey, 2008. "positive economics." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Amartya Sen, 1980. "Description as Choice", Oxford Economic Papers, N.S., 32(3), pp. 353-369. Reprinted in Sen, 1982, Choice, Welfare and Measurement, Oxford, Basil Blackwell. Chapter-preview link, p. 432-449. • John Neville Keynes, 1891. The Scope and Method of Political Economy. ch. I, III. Annotated chapter links. 4th ed., 1917 [1999]. Full Contents. • Colin F. Camerer, 2003. Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction, pp. 5-7 (scroll to at 1.1 What Is Game Theory Good For? Archivado el 14 de mayo de 2011 en Wayback Machine.). • Kenneth E. Boulding, 1969. "Economics as a Moral Science", American Economic Review, 59(1), pp. 1–12. • A. B. Atkinson, 2009. "Economics as a Moral Science", Economica, 76(1), pp. 791–804. • "Economics as a Moral Science" session, 2011. American Economic Review, 101(3), article-abstract links.
↑ • Lionel Robbins, 1932. An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science. • Richard G. Lipsey, 2009. "Some Legacies of Robbins’ An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science", Economica, 76(302), pp. 845-56 (press + button). • Alexander Rosenberg (1983). "If Economics Isn't Science, What Is It?" Philosophical Forum, 14, pp. 296-314. Reprinted in M. Martin and L. C. McIntyre (1996), Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science, pp. 661-674. • Douglas W. Hands, 1984. "What Economics Is Not: An Economist's Response to Rosenberg", Philosophy of Science, 51(3), p p. 495-503. • Daniel M. Hausman, 1992. The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics. Description, to ch. 1 link, preview, and reviews, 1st pages: [1][2].
↑ • Edward P. Lazear, 2000. "Economic Imperialism", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1), pp. 99-146. Archivado el 30 de julio de 2017 en Wayback Machine. • George J. Stigler, 1984. "Economics—The Imperial Science?" Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 86(3), p p. 301-313. • Ben Fine, 2000. " Economics Imperialism and Intellectual Progress: The Present as History of Economic Thought?" History of Economics Review, 32, pp. 10-36 Archivado el 26 de abril de 2012 en Wayback Machine.. • Jack Hirshleifer, 1985. "The Expanding Domain of Economics", American Economic Review, 75(6), pp. 53-68 (press +). Reprinted in Jack Hirshleifer, 2001, The Dark Side of the Force: Economic Foundations of Conflict Theory, ch.14, pp. 306- 42. • Gary S. Becker, 1976. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Description and preview. • _____, 1992. "The Economic Way of Looking at Life." Nobel Lecture link, also in 1993, Journal of Political Economy, 101(3), pp. 383-409.
↑ • Kevin D. Hoover, 2008. "causality in economics and econometrics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract and galley proof. • H. Wold 1954. "Causality and Econometrics", Econometrica, 22(2), p p. 162-177. • C. W. J. Granger and P. Newbold, 1974. "Spurious Regressions in Econometrics", Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), pp. 111-120. • David F. Hendry, 1980. "Econometrics — Alchemy or Science?" Economica, N.S., 47(188), pp. 387-406. • _____ 2001a. "Achievements and Challenges in Econometric Methodology", Journal of Econometrics, 100(1), pp. 7-10. PDF, pp. 1-4 Archivado el 4 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine.. • _____, 2001b. Econometrics: Alchemy or Science Essays in Econometric Methodology, 2nd Edition. Oxford. Description Archivado el 25 de abril de 2012 en Wayback Machine. and contents. Archivado el 18 de mayo de 2013 en Wayback Machine. Review in the Economic Journal. • Edward E. Leamer, 1983. "Let's Take the Con Out of Econometrics", American Economic Review, 73(1), pp. 31-43. • Christopher A. Sims, 1980. "Macroeconomics and Reality", Econometrica,48, No. 1, pp. 1-48 Archivado el 2 de abril de 2012 en Wayback Machine.. • Fischer Black, 1982. "The Trouble with Econometric Models", Financial Analysts Journal, 38(2), pp. 29-37. Reprinted in Black, 2009, Business Cycles and Equilibrium, Wiley. Updated version, pp. 135 - 150. • From Truman F. Bewley, ed., 1987. Advances in Econometrics: Fifth World Congress, Cambridge v. 2: Edward E. Leamer, "Econometric Metaphors", pp. 1- 28. David F. Hendry. "Econometric Methodology: A Personal Perspective", pp. 29- 42. • P.C.B. Phillips, 1988. "Reflections on Econometric Methodology", Economic Record, 64(4), pp. 344–359. Abstract. • David F. Hendry, Edward E. Leamer, and Dale J. Poirier, 1990. "The ET Dialogue: A Conversation on Econometric Methodology", Econometric Theory, 6(2), pp. 171-261. • Deirdre N. McCloskey and Stephen T. Ziliak, 1996. "The Standard Error of Regressions", Journal of Economic Literature, 34(1), pp. 97–114. • Kevin D. Hoover and Mark V. Siegler, 2008. "Sound and Fury: McCloskey and Significance Testing in Economics", Journal of Economic Methodology, 15(1), pp. 1–37; McCloskey and Ziliak, "Signifying Nothing: Reply to ..." [preprint] and Hoover and Siegler, "... Rejoinder to ... (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última)., pp. 39–68; • Edward J. Nell and Karim Errouaki, 2011. Rational Econometric Man,Part I and ch. 10. Edward Elgar.
↑ • Mark Blaug, 2007. "The Social Sciences: Economics", Postwar developments, Methodological considerations in contemporary economics, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, v. 27, pp. 346-47. • Edward J. Nell (2004) "Critical Realism and Transformational Growth." In Transforming Economics. Edited by P. Lewis. London: Routledge.76-95. • Frank H. Knight, 1924. "The Limitations of Scientific Method in Economics", in The Trend of Economics, R.G. Tugwell, ed., pp. 229-67. Reprinted in Frank H. Knight, 1935 [1997], The Ethics of Competition, pp. 97- 139. •Daniel M. Hausman, 1983. "The Limits of Economic Science", in The Limits of Lawfulness: Studies on the Scope and Nature of Scientific Knowledge, N. Rescher, ed. Reprinted in D.M. Hausman, 1992, Essays on Philosophy and Economic Methodology, pp. 99-108. • Ludwig von Mises, 1949. Human Action. • Bruce Caldwell, [1987] 2008. "positivism", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
↑ • C.F. Bastable, [1925] 1987. "experimental methods in economics", i, The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, p. 241. • Vernon L. Smith, [1987] 2008a. "experimental methods in economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • _____, 2008b. "experimental economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract. • Herman O. Wold (1969). "Econometrics as Pioneering in Nonexperimental Model Building", Econometrica, 37(3), p p. 369-381.
↑ • W. Stanley Jevons, 1879. The Theory of Political Economy, 2nd ed., ch. I, "Introduction", pp. 1-29. • Paul A. Samuelson, 1952. "Economic Theory and Mathematics — An Appraisal", American Economic Review, 42(2), pp. 56-66. • D.W. Bushaw and R.W. Clower, 1957. Introduction to Mathematical Economics, pp. vii-viii and ch. 1, pp. 3-8. • Gérard Debreu, ([1987] 2008). "mathematical economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. (First published with revisions from 1986, "Theoretic Models: Mathematical Form and Economic Content", Econometrica, 54(6), pp. 1259-1270.) • _____ 1991. "The Mathematization of Economic Theory", American Economic Review, 81(1), pp. 1-7. Archivado el 31 de diciembre de 2008 en Wayback Machine. • Robert W. Clower, 1994. "Economics as an Inductive Science", Southern Economic Journal, 60(4), pp. 805-814. • _____, 1995. "Axiomatics in Economics", Southern Economic Journal, 62(2), pp. 307-319. • Mark Blaug, 2003. "The Formalist Revolution of the 1950s", Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 25(2), pp. 145-156. Abstract. Reprinted in Warren J. Samuels, et al., ed., 2003, A Companion to the History of Economic Thought, Wiley, pp. 395- 409. • _____, 1998. "Disturbing Currents in Modern Economics", Challenge, 41(3), pp. 11-34. Reprint. • Paul Krugman, 1998, "Two Cheers for Formalism", Economic Journal, 108(451), pp. 1829-1836. • Terence Hutchison, 2000. On the Methodology of Economics and the Formalist Revolution, Edward Elgar. Description and preview. • E. Roy Weintraub, 2008. "mathematics and economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • _____, 2002. How Economics Became a Mathematical Science, Duke University Press. Description Archivado el 29 de julio de 2010 en Wayback Machine., preview, and review Archivado el 28 de septiembre de 2011 en Wayback Machine. extract. • Kenneth J. Arrow, 1951. Social Choice and Individual Values. • Amartya K. Sen, 1970 [1984]. Collective Choice and Social Welfare ISBN 0-444-85127-5. • _____, 2008. "social choice", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
↑ • William Thomson, 1999. "The Young Person's Guide to Writing Economic Theory," Journal of Economic Literature, 37(1), pp. 157-183. Archivado el 15 de junio de 2011 en Wayback Machine. • _____, 2001. A Guide for the Young Economist: Writing and Speaking Effectively about Economics. Chapter-preview links. • Eric Rasmusen, 2001. "Aphorisms on Writing, Speaking, and Listening", in E. Rasmusen, ed., Readings in Games and Information, pp. 389-420. PDF. Archivado el 9 de agosto de 2015 en Wayback Machine. • Donald McCloskey, 1985. "Economical Writing", Economic Inquiry, 23(2), pp. 187-222. Archivado el 12 de mayo de 2011 en Wayback Machine. • David N. Laband and Christopher N. Taylor, 1992. "The Impact of Bad Writing in Economics", Economic Inquiry, 30(4), pp. 673-688. [3] Archivado el 19 de mayo de 2016 en Wayback Machine.
↑ • D.N. McCloskey, 1983. "The Rhetoric of Economics", Journal of Economic Literature, 21(2), pp. 481-517. • _____, [1985] 1998, 2nd ed. The Rhetoric of Economics. Chapter-preview links. • Roger Backhouse, T. Dudley-Evans, and Willie Henderson, 1993. "Exploring the Language and Rhetoric of Economics", in Willie Henderson et al., Economics and Language, pp. 1-20 (preview) • John Kenneth Galbraith, 1962. "The Language of Economics", Fortune, LXVI(6), Dec. pp. 12-30, 169, 31. Excerpt at [CNN] "FORTUNE: John Kenneth Galbraith, excerpts from his writing", May 17, 2006.
↑ • Wassily Leontief, 1971. "Theoretical Assumptions and Nonobserved Facts", American Economic Review, 61(1), pp. 1-7. Reprinted in W. Leontief, 1977, Essays in Economics, v. 1, ch. III, pp. 24-34. • Mark Blaug, 1992. The Methodology of Economics: Or How Economists Explain, 2nd ed., Cambridge. Description and Preview. • Roger Backhouse and Mark Blaug, 1994. New Directions in Economic Methodology, Routledge. Contents preview. • P.A.G. van Bergeijk et al., 1997. Economic Science and Practice: The Roles of Academic Economists and Policy-Makers. Description Archivado el 16 de abril de 2014 en Wayback Machine. & preview links. • D. Wade Hands, 2001. Without Rules: Economic Methodology and Contemporary Science Theory, Oxford. Description and contents preview. • Christopher A. Sims, 1996. "Macroeconomics and Methodology", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1), pp. 105-120. Archivado el 10 de mayo de 2011 en Wayback Machine. • Kevin D. Hoover, 2001. The Methodology of Empirical Macroeconomics, Oxford. Description and preview. • Bruno S. Frey, 2001. "Why Economists Disregard Economic Methodology, Journal of Economic Methodology, 8(1), pp. 41–47 Archivado el 5 de noviembre de 2010 en Wayback Machine..
↑ Lawrence A. Boland, 2006. "Seven Decades of Economic Methodology: A Popperian Perspective", in Karl Popper: A Centenary Assessment, v. 3, ed. Ian Charles Jarvie et al., pp. 219
↑ • _____, [1994] 2006, Economic Analysis and Moral Philosophy, 2nd ed. New York, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521558506

Referencias

John Bryan Davis, D. Wade Hands, Uskali Mäki (1998). Handbook of Economic Methodology, E. Elgar
Hands, D. Wade, ed. (1993). The Philosophy And Methodology Of Economics, Duke University
Hausman, Daniel M. (1984). The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology. New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 052145929X
Boland, L. (1982) The Foundations of Economic Method, London: Geo. Allen & Unwin.
Boland, L. (1989) The Methodology of Economic Model Building: Methodology after Samuelson, London: Routledge.
Boland, L. (1997) Critical Economic Methodology: A Personal Odyssey, London: Routledge
Boland, L. (2003) The Foundations of Economic Method: A Popperian Perspective, London: Routledge
D.N. McCloskey (1983). The Rhetoric of Economics, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1998
Daniel M. Hausman (1992). Essays on Philosophy and Economic Methodology, Cambridge University Press, 1992
Nell, E.J. and Errouaki, K. (2011) Rational Econometric Man. Edward Elgar.
Düppe, T. (2011). How Economic Methodology Became a Separate Science, Journal of Economic Methodology, 18 (2): 163-176.

Enlaces externos

Journal of Economic Methodology - page @ EconPapers
Daniel M. Hausman, Philosophy of Economics (with focus on methodology), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Milton Friedman, "The Methodology of Positive Economics"

Datos: Q2473359
Multimedia: Economic methodology / Q2473359

[1] : Press + button to enlarge small-text links below. • Roger E. Backhouse, 2008. "methodology of economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Lawrence A. Boland, 1987. "methodology", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 455-56. • Daniel M. Hausman, 1989. "Economic Methodology in a Nutshell", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(2), pp. 115-127. • Kevin D. Hoover, 1995. "Review Article: Why Does Methodology Matter for Economics?" Economic Journal, 105(430), pp. 715-734.

[2] • John Stuart Mill, 1844. "On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It", Essay V, in Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy. • Roger E. Backhouse and Steven Medema, 2008. "economics, definition of", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • _____. 2009. "Retrospectives: On the Definition of Economics", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1), pp. 221–33 (close Bookmarks tab) Abstract.

[3] John Neville Keynes, 1891. The Scope and Method of Political Economy. Annotated chapter links. 4th ed., 1917 [1999]. Full Contents.

[4] • John R. Hicks, 1939. Value and Capital: An Inquiry into Some Fundamental Principles of Economic Theory. • Terence W. Hutchison, 1938. The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economic Theory. • Martin Hollis and Edward J. Nell, 1975. Rational Economic Man, ch. 3,4,5 and 7. Cambridge University Press. • Paul A. Samuelson, 1947. Foundations of Economic Analysis. • Richard G. Lipsey, 2008. "positive economics." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Lawrence A. Boland, 2008. "instrumentalism and operationalism", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • _____, 2003. The Foundations of Economic Method, 2nd Edition. Description and chapter links.

[5] • Kaushik Basu, 2008. "methodological individualism", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Edward J. Nell, 1998. General Theory of Transformational Growth, Part I. Cambridge University Press. • Harold Kincaid, 2008. "individualism versus holism", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • F.A. Hayek, 1948. Individualism and Economic Order. Chapter-preview links. • George J. Stigler and Paul A. Samuelson, 1963. "A Dialogue on the Proper Economic Role of the State." Selected Papers, No. 7. Archivado el 27 de mayo de 2010 en Wayback Machine. University of Chicago Graduate School of Business. • James M. Buchanan, 1990. "The Domain of Constitutional Economics", Constitutional Political Economy, 1(1), pp. 1-18, adapted as "Constitutional Political Economy" in C. K. Rowley and F. Schneider, ed., 2004, The Encyclopedia of Public Choice, v. 2, pp. 60-67. • Kenneth J. Arrow, 1994. "Methodological Individualism and Social Knowledge", American Economic Review, 84(2), pp. 1-9. • Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale. Description and preview. • Shiozawa, Y. 2004 Evolutinary Economics in the 21st Century: A Manifest, Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 1(1): 5-47.

[6] • Lawrence A. Boland, 2008. "assumptions controversy", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Milton Friedman, 1953. "The Methodology of Positive Economics" in Essays in Positive Economics. • Paul A. Samuelson, 1963. "Problems of Methodology: Discussion", American Economic Review, 53(2) American Economic Review, pp. 231-236. Reprinted in J.C. Wood & R.N. Woods, ed., 1990, Milton Friedman: Critical Assessments, v. I, pp. 107-13. Preview. Routledge. • Stanley Wong, 1973. "The 'F-Twist' and the Methodology of Paul Samuelson", American Economic Review, 63(3) p p. 312-325. Reprinted in J.C. Wood & R.N. Woods, ed., Milton Friedman: Critical Assessments, v. II, pp. 224-43. • Shaun Hargreaves Heap, 2008. "economic man", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Kenneth J. Arrow, [1987] 1989. "Economic theory and the hypothesis of rationality", in The New Palgrave: Utility and Probability, pp. 25-39. • Duncan K. Foley, 2004. "Rationality and Ideology in Economics", Social Research, pp. 329-342. Pre-publication version Archivado el 11 de agosto de 2003 en Wayback Machine.. • Thomas J. Sargent, 1994. Bounded Rationality in Macroeconomics, Oxford. Description and chapter-preview 1st-page links. • Vernon L. Smith, 2008. Rationality in Economics: Constructivist and Ecological Forms, Cambridge. Description/contents links and preview.

[7] • David Colander (1992). "Retrospectives: The Lost Art of Economics", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 6(3), pp. 191-198. • John Neville Keynes, 1891. The Scope and Method of Political Economy. ch. I-II. Annotated chapter links. 4th ed., 1917 [1999]. Full Contents.

[8] • Richard G. Lipsey, 2008. "positive economics." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. Abstract. • Amartya Sen, 1980. "Description as Choice", Oxford Economic Papers, N.S., 32(3), pp. 353-369. Reprinted in Sen, 1982, Choice, Welfare and Measurement, Oxford, Basil Blackwell. Chapter-preview link, p. 432-449. • John Neville Keynes, 1891. The Scope and Method of Political Economy. ch. I, III. Annotated chapter links. 4th ed., 1917 [1999]. Full Contents. • Colin F. Camerer, 2003. Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction, pp. 5-7 (scroll to at 1.1 What Is Game Theory Good For? Archivado el 14 de mayo de 2011 en Wayback Machine.). • Kenneth E. Boulding, 1969. "Economics as a Moral Science", American Economic Review, 59(1), pp. 1–12. • A. B. Atkinson, 2009. "Economics as a Moral Science", Economica, 76(1), pp. 791–804. • "Economics as a Moral Science" session, 2011. American Economic Review, 101(3), article-abstract links.

[9] • Lionel Robbins, 1932. An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science. • Richard G. Lipsey, 2009. "Some Legacies of Robbins’ An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science", Economica, 76(302), pp. 845-56 (press + button). • Alexander Rosenberg (1983). "If Economics Isn't Science, What Is It?" Philosophical Forum, 14, pp. 296-314. Reprinted in M. Martin and L. C. McIntyre (1996), Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science, pp. 661-674. • Douglas W. Hands, 1984. "What Economics Is Not: An Economist's Response to Rosenberg", Philosophy of Science, 51(3), p p. 495-503. • Daniel M. Hausman, 1992. The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics. Description, to ch. 1 link, preview, and reviews, 1st pages: [1][2].

[10] • Edward P. Lazear, 2000. "Economic Imperialism", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1), pp. 99-146. Archivado el 30 de julio de 2017 en Wayback Machine. • George J. Stigler, 1984. "Economics—The Imperial Science?" Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 86(3), p p. 301-313. • Ben Fine, 2000. " Economics Imperialism and Intellectual Progress: The Present as History of Economic Thought?" History of Economics Review, 32, pp. 10-36 Archivado el 26 de abril de 2012 en Wayback Machine.. • Jack Hirshleifer, 1985. "The Expanding Domain of Economics", American Economic Review, 75(6), pp. 53-68 (press +). Reprinted in Jack Hirshleifer, 2001, The Dark Side of the Force: Economic Foundations of Conflict Theory, ch.14, pp. 306- 42. • Gary S. Becker, 1976. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Description and preview. • _____, 1992. "The Economic Way of Looking at Life." Nobel Lecture link, also in 1993, Journal of Political Economy, 101(3), pp. 383-409.

[11] • Kevin D. Hoover, 2008. "causality in economics and econometrics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract and galley proof. • H. Wold 1954. "Causality and Econometrics", Econometrica, 22(2), p p. 162-177. • C. W. J. Granger and P. Newbold, 1974. "Spurious Regressions in Econometrics", Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), pp. 111-120. • David F. Hendry, 1980. "Econometrics — Alchemy or Science?" Economica, N.S., 47(188), pp. 387-406. • _____ 2001a. "Achievements and Challenges in Econometric Methodology", Journal of Econometrics, 100(1), pp. 7-10. PDF, pp. 1-4 Archivado el 4 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine.. • _____, 2001b. Econometrics: Alchemy or Science Essays in Econometric Methodology, 2nd Edition. Oxford. Description Archivado el 25 de abril de 2012 en Wayback Machine. and contents. Archivado el 18 de mayo de 2013 en Wayback Machine. Review in the Economic Journal. • Edward E. Leamer, 1983. "Let's Take the Con Out of Econometrics", American Economic Review, 73(1), pp. 31-43. • Christopher A. Sims, 1980. "Macroeconomics and Reality", Econometrica,48, No. 1, pp. 1-48 Archivado el 2 de abril de 2012 en Wayback Machine.. • Fischer Black, 1982. "The Trouble with Econometric Models", Financial Analysts Journal, 38(2), pp. 29-37. Reprinted in Black, 2009, Business Cycles and Equilibrium, Wiley. Updated version, pp. 135 - 150. • From Truman F. Bewley, ed., 1987. Advances in Econometrics: Fifth World Congress, Cambridge v. 2: Edward E. Leamer, "Econometric Metaphors", pp. 1- 28. David F. Hendry. "Econometric Methodology: A Personal Perspective", pp. 29- 42. • P.C.B. Phillips, 1988. "Reflections on Econometric Methodology", Economic Record, 64(4), pp. 344–359. Abstract. • David F. Hendry, Edward E. Leamer, and Dale J. Poirier, 1990. "The ET Dialogue: A Conversation on Econometric Methodology", Econometric Theory, 6(2), pp. 171-261. • Deirdre N. McCloskey and Stephen T. Ziliak, 1996. "The Standard Error of Regressions", Journal of Economic Literature, 34(1), pp. 97–114. • Kevin D. Hoover and Mark V. Siegler, 2008. "Sound and Fury: McCloskey and Significance Testing in Economics", Journal of Economic Methodology, 15(1), pp. 1–37; McCloskey and Ziliak, "Signifying Nothing: Reply to ..." [preprint] and Hoover and Siegler, "... Rejoinder to ... (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última)., pp. 39–68; • Edward J. Nell and Karim Errouaki, 2011. Rational Econometric Man,Part I and ch. 10. Edward Elgar.

[12] • Mark Blaug, 2007. "The Social Sciences: Economics", Postwar developments, Methodological considerations in contemporary economics, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, v. 27, pp. 346-47. • Edward J. Nell (2004) "Critical Realism and Transformational Growth." In Transforming Economics. Edited by P. Lewis. London: Routledge.76-95. • Frank H. Knight, 1924. "The Limitations of Scientific Method in Economics", in The Trend of Economics, R.G. Tugwell, ed., pp. 229-67. Reprinted in Frank H. Knight, 1935 [1997], The Ethics of Competition, pp. 97- 139. •Daniel M. Hausman, 1983. "The Limits of Economic Science", in The Limits of Lawfulness: Studies on the Scope and Nature of Scientific Knowledge, N. Rescher, ed. Reprinted in D.M. Hausman, 1992, Essays on Philosophy and Economic Methodology, pp. 99-108. • Ludwig von Mises, 1949. Human Action. • Bruce Caldwell, [1987] 2008. "positivism", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.

[13] • C.F. Bastable, [1925] 1987. "experimental methods in economics", i, The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, p. 241. • Vernon L. Smith, [1987] 2008a. "experimental methods in economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • _____, 2008b. "experimental economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract. • Herman O. Wold (1969). "Econometrics as Pioneering in Nonexperimental Model Building", Econometrica, 37(3), p p. 369-381.

[14] • W. Stanley Jevons, 1879. The Theory of Political Economy, 2nd ed., ch. I, "Introduction", pp. 1-29. • Paul A. Samuelson, 1952. "Economic Theory and Mathematics — An Appraisal", American Economic Review, 42(2), pp. 56-66. • D.W. Bushaw and R.W. Clower, 1957. Introduction to Mathematical Economics, pp. vii-viii and ch. 1, pp. 3-8. • Gérard Debreu, ([1987] 2008). "mathematical economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. (First published with revisions from 1986, "Theoretic Models: Mathematical Form and Economic Content", Econometrica, 54(6), pp. 1259-1270.) • _____ 1991. "The Mathematization of Economic Theory", American Economic Review, 81(1), pp. 1-7. Archivado el 31 de diciembre de 2008 en Wayback Machine. • Robert W. Clower, 1994. "Economics as an Inductive Science", Southern Economic Journal, 60(4), pp. 805-814. • _____, 1995. "Axiomatics in Economics", Southern Economic Journal, 62(2), pp. 307-319. • Mark Blaug, 2003. "The Formalist Revolution of the 1950s", Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 25(2), pp. 145-156. Abstract. Reprinted in Warren J. Samuels, et al., ed., 2003, A Companion to the History of Economic Thought, Wiley, pp. 395- 409. • _____, 1998. "Disturbing Currents in Modern Economics", Challenge, 41(3), pp. 11-34. Reprint. • Paul Krugman, 1998, "Two Cheers for Formalism", Economic Journal, 108(451), pp. 1829-1836. • Terence Hutchison, 2000. On the Methodology of Economics and the Formalist Revolution, Edward Elgar. Description and preview. • E. Roy Weintraub, 2008. "mathematics and economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. • _____, 2002. How Economics Became a Mathematical Science, Duke University Press. Description Archivado el 29 de julio de 2010 en Wayback Machine., preview, and review Archivado el 28 de septiembre de 2011 en Wayback Machine. extract. • Kenneth J. Arrow, 1951. Social Choice and Individual Values. • Amartya K. Sen, 1970 [1984]. Collective Choice and Social Welfare ISBN 0-444-85127-5. • _____, 2008. "social choice", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.

[15] • William Thomson, 1999. "The Young Person's Guide to Writing Economic Theory," Journal of Economic Literature, 37(1), pp. 157-183. Archivado el 15 de junio de 2011 en Wayback Machine. • _____, 2001. A Guide for the Young Economist: Writing and Speaking Effectively about Economics. Chapter-preview links. • Eric Rasmusen, 2001. "Aphorisms on Writing, Speaking, and Listening", in E. Rasmusen, ed., Readings in Games and Information, pp. 389-420. PDF. Archivado el 9 de agosto de 2015 en Wayback Machine. • Donald McCloskey, 1985. "Economical Writing", Economic Inquiry, 23(2), pp. 187-222. Archivado el 12 de mayo de 2011 en Wayback Machine. • David N. Laband and Christopher N. Taylor, 1992. "The Impact of Bad Writing in Economics", Economic Inquiry, 30(4), pp. 673-688. [3] Archivado el 19 de mayo de 2016 en Wayback Machine.

[16] • D.N. McCloskey, 1983. "The Rhetoric of Economics", Journal of Economic Literature, 21(2), pp. 481-517. • _____, [1985] 1998, 2nd ed. The Rhetoric of Economics. Chapter-preview links. • Roger Backhouse, T. Dudley-Evans, and Willie Henderson, 1993. "Exploring the Language and Rhetoric of Economics", in Willie Henderson et al., Economics and Language, pp. 1-20 (preview) • John Kenneth Galbraith, 1962. "The Language of Economics", Fortune, LXVI(6), Dec. pp. 12-30, 169, 31. Excerpt at [CNN] "FORTUNE: John Kenneth Galbraith, excerpts from his writing", May 17, 2006.

[17] • Wassily Leontief, 1971. "Theoretical Assumptions and Nonobserved Facts", American Economic Review, 61(1), pp. 1-7. Reprinted in W. Leontief, 1977, Essays in Economics, v. 1, ch. III, pp. 24-34. • Mark Blaug, 1992. The Methodology of Economics: Or How Economists Explain, 2nd ed., Cambridge. Description and Preview. • Roger Backhouse and Mark Blaug, 1994. New Directions in Economic Methodology, Routledge. Contents preview. • P.A.G. van Bergeijk et al., 1997. Economic Science and Practice: The Roles of Academic Economists and Policy-Makers. Description Archivado el 16 de abril de 2014 en Wayback Machine. & preview links. • D. Wade Hands, 2001. Without Rules: Economic Methodology and Contemporary Science Theory, Oxford. Description and contents preview. • Christopher A. Sims, 1996. "Macroeconomics and Methodology", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1), pp. 105-120. Archivado el 10 de mayo de 2011 en Wayback Machine. • Kevin D. Hoover, 2001. The Methodology of Empirical Macroeconomics, Oxford. Description and preview. • Bruno S. Frey, 2001. "Why Economists Disregard Economic Methodology, Journal of Economic Methodology, 8(1), pp. 41–47 Archivado el 5 de noviembre de 2010 en Wayback Machine..

[18] Lawrence A. Boland, 2006. "Seven Decades of Economic Methodology: A Popperian Perspective", in Karl Popper: A Centenary Assessment, v. 3, ed. Ian Charles Jarvie et al., pp. 219

[19] • _____, [1994] 2006, Economic Analysis and Moral Philosophy, 2nd ed. New York, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521558506

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@@ Línea 3: / Línea 3: @@
 == Alcance ==
-Las cuestiones [[Metodología|metodológicas]] generales incluyen similaridades y contrastes a las [[ciencias naturales]] y otras [[ciencias sociales]] y, en particular, a:
+Las cuestiones [[Metodología|metodológicas]] generales incluyen similitudes y contrastes a las [[ciencias naturales]] y otras [[ciencias sociales]] y, en particular, a:
 * La definición de la economía<ref>• [[John Stuart Mill]], 1844.  [http://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlUQP5.html "On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It"], Essay V, in ''Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy''.
@@ Línea 66: / Línea 66: @@
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • [[John Neville Keynes]], 1891. ''The Scope and Method of Political Economy''.  ch. I, III. Annotated chapter [https://books.google.com/books?id=5GcVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP20&dq=%22Keynes%22+%22Scope+*+Method+*+Political%22 links.]  4th ed., 1917 [1999].  Full [http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynesjn/Scope.pdf#page=3 Contents.]
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Colin F. Camerer]], 2003. ''Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction'', pp. 5-7 (scroll to at [http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7517.html 1.1 What Is Game Theory Good For?]).
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Colin F. Camerer]], 2003. ''Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction'', pp. 5-7 (scroll to at [http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7517.html 1.1 What Is Game Theory Good For?] {{Wayback|url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7517.html |date=20110514201411 }}).
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Kenneth E. Boulding]], 1969. "Economics as a Moral Science", ''American Economic Review'', 59(1), pp. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1811088?searchUrl=%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0002-8282%281969%2959%253A1%253C%253E1.0.CO%253B2-X%26origin%3Drepec&Search=yes 1]–12.
@@ Línea 81: / Línea 81: @@
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • Douglas W. Hands, 1984. "What Economics Is Not: An Economist's Response to Rosenberg", ''Philosophy of Science'', 51(3), p [http://www.jstor.org/pss/187496 p. 495]-503.
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • Daniel M. Hausman, 1992. ''The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics''. [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521415019 Description], to ch. 1 [http://assets.cambridge.org/97805214/25230/excerpt/9780521425230_excerpt.pdf link,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=F7Vf3sb-ck4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false preview], and reviews, 1st pages: [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2185742][http://www.jstor.org/pss/687635].</ref> y [[Imperialismo de la economía|dominio expansivo]] de la economía<ref>• [[Edward Lazear|Edward P. Lazear]], 2000. "[[Economic imperialism (economics)|Economic Imperialism]]", ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', 115(1), pp. [http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~kyu/E5111/Lazear2000.pdf 99-146.]
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • Daniel M. Hausman, 1992. ''The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics''. [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521415019 Description], to ch. 1 [http://assets.cambridge.org/97805214/25230/excerpt/9780521425230_excerpt.pdf link,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=F7Vf3sb-ck4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false preview], and reviews, 1st pages: [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2185742][http://www.jstor.org/pss/687635].</ref> y [[Imperialismo de la economía|dominio expansivo]] de la economía<ref>• [[Edward Lazear|Edward P. Lazear]], 2000. "[[Economic imperialism (economics)|Economic Imperialism]]", ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', 115(1), pp. [http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~kyu/E5111/Lazear2000.pdf 99-146.] {{Wayback|url=http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~kyu/E5111/Lazear2000.pdf |date=20170730023344 }}
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • [[George J. Stigler]], 1984. "Economics—The Imperial Science?" ''Scandinavian Journal of Economics'', 86(3), p [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3439864 p. 301]-313.
@@ Línea 91: / Línea 91: @@
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Gary S. Becker]], 1976. ''The Economic Approach to Human Behavior''.  [http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/E/bo5954985.html Description] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=iwEOFKSKbMgC&printsec=find&pg=PA3=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false preview].
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1992. "The Economic Way of Looking at Life." Nobel Lecture [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1992/becker-lecture.pdf link], also in 1993, ''Journal of Political Economy'', 101(3), pp. 383-409.
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1992. "The Economic Way of Looking at Life." Nobel Lecture [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1992/becker-lecture.pdf link], also in 1993, ''Journal of Political Economy'', 101(3), pp. 383-409.</ref>
-</ref>
 * cuestiones críticas con la práctica y progreso de la [[econometría]]<ref>• Kevin D. Hoover, 2008. "causality in economics and econometrics", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000569&q=experimental%20methods%20in%20economics&topicid=&result_number=11 Abstract] and [http://econ.duke.edu/~kdh9/Source%20Materials/Research/Palgrave_Causality_Final.pdf galley proof.]
@@ Línea 101: / Línea 100: @@
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • [[David F. Hendry]], 1980.  "Econometrics — Alchemy or Science?" ''Economica'', N.S., 47(188), pp. [http://www.climateaudit.info/pdf/others/hendry.1980.pdf 387-406].
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____ 2001a. "Achievements and Challenges in Econometric Methodology", ''Journal of Econometrics'', 100(1), pp. 7-10. [http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~chsiao/Hendry.pdf PDF, pp. 1-4].
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____ 2001a. "Achievements and Challenges in Econometric Methodology", ''Journal of Econometrics'', 100(1), pp. 7-10. [http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~chsiao/Hendry.pdf PDF, pp. 1-4] {{Wayback|url=http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~chsiao/Hendry.pdf |date=20160304043548 }}.
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 2001b. ''Econometrics: Alchemy or Science Essays in Econometric Methodology'',  2nd Edition. Oxford.  [http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/9462/ Description] {{Wayback|url=http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/9462/ |date=20120425051550 }} and  [http://www.lib.muohio.edu/multifacet/record/mu3ugb3820922 contents.] [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~bhansen/papers/ej_96.pdf Review] in the ''Economic Journal''.
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 2001b. ''Econometrics: Alchemy or Science Essays in Econometric Methodology'',  2nd Edition. Oxford.  [http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/9462/ Description] {{Wayback|url=http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/9462/ |date=20120425051550 }} and  [http://www.lib.muohio.edu/multifacet/record/mu3ugb3820922 contents.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lib.muohio.edu/multifacet/record/mu3ugb3820922 |date=20130518115537 }} [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~bhansen/papers/ej_96.pdf Review] in the ''Economic Journal''.
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • Edward E. Leamer, 1983.  "Let's Take the Con Out of Econometrics", ''American Economic Review'', 73(1), pp. [http://www.international.ucla.edu/media/files/Leamer_article.pdf 31-43.]
@@ Línea 154: / Línea 153: @@
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Gérard Debreu]], ([1987] 2008). "mathematical economics", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000107&edition=current&q=Mathematical%20economics&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.] (First published with revisions from 1986, "Theoretic Models: Mathematical Form and Economic Content", ''Econometrica'', 54(6), pp. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1914299 1259]-1270.)
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____ 1991. "The Mathematization of Economic Theory", ''American Economic Review'', 81(1), [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/texts/method/debr91.htm pp. 1-7.] {{Wayback|url=http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/texts/method/debr91.htm |date=20081231123418 }}
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____ 1991. "The Mathematization of Economic Theory", ''American Economic Review'', 81(1), [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/texts/method/debr91.htm pp. 1-7.]  {{Wayback|url=http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/texts/method/debr91.htm |date=20081231123418 }}
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Robert W. Clower]], 1994. "Economics as an Inductive Science", ''Southern Economic Journal'', 60(4), pp. [http://cas.umkc.edu/ECON/economics/faculty/Lee/courses/502/reading/methcrit1.pdf 805-814.]
@@ Línea 170: / Línea 169: @@
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • [[E. Roy Weintraub]], 2008. "mathematics and economics", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000372&edition=current&q=&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract].
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 2002.  ''How Economics Became a Mathematical Science'', [[Duke University Press]]. [http://www.dukeupress.edu/Catalog/ViewProduct.php?productid=6807&viewby=series&categoryid=47&sort=newest Description],  [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ntc_Fs36AoQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false preview], and [http://www.nd.edu/~pmirowsk/pdf/Weintraub_review_Isis.pdf review] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nd.edu/~pmirowsk/pdf/Weintraub_review_Isis.pdf |date=20110928235616 }} [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3132446 extract].
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 2002.  ''How Economics Became a Mathematical Science'', [[Duke University Press]]. [http://www.dukeupress.edu/Catalog/ViewProduct.php?productid=6807&viewby=series&categoryid=47&sort=newest Description] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dukeupress.edu/Catalog/ViewProduct.php?productid=6807&viewby=series&categoryid=47&sort=newest |date=20100729022635 }},  [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ntc_Fs36AoQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false preview], and [http://www.nd.edu/~pmirowsk/pdf/Weintraub_review_Isis.pdf review]  {{Wayback|url=http://www.nd.edu/~pmirowsk/pdf/Weintraub_review_Isis.pdf |date=20110928235616 }} [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3132446 extract].
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Kenneth J. Arrow]], 1951. ''[[Social Choice and Individual Values]]''.
@@ Línea 178: / Línea 177: @@
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 2008. "[[social choice]]", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000164&q=methodology&topicid=&result_number=40 Abstract.]
 </ref>
-* la escritura<ref>• William Thomson, 1999. "The Young Person's Guide to Writing Economic Theory," ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 37(1), pp. {{enlace roto|1=[http://web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/70156.pdf 157-183.] |2=http://web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/70156.pdf |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
+* la escritura<ref>• William Thomson, 1999. "The Young Person's Guide to Writing Economic Theory," ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 37(1), pp. [http://web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/70156.pdf 157-183.] {{Wayback|url=http://web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/70156.pdf |date=20110615184729 }}
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 2001. ''A Guide for the Young Economist: Writing and Speaking Effectively about Economics''. Chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=GuDcMokIZaQC&printsec=find&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false links.]
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • Eric Rasmusen, 2001. "Aphorisms on Writing, Speaking, and Listening", in E. Rasmusen, ed., ''Readings in Games and Information'', pp. 389-420. [http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=rasmusen PDF.]
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • Eric Rasmusen, 2001. "Aphorisms on Writing, Speaking, and Listening", in E. Rasmusen, ed., ''Readings in Games and Information'', pp. 389-420. [http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=rasmusen PDF.] {{Wayback|url=http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=rasmusen |date=20150809113811 }}
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • Donald McCloskey, 1985. "Economical Writing", ''[[Economic Inquiry]]'', 23(2), pp. [http://business.nmsu.edu/~mhyman/M610_Articles/McCloskey_EconInquiry_1985.pdf 187-222.]
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • Donald McCloskey, 1985. "Economical Writing", ''[[Economic Inquiry]]'', 23(2), pp. [http://business.nmsu.edu/~mhyman/M610_Articles/McCloskey_EconInquiry_1985.pdf 187-222.] {{Wayback|url=http://business.nmsu.edu/~mhyman/M610_Articles/McCloskey_EconInquiry_1985.pdf |date=20110512004537 }}
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • David N. Laband and Christopher N. Taylor, 1992. "The Impact of Bad Writing in Economics", ''[[Economic Inquiry]]'', 30(4), pp. 673-688. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1992.tb01289.x/abstract.]</ref> y retórica de la economía<ref>• D.N. McCloskey, 1983. "The Rhetoric of Economics", ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 21(2), pp. [http://www.deirdremccloskey.com/docs/pdf/Article_110.pdf 481-517.]
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • David N. Laband and Christopher N. Taylor, 1992. "The Impact of Bad Writing in Economics", ''[[Economic Inquiry]]'', 30(4), pp. 673-688. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1992.tb01289.x/abstract.] {{Wayback|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1992.tb01289.x/abstract. |date=20160519183825 }}</ref> y retórica de la economía<ref>• D.N. McCloskey, 1983. "The Rhetoric of Economics", ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 21(2), pp. [http://www.deirdremccloskey.com/docs/pdf/Article_110.pdf 481-517.]
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, [1985] 1998, 2nd ed.  ''The Rhetoric of Economics''. Chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=RDwsPG2KmXYC&printsec=find&pg=PR7=onepage&q&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false links.]
@@ Línea 200: / Línea 199: @@
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • Roger Backhouse and Mark Blaug, 1994. ''New Directions in Economic Methodology'', Routledge. Contents [https://books.google.com/books?id=T4y7HyduGnIC&printsec=find&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false preview.]
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • P.A.G. van Bergeijk ''et al.'', 1997. ''Economic Science and Practice: The Roles of Academic Economists and Policy-Makers''. [http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_mainUS.lasso?id=1360 Description] & preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=nSdX1zjn1aYC&printsec=find&pg=PR5=false#v=onepage&q&f=false links.]
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • P.A.G. van Bergeijk ''et al.'', 1997. ''Economic Science and Practice: The Roles of Academic Economists and Policy-Makers''. [http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_mainUS.lasso?id=1360 Description] {{Wayback|url=http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_mainUS.lasso?id=1360 |date=20140416050849 }} & preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=nSdX1zjn1aYC&printsec=find&pg=PR5=false#v=onepage&q&f=false links.]
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • D. Wade Hands, 2001. ''Without Rules: Economic Methodology and Contemporary Science Theory'', Oxford. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FUZZAXGF7qsC&dq=methodology+OR+methodological+economic&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s Description] and contents [https://books.google.com/books?id=FUZZAXGF7qsC&printsec=find&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false preview.]
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Christopher A. Sims]], 1996. "Macroeconomics and Methodology", ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 10(1), pp. [http://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/pingle/Teaching/Sims%201996.pdf 105-120.]
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Christopher A. Sims]], 1996. "Macroeconomics and Methodology", ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 10(1), pp. [http://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/pingle/Teaching/Sims%201996.pdf 105-120.] {{Wayback|url=http://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/pingle/Teaching/Sims%201996.pdf |date=20110510022622 }}
 &nbsp;&nbsp; • Kevin D. Hoover, 2001. ''The Methodology of Empirical Macroeconomics'',  Oxford. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lCG9PQqCf_UC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Description] and  [https://books.google.com/books?id=hkTjC7SlRTcC&printsec=find&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q&f=false preview.]
-&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Bruno S. Frey]], 2001. "Why Economists Disregard Economic Methodology'', ''Journal of Economic Methodology'', 8(1), pp. [http://www.bsfrey.ch/articles/352_01.pdf 41–47] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bsfrey.ch/articles/352_01.pdf |date=20101105202620 }}.''
+&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Bruno S. Frey]], 2001. "Why Economists Disregard Economic Methodology'', ''Journal of Economic Methodology'', 8(1), pp. [http://www.bsfrey.ch/articles/352_01.pdf 41–47] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bsfrey.ch/articles/352_01.pdf |date=20101105202620 }}.''</ref>
-</ref>
 La metodología económica ha pasado de reflexiones periódicas de los economistas a campo de investigación propio desde los años 70. Por una parte, ha expandido las [[Filosofía de la economía|fronteras de la filosofía]], incluyendo la relación de la economía con la [[filosofía de la ciencia]] y la [[Epistemología|teoría del conocimiento]].<ref>Lawrence A. Boland, 2006. "[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=udfyv7humtoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA222&dq=false#v=onepage&q=false&f=false Seven Decades of Economic Methodology: A Popperian Perspective]", in ''Karl Popper: A Centenary Assessment'', v. 3, ed. Ian Charles Jarvie ''et al.'', pp. 219</ref>  Por otra, en la [[filosofía de la economía]], se tratan temas como la [[teoría de la decisión]] y la [[ética]].<ref>• _____, [1994] 2006, ''[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZR_QJXfrfuEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=F1FK11cwip&sig=0_AvdUDfdfMJaP7gmiGj8LDDKJ0#v=onepage&q=&f=false Economic Analysis and Moral Philosophy]'', 2nd ed. New York, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521558506</ref>
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 * [[Sistema económico|Sistemas económicos]]
-== Notes ==
+== Referencias ==
 {{listaref|20em}}
@@ Línea 221: / Línea 219: @@
 * John Bryan Davis, D. Wade Hands, Uskali Mäki (1998). ''Handbook of Economic Methodology'', E. Elgar
 * Hands, D. Wade, ed. (1993). ''The Philosophy And Methodology Of Economics'', Duke University
-* Hausman, Daniel M. (1984). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NqNGaJBahWoC&lpg=PR5&hl=bg&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology]''. New York: Cambridge University Press, [[:en:Special:BookSources/052145929X|ISBN 052145929X]]
+* Hausman, Daniel M. (1984). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NqNGaJBahWoC&lpg=PR5&hl=bg&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology]''. New York: Cambridge University Press, [[Special:BookSources/052145929X|ISBN 052145929X]]
 * Boland, L. (1982) ''The Foundations of Economic Method'', London: Geo. Allen & Unwin.
 * Boland, L. (1989) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jR0OAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Methodology%20of%20Economic%20Model%20Building&hl=bg&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false The Methodology of Economic Model Building: Methodology after Samuelson]'', London: Routledge.
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 * Daniel M. Hausman, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/economics Philosophy of Economics] (with focus on methodology), ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''
 * [[Milton Friedman]], [http://members.shaw.ca/compilerpress1/Anno%20Friedman%20Positive.htm "The Methodology of Positive Economics"]
+{{Control de autoridades}}
 [[Categoría:Metodología económica]]
 [[Categoría:Relación de la economía con otras disciplinas]]