Diferencia entre revisiones de «Descolonización de África»
m robot Añadido: hr:Dekolonizacija Afrike Modificado: en:Decolonisation of Africa |
Sin resumen de edición |
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| Línea 1: | Línea 1: | ||
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[[Imagen:Africa independence dates.PNG|thumb|250px|Fechas de independencia de los países africanos.]] |
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La '''descolonización de África''' es un proceso de independencia de las naciones [[África|africanas]] que tuvo lugar, principalmente, tras la [[Segunda Guerra Mundial]], aunque [[Liberia]], fundada libre a mediados del [[siglo XIX]], puede ser considerada el primer estado africano [[Descolonización|descolonizado]]. |
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La mayor parte de África había sido colonizada durante la [[Repartición de África]], en medio del periodo conocido como [[Nuevo Imperialismo]], durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Tras la [[Primera Guerra Mundial]], los movimientos independentistas africanos tomaron relevancia, que culminaría en el proceso de descolonización. En algunos países la independencia se obtuvo de forma pacífica, mientras que en otros se consiguió mediante el uso de las armas. Entre estos últimos, la [[Guerra de Independencia de Argelia]] (1954-62) y la [[Guerra colonial portuguesa]] fueron las más violentas. |
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En [[1958]], la [[Unión Francesa]] se convirtió en la [[Comunidad Francesa]], con la notable excepción de [[Guinea]], la cual decidió su independencia en un referéndum; dos años más tarde, todas las [[Imperio colonial francés|colonias francesas]] se independizaron. La descolonización, sin embargo, no acabó hasta la independencia de [[Namibia]] en [[1990]]. |
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==Antecedentes== |
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Durante la Repartición de África en el siglo XIX, las potencias [[Europa|europeas]] delimitaron África en la [[Conferencia de Berlín]] de 1884 y 1885. Ya en [[1905]], todo el suelo africano estaba controlado por las fuerzas europeas. [[Gran Bretaña]] y [[Francia]] contaban con mayores posesiones, pero [[Alemania]], [[España]], [[Italia]], [[Bélgica]] y [[Portugal]] también tenían colonias. Las consecuencias de este proceso de colonización fueron variadas, como la perdida de recursos naturales, devastación económica, confusión cultural, división geopolítica y subyugación política. Sin embargo, la dominación europea también llevó mejores carreteras, vías de tren, puertos, hospitales, educación y métodos modernos para la [[agricultura]]. |
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==Causas== |
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La descolonización de África se basa en tres circunstancias distintas: el deseo de los pueblos indígenas a independizarse, la distracción europea por los asuntos mundiales y el resentimiento popular contra el [[racismo]] y la desigualdad. |
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El deseo africano de independencia se basó en la contemplación de la exitosa revolución, y su consecuente autogobierno, de [[India]], dirigida por [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. |
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En segundo lugar, la descolonización tuvo lugar en el ámbito internacional de la [[Guerra Fría]]. Debido a los esfuerzos que la [[URSS]] llevaba a cabo para promulgar su ideología [[Comunismo|comunista]], las potencias europeas temían que sus colonias se volvieran hacia el comunismo como una forma radical de obtener la independencia. |
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El racismo fue la tercera circunstancia que afectó al proceso descolonizador. Las colonias africanas, a diferencia de las colonias americanas, no tenían un mestizaje racial importante, ya que los colonos europeos no se habían asentado y mezclado con los nativos. En vez de eso, los prejuicios racistas habían calado hondo en la conciencia europea, que veía a los africanos como inferiores, ya sea por las diferencias culturales, la falta de participación política o la educación inferior de los africanos. |
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Tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y deseando quitarse la carga económica de mantener grandes imperios, las fuerzas aliadas prometieron la independencia de África. |
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La educación superior de ciertas personas fue clave a la hora de informar y activar a las multitudes. Soldados africanos que luchaban en el extranjero o estudiantes africanos que fueron también al extranjero a estudiar, tomaron una visión más amplia del mundo y sus opiniones contemporáneas. |
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Los líderes africanos se dieron cuenta que África había sido clave a la hora de ganar la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Algunos de estos líderes [[Nacionalismo|nacionalistas]] eran: [[Kenyatta]] ([[Kenia]]), [[Kwame Nkrumah|Nkrumah]] ([[Costa de Oro]], hoy [[Ghana]]), [[Léopold Sédar Senghor|Senghor]] ([[Senegal]]) y [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny|Houphouët-Boigny]] ([[Costa de Marfil]]). Desde el punto de vista africano, las colonias estaban ayudando a sus señores colonos a combatir a un enemigo desconocido sin mencionar la palabra independencia. Algunos líderes como [[Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd|Verwoerd]] y [[B.J. Vorster|Vorster]] de [[Sudáfrica]] apoyaron a [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] mientras que la mayoría de los gobernadores de las colonias francesas reconocieron lealtad al [[Francia de Vichy|gobierno de Vichy]] hasta [[1943]]. La propaganda alemana durante la guerra tuvo un papel muy importante en este desafío al poder británico. Debido a que [[Japón]] había comenzado su proceso [[Imperio del Japón|imperialista]] en el [[lejano oriente]], se produjo una escasez de materiales como el [[caucho]] y algunos minerales. África se vio obligada a hacer frente a esta escasez, beneficiándose grandemente de dicho cambio: las industrias locales emergentes trajeron nuevos pueblos, y las ciudades existentes doblaron su tamaño. El crecimiento social y industrial trajo más [[alfabetización]] y con ella los [[periódico]]s pro-independentistas. |
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En [[1941]], [[Roosevelt]] y [[Churchill]] se reunieron para discutir como sería el mundo de la posguerra. El resultado fue la [[Carta del Atlántico]]. Uno de los puntos de la carta, introducido por Roosevelt, fue la autonomía de las colonias imperiales. Por lo tanto, tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Gran Bretaña se vio presionada a cumplir los términos de la Carta. |
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==Efectos== |
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En la mayoría de las colonias británicas y francesas, los dos mayores colonizadores de África, la transición a la independencia se produjo de forma pacífica. |
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En la conclusión de la descolonización, África sufría una gran desestabilidad política, pobreza económica y dependencia de las potencias debido a la [[deuda]]. La inestabilidad política nació de la introducción en África de ideología [[Marxismo|marxista]] o de la influencia [[capitalismo|capitalista]], así como de las diferencias raciales, que incitaban a [[guerra civil|guerras civiles]], formándose grupos nacionalistas negros, que participaban en ataques violentos contra los colonos blancos, intentando así poner fin al gobierno de la minoría blanca. |
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Las fronteras acordadas por los europeos durante la colonización fue otra fuente de violencia, ya que alguna de las nuevas naciones no estaba de acuerdo con sus fronteras. Aunque la mayoría de las naciones africanas ya han aceptado sus fronteras, existen disputas hoy en día como la de [[Chad]] y [[Libia]], [[Etiopía]] y [[Somalia]], o [[Nigeria]] y [[Camerún]]. |
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En un intento de influenciar al [[tercer mundo]] para adoptar su ideología de capitalismo o comunismo, los [[Estados Unidos de América|Estados Unidos]] y la URSS dieron créditos de comida y dinero a las naciones africanas. Para alimentar, educar y modernizar a sus masas, África tomó prestado grandes cantidades de dinero de varias naciones, banqueros y compañías. Como pago, los prestamistas trataron de influenciar políticamente la situación africana. Sin embargo, el dinero prestado no arregló la situación económica, ya que gran parte de ese dinero fue despilfarrado por dictadores corruptos, ignorándose así asuntos sociales como la educación, la salud y la estabilidad política. |
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==Véase también== |
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*[[Colonialismo]] |
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*[[Descolonización]] |
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*[[Repartición de África]] |
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*[[Panafricanismo]] |
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[[Category:Colonialismo]] |
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[[Category:Historia de África]] |
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{{destacado|sr}} |
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[[de:Dekolonisation Afrikas]] |
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[[en:Decolonisation of Africa]] |
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[[fr:Décolonisation de l'Afrique]] |
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[[hr:Dekolonizacija Afrike]] |
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[[pl:Dekolonizacja Afryki]] |
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[[pt:História da descolonização de África]] |
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[[sr:Деколонизација Африке]] |
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Revisión del 15:09 10 dic 2007
molltttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt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