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|nombre = |
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|imagen = Sir Norman Gregg.jpg |
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|tamaño = 200 px |
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|descripción = El Dr. Gregg (''izquierda'') recibiendo un título honorario de la Universidad de Sydney en 1952. |
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|fecha_de_nacimiento = [[7 de marzo]] de [[1892]] |
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|lugar_de_nacimiento = {{bandera|Australia}} [[Burwood]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] |
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|fecha_de_fallecimiento = [[27 de julio]] de [[1966]] |
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|lugar_de_fallecimiento = |
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|campos = [[Medicina]] |
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|nacionalidad = {{AUS}} |
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|alma_mater = [[Universidad de Sydney]] |
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}} |
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'''Sir Norman McAlister Gregg''', [[Military Cross|MC]] ([[7 de marzo]] de [[1892]] – [[27 de julio]] de [[1966]]) fue un [[oftalmólogo]] [[Australia|australiano]], reconocido por haber descubierto que si una mujer embarazada contrae [[rubéola]] su futuro hijo podría nacer con una [[enfermedad congénita]] ([[síndrome de rubéola congénita]]).<ref>[http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P002698b.htm Gregg, Norman McAlister (1892 - 1966)], ''Bright Sparcs'' (Australian Science and Technology Heritage Centre, [[Universidad de Melbourne]]), [[30 de junio]] de [[1997]].</ref> |
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== Primeros años y educación == |
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Gregg nació el [[7 de marzo]] de [[1892]] en [[Burwood]], un suburbio de [[Sydney]]. Asistió a la Escuela Secundaria Sydney Grammar, y después estudió medicina en la [[Universidad de Sydney]], graduándose con el título de médico y cirujano y el mejor promedio de su clase en 1915.<ref name="adb">Paul A. L. Lancaster, [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A140370b.htm Gregg, Sir Norman McAlister (1892 - 1966)], ''[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]'', Volume 14, Melbourne University Press, 1996, pp 325-327.</ref> |
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Durante el tiempo que pasó en la universidad, Gregg practicó varios deportes, tales como [[cricket]], [[tenis]], [[béisbol]], [[natación]] y [[hóckey sobre hielo]]. Entre 1913 y 1914, representó a [[New South Wales]] en cricket en tres ocasiones,<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/5427.html Norman Gregg (Australia)], [[Cricinfo]].</ref> y una vez en tenis. Si no se hubiesen suspendido las competencias deportivas por la [[Primera Guerra Mundial]], Gregg habría clasificado para la [[Copa Davis]] con el equipo de Australia.<ref name="adb" /> |
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== Carrera como militar == |
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Después de terminar la carrera, Gregg viajó a [[Inglaterra]], en donde trabajó como [[teniente]] de manera temporaria en el cuerpo médico del [[Ejército Británico]] el [[23 de marzo]] de [[1915]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=29177|startpage=5211|date=[[1 de junio]]de [[1915]]|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref> He served on the [[Western Front]] during [[World War I]] attached to the [[East Yorkshire Regiment]]'s 17th Battalion, and later with the 52nd Field Ambulance.<ref name="adb" /> Promoted temporary [[captain (OF-2)|captain]] on [[23 March]] [[1916]], he was an acting [[major (United Kingdom)|major]] for just over a month in 1919, was wounded in the field, and was awarded the [[Military Cross]] for gallantry on [[24 September]] [[1918]].<ref name="adb" /><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=29542|supp=yes|startpage=3789|date=[[7 April]] [[1916]]|accessdate=2008-07-28}} Captain</ref><ref name=MC>{{LondonGazette|issue=30915|supp=yes|startpage=11296|date=[[20 September]] [[1918]]|accessdate=2008-07-28}} Military Cross</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=31344|supp=yes|startpage=6189|endpage=6190|date=[[16 May]] [[1919]]|accessdate=2008-07-28}} Acting major</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=31826|supp=yes|startpage=3392|date=[[16 March]] [[1920]]|accessdate=2008-07-28}} Relinquishment of acting majority</ref><ref>Dunn, P.M.: [http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/92/6/F513 Perinatal lessons from the past: Sir Norman Gregg, ChM, MC, of Sydney (1892–1966) and rubella embryopathy], ''Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition'', 2007.</ref> He left the army on [[7 March]] [[1920]], retaining the rank of captain.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=31815|supp=yes|startpage=2890|date=[[5 March]] [[1920]]|accessdate=2008-07-28}} Relinquishment of commission</ref> |
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The citation for his MC read: |
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{{quote|T./Capt. Norman McAlister Gregg, M.B., R.A.M.C. |
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For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty during a raid. He untiringly attended to the wounded under heavy enemy fire until the last man was cleared, and showed great coolness and devotion to duty. He worked persistently throughout the raid in the open, and searched for any wounded that |
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might have been overlooked. He behaved splendidly.<ref name=MC />}} |
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== Carrera como médico == |
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De regreso en Australia, Gregg comenzó a trabajar como médico residente en el Hospital Royal Prince Alfred (RPA) de Sydney. Regresó a Inglaterra para estudiar [[oftalmología]], obteniendo un diploma de medicina y cirugía después de entrenarse en varios de los mejores hospitales de [[Londres]] y de [[Birmingham]].<ref name="adb" /> |
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Gregg regresó a Sydney, en donde se estableció definitivamente como médico en 1929. Ese mismo año fue nombrado cirujano oftalmólogo en el RPA, y obtuvo el mismo puesto en el Hospital para Niños Royal Alexandra. En 1950 pasó a ser jefe en el Royal Alexandra, y en 1952 en el RPA.<ref name="adb" /> |
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=== Síndrome de rubéola congénita === |
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Cuando comenzó la [[Segunda Guerra Mundial]], Gregg era oftalmólogo pediatra, en una época en que la mayoría de los médicos se habían unido al ejército y por lo tanto era uno de los pocos oculistas de Sydney. was a paediatric ophthalmologist, at a time when most doctors had joined the army and he was one of few eye doctors in Sydney. Gregg noticed a high incidence of congenital [[cataract]]s in infants arriving at his surgery – two to three times the normal rate that would be expected from hereditary factors. He overheard a conversation between several mothers whose babies had cataracts, in which they mentioned that they had suffered from German measles (rubella) during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vaccines: Preventing Disease and Protecting Health |last=De Quadros |first=Ciro A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location= |isbn=9275115966 |pages=p. 53 }}</ref> Investigating the medical records of children with similar conditions, Gregg discovered that out of 78 affected children, 68 had been exposed to rubella ''in utero''. There had been an outbreak of rubella and [[meningitis]] in Australian army camps in 1941, which had been transmitted to the wider community when the men returned to their families.<ref name="brutlag">Manteuil-Brutlag, Simone: [http://biochem118.stanford.edu/Papers/Simone_Brutlag/Sir%20Norman%20Gregg.pdf Sir Norman McAllister Gregg], [[Stanford University]].</ref> |
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On [[15 October]] [[1941]], Gregg delivered a paper, ''Congenital Cataract following German Measles in the Mother'', to the Ophthalmological Society of Australia in [[Melbourne]] which published it in its journal, ''Transactions''. Following press coverage of his paper, Gregg was contacted by two mothers who had contracted rubella, and whose children suffered from deafness, and he subsequently issued a further paper detailing ''Further Observations on Congenital Defects in Infants following Maternal Rubella''.<ref name="adb" /> |
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Whilst Gregg's findings were met with praise in Australia, internationally his peers were not so convinced. British medical journal ''[[The Lancet]]'' wrote that he had failed to adequately prove his case, and it was not until Professor Oliver Lancaster of the [[University of Sydney]] proved the association between the rubella virus and congenital syndromes in infants was significant, that his research was accepted around the world.<ref name="brutlag" /> |
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== Honores == |
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*In 1951, he was awarded the James Cook Medal by the [[Royal Society of New South Wales]], for outstanding contribution to science and human welfare in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>[http://nsw.royalsoc.org.au/awards/jamescook.html Awards: James Cook Medal], [[Royal Society of New South Wales]].</ref> |
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*On [[29 August]] [[1952]], he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the [[University of Sydney]]<ref>[http://www.usyd.edu.au/senate/committees/advisoryGregg.shtml Advisory Honorary Awards], [[University of Sydney]].</ref> |
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*On [[1 January]] [[1953]], he was made a [[Knight Bachelor]] for services to medical science in the [[New Year Honours]]. He received the [[accolade]] from the [[Governor-General of Australia]] at [[Government House, Canberra]] on [[28 January]] [[1953]].<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=39734|supp=yes|startpage=39|date=[[30 December]] [[1952]]|accessdate=2008-07-28}} Knighthood</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=39786|startpage=1103|date=[[24 February]] [[1953]]|accessdate=2008-07-28}} Accolade</ref><ref>[http://itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1083505&search_type=quick&showInd=true GREGG, Norman McAlister], ''It's an Honour'' (Australian Government honours database).</ref> |
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*In 1962, Sir Norman was given the [[Australian Father of the Year award]].<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn2441105 Interview with Sir Norman Gregg], [[National Library of Australia]].</ref> |
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*A lecture theatre at the [[University of Sydney]]'s School of Public Health, and a suite of operating theatres at the [[Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children|Children's Hospital at Westmead]] are named after him.<ref>[http://www.chw.edu.au/about/pr/events/125th_anniversary/historical_names.htm 125 years of care: Historical Names], [[Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children]], [[5 May]] [[2005]].</ref> |
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== Referencias == |
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{{listaref}} |
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== Enlaces externos == |
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*[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/5427.html Estadísticas de cricket de primera clase: Norman Gregg] ([[Cricinfo]]) |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gregg, Norman McAlister}} |
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[[Category:1892 births]] |
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[[Category:1966 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Australian medical doctors]] |
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[[Category:Ophthalmologists]] |
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[[Category:Knights Bachelor]] |
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[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]] |
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[[Category:Royal Army Medical Corps officers]] |
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[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]] |
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[[Category:University of Sydney alumni]] |
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[[Category:Old Sydneians]] |
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[[Category:New South Wales cricketers]] |
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[[de:Norman McAlister Gregg]] |
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[[en:Norman Gregg]] |
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Traducción de http://en.wikipedia.org/eswiki/w/index.php?title=Norman_Gregg&oldid=273204742 |
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