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{{Ficha de accidente |
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| Nombre = Vuelo 401 de Eastern Air Lines |
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|Imagen= Ea401.png |
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|Pie de foto = <small>Vuelo 401 a punto de caer sobre el pantano.</small> |
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|Fecha= [[29 de diciembre]] de [[1972]] |
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|Causa= Falla humana (pilotos y controladores aéreos). |
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|Sitio= [[Everglades]], [[Florida]] |
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|Coordenadas= |
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|Origen= [[Aeropuerto Internacional John F. Kennedy]] |
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|Destino= [[Aeropuerto Internacional de Miami]] |
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|Muertes= 101 |
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|Heridos= 75 |
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|Tipo de aeronave= [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar|Lockheed L-1011-385-1 TriStar]] |
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|Operador= [[Eastern Air Lines]] |
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|Registro= |
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|Pasajeros= 163 |
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|Tripulación= 13 |
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|Sobrevivientes= 75 (77 inicialmente, 2 fallecieron después) |
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}} |
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El '''vuelo 401 de Eastern Air Lines''', de la aerolínea [[Estados Unidos|estadounidense]] [[Eastern Air Lines]], se estrelló en los [[Everglades]] de Florida durante la noche del 29 de diciembre de 1972, causando la muerte de 101 personas (hubo 77 sobrevivientes, dos de los cuales fallecieron poco después). El accidente fue causado por una falla de la [[tripulación de vuelo]], cuyos miembros no se percataron de que el [[piloto automático]] había sido desactivado mientras intentaban solucionar un problema con el indicador del [[tren de aterrizaje]] delantero. Se cree que también contribuyeron al accidente la fatiga de los tripulantes y falta de conocimientos de CRM (''Crew/Cockpit Resource Managament''). Como resultado, el avión fue perdiendo altitud gradualmente sin que la tripulación lo notara y finalmente se estrelló. Fue el primer accidente de un [[avión de fuselaje ancho]] y, en su momento, el que causó más muertes en la historia de la aviación en los Estados Unidos.<ref name="Mayday">"Who's at the Controls?" ("Fatal Distraction") ''[[Mayday]]''</ref> |
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Después del accidente, se reportaron supuestas actividades [[paranormales]] en aviones donde se habían utilizado partes restauradas de la aeronave siniestrada; Eastern Airlines terminó removiendo todos los fragmentos recuperados.<ref name="Mayday"/> Los efectos de este accidente en la industria aeronáutica continúan en la actualidad y derivaron en la creación del ''Crew'' (o ''Cockpit'') ''Resource Management'' (CRM), <ref name="Why Planes Crash">"Why Planes Crash: Human Error, MSNBC temporada 1110, Episodio 1122, 22 de noviembre de 2010"</ref> una técnica que requiere que las tripulaciones de vuelo dividan el trabajo en la cabina entre los tripulantes disponibles, para asegurarse de que alguien continúe haciéndose cargo de pilotear el avión cuando se tienen problemas. El [[vuelo 232 de United Airlines]] es uno de los ejemplos más conocidos de una CRM bien aplicada.<ref>[http://mcq.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/198.pdf How Swift Starting Action Teams Get off the Ground: What United Flight 232 and Airline Flight Crews Can Tell Us About Team Communication] ''Management Communication Quarterly'', Vol. 19, No. 2, Noviembre de 2005</ref> |
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== Accidente == |
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[[Archivo:N310EA.png|left|250px|thumb|La ruta del avión, tal como se mostró en el reporte de [[NTSB]].]] |
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El vuelo 401 de Eastern Air Lines, un Lockheed L-1011-1 Tristar de cuatro meses (el duodécimo entregado a la empresa)<ref name="Air Disaster, Vol. 1">Job, Macaurthur. Air Disaster - Volumen 1, Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 1994, p. 98-111</ref> con 163 pasajeros y trece tripulantes abordo, partió del [[Aeropuerto John F. Kennedy]] en [[Nueva York]] el viernes 29 de diciembre de 1972 a las 9:20 p.m., con destino al [[Aeropuerto Internacional de Miami]]. El comandante del vuelo era el Capitán Robert Loft, de 55 años de edad, un piloto veterano de Eastern, acompañado por el Primer Oficial Albert Stockstill, de 39 años y por el Segundo Oficial (ingeniero aeronáutico) Donald Repo, de 51. Un cuarto integrante, el técnico oficial de Eastern Angelo Donadeo (quien estaba regresando a Miami tras un encargo en Nueva York) acompañó a la tripulación durante el vuelo.<ref name="Air Disaster, Vol. 1"/> Las diez [[auxiliar de vuelo|tripulantes de cabina de pasajeros]] del vuelo 401 incluían a: Mercedes Ruiz, Sue Tebbs, Adrienne Hamilton (jefe de cabina), Trudy Smith, Dorothy Warnock, Pat Ghyssels, Beverly Raposa, Patty Georgia, Stephanie Stanich y Sharon Transue. Pat Ghyssels (asignada al ''jumpseat'' 3L) y Stephanie Stanich (''jumpseat'' 4L) fallecieron en el accidente. |
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[[Archivo:197410 EasternAirlines L1011.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Un L-1011 similar al accidentado.]] |
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The flight was routine until 11:32 p.m., when the flight began its approach into [[Miami International Airport]]. After lowering the gear, First Officer Stockstill noticed that the [[landing gear]] indicator, a green light identifying that the nose gear is properly locked in the "down" position, did not illuminate. The cause, discovered after much investigation, was due to a burned-out light bulb. The landing gear could have been manually lowered either way. The pilots cycled the landing gear but still failed to get the confirmation light. |
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Loft, who was working the radio during this leg of the flight, told the tower that they would abort their landing and asked for instructions to circle the airport. The tower cleared the flight to pull out of its descent, climb to two thousand feet (610 m), and then fly west over the darkness of the Everglades. |
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The cockpit crew removed the light assembly and Second Officer Repo was dispatched into the avionics bay beneath the flight deck to check visually if the gear was down through a small viewing window. Fifty seconds after reaching their assigned altitude, Captain Loft instructed First Officer Stockstill to put the L-1011 on autopilot. For the next eighty seconds the plane maintained level flight. Then it dropped one hundred feet (30 m), and then again flew level for two more minutes, after which it began a descent so gradual it could not be perceived by the crew. In the next seventy seconds, the plane lost only 250 feet (76 m), but this was enough to trigger the altitude warning C-chord chime located under the engineer's workstation. The engineer had gone below, and there was no indication by the pilot's voices recorded on the CVR that they heard the chime. In another fifty seconds, the plane was at half its assigned altitude. |
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As Stockstill started another turn, onto 180 degrees, he noticed the discrepancy. The following conversation was recovered from the flight voice recorder later: |
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::'''Stockstill''': We did something to the altitude. |
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::'''Loft''': What? |
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::'''Stockstill''': We're still at 2,000 feet, right? |
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::'''Loft''': Hey — what's happening here? |
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The jetliner crashed at {{Coord|25|51|53|N|80|35|43|W|region:US-FL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}. The location was west-northwest of Miami, {{convert|18.7|mi|km}} from the end of runway Nine Left (9L). The plane was traveling at 227 miles per hour when it flew into the ground. The left wingtip hit first, then the left engine and the left landing gear, making three trails through the sawgrass, each five feet wide and more than {{convert|100|ft|m}} long. When the main part of the fuselage hit the ground it continued to move through the grass and water, breaking up as it went. |
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{{Quote box |
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|title = Paraphrased excerpt on Flight 401's crash sequence |
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|quote = "The Tristar's port outer wing structure had struck the ground first, followed by the No. 1 engine and the port main [[undercarriage]]. The disintegration of the aircraft that followed scattered wreckage over an area 500 meters long and 100 meters wide in a southwesterly direction. Only small fragments of metal marked the wingtip's first contact, followed 15 meters further on by three massive 35 meter swaths cut through the mud and sawgrass by the aircraft's extended undercarriage before two of the legs were sheared off. Then came scattered parts from the No. 1 (port) engine, and fragments from the port wing itself and the port [[tailplane]]. 150 meters from the wingtips initial contact with the ground, the massive [[fuselage]] had begun to breakup, scattering components from the underfloor [[galley]], the cargo compartments, and the cabin interior. At 250 meters along the wreckage trail, the outer section of the starboard wing tore off, gouging an 18 meter long crater in the soft ground as it did so. From this point on, the breakup of the fuselage became more extensive, scattering metal fragments, cabin fittings, and passenger seats widely. The three major sections of the fuselage—the most intact of which was the tail assembly—lay in the mud towards the end of the wreckage trail ... The fact that the tail assembly—rear fuselage, No. 2 tail-mounted engine, and remains of the [[empennage]]—finally came to rest substantially further forward than other major sections, was probably the result of the No. 2 engine continuing to deliver thrust during the actual breakup of the aircraft ... No complete cross section of the passenger cabin remained, and both the port wing and tailplane were demolished to fragments ... Incongruously, not far from the roofless fuselage center section with the inner portion of the starboard wing still attached, lay a large, undamaged and fully inflated rubber dingy, one of a number carried on the Tristar in the event of an emergency water landing. The breakup of the fuselage had freed it from its stowage and activated its inflation mechanism." |
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|source = Macarthur Job, ''Air Disaster - Vol. 1'', Chapter 12 - "Hey — What's Happening here?" |
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|width = 50% |
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|align = center |
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|bgcolor = |
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}} |
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== Rescate y consecuencias == |
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Robert "Bud" Marquis, an [[airboat]] pilot, was out [[frog gigging]] with Ray Dickinsin when they witnessed the crash. They rushed in to rescue survivors. Marquis received burns to his face, arms and legs—a result of spilled jet fuel from the crashed Tristar—but continued shuttling people into and out of the crash site that night and the next day. For his efforts, he received the Humanitarian Award from the [http://planesafe.org/ National Air Disaster Alliance/Foundation] and the "Alumitec – Airboat Hero Award", from the [http://airboatsar.org/ American Airboat Search and Rescue Association]. In 2007, the [[Homestead, Florida]] resident was given an award plaque.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22394676/ |title=35 years after jetliner crash, hero gets his due |publisher=[[Associated Press]] (msnbc.msn.com) |date=December 25, 2007}}</ref> He died on November 21, 2008, from complications stemming from injuries he sustained in a fall a month earlier.<ref>[http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/hero-crash-flight-401-quotangel-everglades%E2%80%9D-dies Press Release Point - Hero of Flight 401 - "Angel of the Everglades” Dies]</ref> |
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In all, 77 had lived through the ordeal — 69 of the 163 passengers and 8 of the 10 flight attendants survived the crash, with 99 initial fatalities.<ref name=asn>{{ASN accident|id=19721229-0}}</ref> Of the cockpit crew, only Flight Engineer Repo survived the initial crash, along with technical officer Donadeo who was down in the nose electronics bay with Repo at the moment of impact.<ref name="Air Disaster, Vol. 1"/> Stockstill was killed on impact, while Captain Loft died in the wreckage of the flightdeck before he could be transported to a hospital. Repo was evacuated to a hospital, but later succumbed to his injuries.<ref name="Air Disaster, Vol. 1"/> Angelo Donadeo, the lone survivor of the four flightdeck occupants, eventually recovered from his injuries and died on October 4, 2004.<ref>http://sites.google.com/site/eastern401/epilogue The Crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401-Epilogue</ref> The swamp absorbed much of the energy of the crash, lessening the impact on the aircraft. The swamp itself saved many lives as mud blocked many wounds sustained by survivors, preventing them from bleeding to death. However, it also complicated the survivors' recuperation, as organisms in the swamp caused infection, with the potential for [[gas gangrene]]. Eight passengers became infected; doctors used [[hyperbaric chamber]]s to treat the passengers and kill the infections.<ref name="Mayday"/> All of the survivors were injured; 60 received serious injuries and 17 suffered only minor injuries and did not require hospitalization.<ref name="Air Disaster, Vol. 1"/> The most common injuries were fractures of ribs, spines, pelvises, and lower extremities. 14 survivors had various degrees of burns. The NTSB classified the injuries of one non-revenue passenger and one other passenger as nonfatal as their deaths occurred more than 7 days after the accident, so it has 99 as the death count in the final accident report.<ref>[http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-14.pdf Eastern Airlines Flight 401 NTSB Report] (Pg. 6, 14 of 52)</ref> |
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== Causa del accidente == |
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The NTSB investigation discovered that the autopilot had been inadvertently switched from altitude hold to CWS (Control Wheel Steering) mode in pitch. In this mode once the pilot releases pressure on the yoke the autopilot will maintain the pitch attitude selected by the pilot until he moves the yoke again. Investigators believe the autopilot switched modes when the captain accidentally leaned against the yoke while turning to speak to the flight engineer, who was sitting behind and to the right of him. The slight forward pressure on the stick would have caused the aircraft to enter a slow descent, maintained by the CWS system. |
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Investigation into the aircraft's autopilot showed that the force required to switch to CWS mode was different between the A and B channels (15 vs 20 pounds respectively). Thus it was possible that the switching to CWS in channel A did not occur in channel B thus depriving the First Officer of any indication the mode had changed (Channel A provides the Captain's instruments with data, while channel B provides the First Officer's).<ref name="NTSB Report">[http://www.airdisaster.com/reports/ntsb/AAR73-14.pdf NTSB Report]</ref> |
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After descending 250 feet from the selected altitude of 2000 feet a C-chord sounded from the rear speaker. This altitude alert, designed to warn the pilots of an inadvertent deviation from the selected altitude, went unnoticed by the fatigued and frustrated crew. Investigators believe this was due to the crew being distracted by the nose gear light, and because the flight engineer was not in his seat when it sounded and so would not have been able to hear it. Visually, since it was nighttime and the aircraft was flying over the darkened terrain of the Everglades, there were no ground lights or other visual indications that the TriStar was slowly descending into the swamp. It was also discovered that Captain Loft had an undetected [[tumor]] in his brain, and this was later found to be in an area controlling vision.<ref name="Mayday"/> |
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The final [[NTSB]] report cited the cause of the crash as [[pilot error]], specifically: "the failure of the flight crew to monitor the flight instruments during the final four minutes of flight, and to detect an unexpected descent soon enough to prevent impact with the ground. Preoccupation with a malfunction of the nose landing gear position indicating system distracted the crew's attention from the instruments and allowed the descent to go unnoticed." |
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== Los "fantasmas" del vuelo 401 == |
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Over the following months and years, employees of Eastern Air Lines began reporting sightings of the dead crew members on board another L-1011 (N318EA). The story was that parts of Flight 401 were salvaged after the crash investigation and refitted into the other L-1011 (Even though some parts were salvaged and re-used to maintain other airplanes in Eastern's fleet, the accident resulted in the total hull loss of N310EA and it was written off).<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19721229-0 ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-1011-385-1 TriStar 1 N310EA Everglades, FL<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Sightings of the "spirits" of Don Repo and Bob Loft spread throughout Eastern Air Lines to the point where Eastern's management warned employees that they could face dismissal if caught spreading ghost stories. |
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The story of the crash and its aftermath was documented first in [[John G. Fuller]]'s 1976 book ''The Ghost of Flight 401,'' and later in Rob and Sarah Elder's 1977 book, ''Crash.'' |
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Two made-for-television movies based on the crash were aired in 1978: [[Crash (1978 film)|''Crash of Flight 401'']], aired in October, was based on the Elders' book, and dramatized the crash, rescue efforts and NTSB investigation; while ''The Ghost of Flight 401,'' aired earlier in February, was based on Fuller's book and focuses more on the ghost sightings surrounding the aftermath. |
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Eastern Air Lines CEO [[Frank Borman]] called the ghost stories surrounding the crash "garbage" and considered suing the producers of ''The Ghost of Flight 401'' movie for [[Slander and libel|libel]]. |
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Musician [[Bob Welch (musician)|Bob Welch]] recorded a song on his 1979 album ''[[Three Hearts]]'' titled "The Ghost of Flight 401." |
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The crash also appeared in a Season 5 episode of ''[[Mayday (TV series)|Mayday]]'' (also known as ''Air Crash Investigation''). The episode was entitled "Who's at the Controls?" (or "Fatal Distraction" in some countries). The "Ghost of 401" is referenced in Season 1, episode 4 of the television series ''[[Supernatural (TV series)|Supernatural]]'' after a plane crashes under paranormal circumstances. |
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== Véase también == |
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* [[Vuelo 593 de Aeroflot]] |
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* [[Vuelo 592 de ValuJet]] |
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== Referencias == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Bibliografía == |
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* ''Air Disaster Volume 1'', [[Macarthur Job]], ISBN 1-875671-11-0, p98-101 |
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* ''Crash'', Rob and Sarah Elder, 1977, Atheneum, Nueva York ISBN 0-689-107587 |
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* ''From the Captain to the Colonel: An Informal History of Eastern Airlines'', Robert J. Serling, Doubleday 1980, ISBN 0-38527047X |
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== Enlaces externos == |
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* [http://www.ntsb.gov/NTSB/brief.asp?ev_id=66756&key=0 Sumario del NTSB] |
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* [http://eastern401.googlepages.com/ Sobrevivientes del vuelo 401] |
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* [http://www.flight401.com Flight 401 Survivors Tribute Fund] |
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* [http://aviation-safety.net/investigation/cvr/transcripts/cvr_ea401.php Transcripción del CVR] |
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* [http://eastern401.googlepages.com/home El accidente del Vuelo 401 de Eastern Airlines] |
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* [http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/flight401/ Presentación multimedia del vuelo 401] |
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* [http://sites.google.com/site/eastern401/epilogue El accidente del Vuelo 401 de Eastern Airlines-Epílogo] |
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* {{imdb title|id=0077377|title=Crash}} |
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* {{imdb title|id=0077610|title=The Ghost of Flight 401}} |
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[[Categoría:Estados Unidos en 1972]] |
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[[Categoría:Accidentes e incidentes aéreos en Estados Unidos]] |
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[[de:Eastern-Air-Lines-Flug 401]] |
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[[en:Eastern Air Lines Flight 401]] |
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[[fr:Vol 401 Eastern Air Lines]] |
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[[hu:Az Eastern Air Lines 401-es járatának katasztrófája]] |
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[[ms:Penerbangan 401 Eastern Air Lines]] |
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[[nl:Eastern Airlines-vlucht 401]] |
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[[ja:イースタン航空401便墜落事故]] |
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[[pl:Katastrofa lotu Eastern Air Lines 401]] |
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[[pt:Voo 401 da Eastern Air Lines]] |
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[[zh:東方航空401號班機空難]] |
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