Usuaria:Mel 23/Piloto

Bandera de Australia.

La cultura de Australia está marcada por la demografía de dicho país, el cual cuenta con una de las poblaciones más urbanizadas del mundo, ya que la mayor parte de los australianos vive en ciudades cercanas a la costa. Las ciudades de Australia muestran una gran mezcla de culturas diferentes. La cultura aborigen ha sobrevivido la primera influencia de los inmigrantes provenientes de Inglaterra y de Irlanda, quienes actualmente conforman el grupo cultural dominante. Las influencias de los inmigrantes que llegaron al país luego de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, provenientes de Gran Bretaña, Irlanda, Gales, Italia, Grecia, los Países Bajos, Malta, Europa oriental, Oriente Medio, Asia y el subcontinente indio también han sido muy significativas. Un número menor de inmigrantes ha llegado desde el continente africano y americano.

Idioma

Aunque Australia no posee un lenguaje oficial, se ha establecido que el inglés es el idioma nacional. El inglés australiano tiene sus propios acento y vocabulario distinguidos. Según el censo de 2001, el inglés es el único idioma que se habla en los hogares de aproximadamente el 80% de la población. Los restantes idiomas que se hablan en el país son el chino (2.1%), el italiano (1.9%), y el griego (1.4%). Una proporción considerable de la primera y la segunda generación de inmigrantes es bilingüe. Se cree que había entre doscientos y trescientos dialectos aborígenes en el momento en que los europeos llegaron por primera vez a Australia, pero sólo setenta de esas lenguas han sobrevivido, con veinte a punto de desaparecer. Un idioma aborigen permanece siendo el idioma principal de aproximadamente cincuenta mil personas, que conforman el 0,25% de la población. Australia tiene un lenguaje característico conocido como Auslan, el cual es el idioma principal de aproximadamente 6500 personas sordas.

Arte en Australia

El arte en Australia — el cine, la música, la pintura, el teatro, el baile y las artesanías — han atraído reconocimiento internacional. Sin embargo, en la práctica, suele ser difícil para los observadores distinguir algo distintivamente australiano tomando en cuenta la mayor parte de sus producciones en música, bailes, películas o literatura.

La cultura propiamente dicha no es importante para la mayor parte de la población, en contraste con la cultura popular. La cultura artística se expresa en pocas galerías de arte, en una rica tradición de ballet, principalmente representada por Edouard Borovansky y Sir Robert Helpmann, continuando con la compañía nacional de ballet (The Australian Ballet) y con bailarines y coreógrafos destacados como Graeme Murphy y Meryl Tankard; una fuerte compañía nacional de ópera en Sydney; y grandes compañías sinfónicas en todas las capitales del país, particularmente Melbourne y Sydney. Sin embargo, fuera de los principales centros artísticos la cultura es virtualmente inexistente.

La cultura independiente tiene lugar en las ciudades principales y en las regiones más grandes. Las artes independientes de música, cine y arte callejero son las más representativas. La escena musical independiente de Melbourne es una de las más grandes del mundo, mientras que puede ser hallada otra en la multitud de artistas callejeros de Melbourne y, en un alcance menor, en otras ciudades importantes, para trabajar durante un tiempo.

Arquitectura

La arquitectura australiana contemporánea incluye un número de estructuras que son íconos del país, incluyendo la Sydney Opera House, la Royal Exhibition Building en Melbourne y Parliament House, en Canberra. Sus principales arquitectos son Harry Seidler y Francis Greenway.

En el periodo entre el asentamiento europeo de Australia en 1788, la evidencia de las principales construcciones de los aborígenes australianos en Australia se limitó. Gran parte de lo que habían construido era temporario, y se utilizó como viviendas u otros edificios particulares. Como colonia británica, los primeros edificios europeos fueron derivados de la moda europea de la época. Las carpas y las cabañas de adobe fueron reemplazadas por estructuras más resistentes. Georgian architecture is seen in early government buildings of Sydney and Tasmania and the homes of the wealthy. While the major Australian cities enjoyed the boom of the Victorian Era, the Australian gold rushes of the mid-19th century brought major construction works and exuberant Victorian architecture to the major cities, particularly Melbourne, and major provincials such as Ballarat and Bendigo. Other significant architectural movements in Australian architecture include the Federation style of the turn of the 20th century and the modern styles of the late 20th century which also saw many older buildings demolished.

Significant concern was raised during the 1960s, with developers threatening the destruction of historical buildings, especially in Sydney. Heritage concerns led to union-initiated green bans, which saved significant examples of Australia's architectural past. Green bans helped to protect historic 18th century buildings in The Rocks from being demolished to make way for office towers, and prevented the Royal Botanic Gardens from being turned into a car park for the Sydney Opera House.

Pintura y escultura

Australia ha tenido una importante escuela de pintura desde los primeros días del asentamiento europeo. Los australianos con reputaciones internacionales en pintura y escultura incluyen a Sir Sidney Nolan, Sir Russell Drysdale, Arthur Boyd, Brett Whiteley, Ian Burn, Pro Hart y Ken Done, además de la artista aborigen Emily Kame Kngwarreye.

Cine

Australia tiene una larga historia de producciones cinematográficas. El primer largometraje que se realizó en la historia fue la producción australiana The Story of the Kelly Gang. Sin embargo, la compra de casi todas las empresas por compañías americanas provocaron que las películas australianas desapareciesen totalmente de la pantalla. Una notable excepción fue la clásica película de Charles Chauvel Jedda (1955). Durante finales de la década de 1960 y principios de los años 1970 una influencia del gobierno logró desarrollar una nueva generación de directores y actores, quienes trabajaron con películas de Estados Unidos. Películas tales como Picnic at Hanging Rock y Sunday Too Far Away tuvieron un impacto internacional inmediato. La década de 1980 es considerada la era dorada del cine australiano, con varias películas famosas, desde la oscura ciencia ficción de Mad Max hasta la comedia de Crocodile Dundee, una película que definió Australia en los ojos de muchos extranjeros pese a que no tiene mucho que ver con la realidad del estilo de vida de muchos australianos. En la década de 1990 se produjo un número de comedias exitosas como Muriel's Wedding, The Castle y Strictly Ballroom, la cual propulsó los carreras de Toni Collette, P. J. Hogan y Baz Luhrmann. La industria cinematográfica aborigen continúa produciendo un número razonable de películas cada año; también, varios productores estadounidenses han mudado sus producciones a Australia luego de la decisión del presidente de Fox Rupert Murdoch de utilizar nuevos estudios en Melbourne y en Sydney, en donde la filmación puede ser completada efectivamente con costos menores a los de Estados Unidos. Las producciones más notables incluyen a The Matrix, los episodios de Star Wars Star Wars Episode II y Star Wars III, y Australia protagonizada por Nicole Kidman y Hugh Jackman.

Música

Música australiana indígena

La canción aborigen era una parte integral de la cultura aborigen. La exposición más famosa de su música es el didgeridoo. Este instrumento de madera, usado entre las tribus aborígenes del norte de Australia, tiene un zumbido distintivo y ha sido adoptado entre una amplia variedad de intérpretes fuera de la comunidad aborigen.

Los músicos aborígenes Aboriginal musicians have turned their hand to Western popular musical forms, often to considerable commercial success. Some notable examples include Archie Roach, the Warumpi Band, NoKTuRNL and Yothu Yindi.

Amongst young Australian aborigines, African-American and Aboriginal hip hop music and clothing is popular.​ Aboriginal boxing champion and former rugby league player Anthony Mundine identified US rapper Tupac Shakur as a personal inspiration, after Mundine's release of his 2007 single, Platinum Ryder.​

Música clásica

The earliest Western musical influences in Australia can be traced back to two distinct sources: the first free settlers who brought with them the European classical music tradition; and the large body of convicts and sailors, who brought the traditional folk music of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The practicalities of building a colony mean that there is very little music extant from this early period although there are samples of music originating from Hobart and Sydney that date back to the early 1800s.​

The establishment of choral societies (c. 1850) and symphony orchestras (c. 1890) led to increased compositional activity, although many Australian classical composers attempted to work entirely within European models. A lot of works leading up to the first part of the 20th century were heavily influenced by the folk music of other countries (Percy Grainger’s Country Gardens of 1918 being a good example of this) and a very conservative British orchestral tradition.​

In the war and post-war eras, as pressure built to assert a national identity in the face of the looming superpower of the United States and the "motherland" Britain, composers looked to their surroundings for inspiration. Peter Sculthorpe began to incorporate elements of Aboriginal music, and Richard Meale drew influence from south-east Asia (notably using the harmonic properties of the Balinese Gamelan; as had Percy Grainger in an earlier generation).​

By the beginning of the 1960s, Australian classical music erupted with influences, with composers incorporating disparate elements into their work, ranging from Aboriginal and south-east Asian music and instruments, to American jazz and blues, to the belated discovery of European atonality and the avant-garde. Composers like Don Banks, Don Kay, Malcolm Williamson and Colin Brumby epitomise this period​. In recent times composers including Liza Lim, Nigel Westlake, Graeme Koehne, Elena Kats-Chernin, Richard Mills and Constantine Koukias have embodied the pinnacle of established Australian composers.

Well-known Australian classical performers include sopranos: Dame Joan Sutherland, Joan Carden, Yvonne Kenny and Emma Matthews; pianists Roger Woodward, Michael Kieran Harvey, Geoffrey Tozer, Geoffrey Douglas Madge and Leslie Howard; guitarist John Williams; horn player Barry Tuckwell; and conductors Simone Young and Geoffrey Simon.

Pop y rock

Australia has produced a large variety of popular music. Some notable examples include the 1960s successes of The Easybeats and the folk-pop group The Seekers, through the heavy rock of AC/DC, Cold Chisel and the slick pop of INXS, Men at Work and Kylie Minogue, Natalie Imbruglia, Savage Garden and Silverchair; more recently Jet, Wolfmother, Eskimo Joe, Grinspoon, The Vines, The Living End and others are currently enjoying enormous success internationally.

The arrival of the 1961 underground movement into the mainstream in the early-1970s changed Australian music permanently: Skyhooks were far from the first people to write songs in Australia by Australians about Australia, but they were the first ones to make good money doing it. The two best-selling Australian albums made up to that time put Australian music on the map. Within a few years, the novelty had worn off and it became commonplace to hear distinctively Australian lyrics and sometimes sounds side-by-side with imports.

The national expansion of ABC youth radio station Triple J during the 1990s has greatly increased the visibility and availability of home-grown talent to listeners nationwide. Since the mid 1990s a string of successful alternative Australian acts have emerged - artists to achieve both underground (critical) and mainstream (commercial) success include You Am I, Grinspoon, Powderfinger and Jet.

Televisión y medios de comunicación

While Australia has ubiquitous media coverage, the longest established part of that media is the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), the Federal Government funded organisation offering national TV and radio coverage. The ABC, like the BBC in Britain, CBC in Canada, and PBS in the United States, is a non-commercial public service broadcaster, showing many BBC or ITV productions from Britain.

Commercial channels include Channel Seven, Channel Nine and Channel Ten, along with the channels on Foxtel Australia's largest pay TV provider^{[cita requerida]}. It is owned by News Corporation, Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and Telstra. Also, U.S. channels like CBS, NBC, and FOX are being shown terrestrially.

The publicly funded Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) has a multicultural focus, broadcasting TV and radio programmes in a variety of languages, as well as world news and documentary programming in English. It is seen as less highbrow^{[cita requerida]} than the ABC but is willing to air more controversial programs such as South Park, Queer as Folk, and Oz that would not be shown on Australian free-to-air TV otherwise. Less mainstream sports such as football (soccer) and cycling receive coverage. SBS commenced as a commercial-free enterprise, but it has broadcast commercials of recent years, to less than universal approval.

In the 1990s and 2000s, Australia's two publicly-funded national networks, ABC and SBS, received an increasing share of market ratings, although as of 2005 they only accounted for 15.7% and 6.1% of the national ratings, respectively.​.

The ABC has made an impressive contribution to television drama with popular series like Brides of Christ and in comedy, with the 1970s hits Aunty Jack and The Norman Gunston Show and more recently Kath & Kim and The Chaser's War On Everything. Debate about the role of the ABC continues; many assign it a marginal role, as commercial TV and radio stations are far more popular choices. Critics claim that Australian children view television programs imported largely from the USA, however, the Australian Content Standard​ requires all free-to-air commercial networks to broadcast an annual minimum of 55% Australian content (between 6 a.m. and midnight).

There have been many Australian television shows that have been successful, such as Homicide and Division 4 in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Skippy the Bush Kangaroo in the late 1960s, Number 96 and The Box in the 1970s, Prisoner in the 1980s and Neighbours and Home and Away in the 1980s and 1990s, and, the most successful of them all, A Country Practice (1980 - 1993). Many of the shows from the mid 1980s onwards have been exported and have sometimes been even more successful abroad, such as Steve Irwin's The Crocodile Hunter, The Crocodile Hunter Diaries, and New Breed Vets in which Irwin exemplified the fun and passionate, yet masculine and fearless male stereotype with which Australia has been previously associated, and which have been aired regularly since the late 1990s in over 120 countries around the world.

Deporte

Australian rules football at the MCG.

The opening match of the 2003 Rugby World Cup at Telstra Stadium.

Australians are passionate about sport and it forms a major part of the country's culture, particularly in terms of spectating, but also in terms of participation. Cricket is extremely popular in the summer and football codes are extremely popular in the winter, with different codes being more popular in different areas (see Barassi Line). Some strong Australian traditions, such as Grand Finals and Footy tipping are shared across all codes. Most of Australia's patriotism is expressed through sport and thus it is taken quite seriously, especially seen during major international events such as the Olympic Games.

Fútbol australiano

Australian rules football (usually called "Aussie Rules" or "AFL") is an extremely popular spectator sport and a participation sport most popular in most Australian states. The national competition (the Australian Football League) evolved from a domestic state competition in Victoria, but there are now 16 teams with clubs in all states but Tasmania. There is strong generational club support for many teams in many of the major leagues, including the AFL, SANFL and WAFL. The AFL Grand Final is traditionally played each year at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Australian rules football culture has a strong set of rituals and traditions, many of which have crossed sporting boundaries in Australia. Traditional variations such as kick-to-kick are important aspects of the sporting culture, as is vocal support for a team, known as barracking.

Cricket

Cricket is the national sport of Australia and has long been so. [1][2] Figures from the game's past like Sir Donald Bradman, Richie Benaud and Dennis Lillee are some of the most popular figures in the nation's history.

Internationally, Australia has for most of the last century sat at or near the top of the cricketing world. The Ashes competition between Australia and England is the most popular international sporting contest in Australia.

Liga de rugby

Rugby league is the most popular winter sport in New South Wales (NSW), and Queensland. The National Rugby League (NRL) grew out of a suburban league in Sydney and has expanded to include teams from across Eastern Australia and New Zealand. The other states have traditionally ignored Rugby League for their own brand of football. New South Wales and Queensland play a representative series against each other every year, called the State of Origin series, which is one of Australia's major sporting events. In addition, the Australian Kangaroos represent the country in international matches.

Rugby Union

Rugby union is also one of the most popular sports within Australia, especially in Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, with teams competing in the Super 14, alongside provincial South African and New Zealand sides. In 2003 Australia hosted the 2003 Rugby World Cup, which saw the Wallabies defeated by England in the final at Telstra Stadium. The Australian national rugby team, the Wallabies, are the most supported national team in the Australian winter sporting calendar. Having been a professional sport only since 1995, the game's following is slowly growing out of traditional areas.

Otros deportes

Until recently, the most prominent soccer clubs were based around ethnic loyalties. Now with the new A-League, which started its first season in September 2005, Australia has a national competition with five states having one team each, plus one team in New Zealand and two regionally-based teams (both in NSW).

Australia also has its own unique motor racing organisation, known as the V8 Supercars Touring Series. It has a considerable following in New Zealand, and is steadily growing in popularity across the world, where television coverage allows.

Australians also enjoy many other sports, such as tennis, netball, golf, basketball and motorsport. Gambling is a pastime of many, and horse racing and greyhound racing are popular sports for this reason.

Several non-mainstream sports in Australia still attract a high standard from Australian teams due the sporting culture. For example, in field hockey Australia's teams are considered among the best in the world. Australian cyclists have recently been quite successful in the Tour de France and other international cycling competitions, notably Cadel Evans' second placing in the 2007 race and in the 2008 race and overall win of the 2007 UCI ProTour. From 2008, Australia's only major international cycling race, the Tour Down Under, centred on Adelaide, will become the first UCI ProTour cycling race to be held outside of Europe.

As with most nations, women's sport is given less attention than men's, in both media coverage and funding, although the gap is closing slowly, with the ANZ Championship being advertised on popular sports channels.

Australia has recently seen great success in the sport of surfing. In 2007, both the male (Mick Fanning) and female (Stephanie Gilmore) ASP champions were Australian.

Australia's traditional links with Britain has seen its sporting focus primarily trained on British sports, but in recent years there has been a trickle of professionals playing at the top level of American sports such as baseball, basketball and American football. Grant Balfour is a relief pitcher for the Tampa Bay Rays, and played in the 2008 World Series. Australian basketballers have been very successful at the Olympics, and are regular medal winners. Australians such as Luc Longley and Andrew Bogut have had long careers in the NBA. Australian women have made an even bigger impact in the WNBA, with Lauren Jackson captaining the Seattle Storm. The skill set of Australian Rules footballers fits the mould of NFL punters very well, as well as the ability to tackle returners. Two former AFL footballers competed in the 2009 NFC Championship game, Saverio Rocca for the Philadelphia Eagles and Ben Graham for the Arizona Cardinals. Graham's appearance in Super Bowl XLIII made him the first Australian to play in the NFL's championship game. Even though the popularity of the American sports is still very limited, Australians are always keen to support their sporting stars.

Actitudes, creencias y estereotipos

Australians have very strong attitudes and beliefs which are reinforced by the tenets of the country's society.

The Australian national character has been forged by the difficulty of subduing the land. Unlike other cultures based on a nurturing landscape that they seek to protect from others, Australian settlers experienced great hardship and had to support each other in order to survive. The battle against the elements led to the nickname of a member of Australia's working class being the 'Aussie battler.'

The need to laugh in the face of danger while battling the landscape has provoked a strange view of the world, with a distinctive upside-down sense of humour. Times of hardship or even disaster are ridiculed, and this extends to the Australian delight in dubbing a tall man "Shorty," a quiet one "Rowdy," a bald man "Curly" and a redhead "Bluey".

Fraternidad

"Mateship", or loyal fraternity, has been a central tenet of survival in the harsh landscape. Mateship can be defined as the code of conduct, particularly between men, although more recently also between men and women, stressing equality and friendship. Mateship is seen as an important element of the qualities that the Australian Defence Force values in its troops. The glorification of Australia's early soldiers in the Boer War and World War I reinforces these values. This may also explain why sport plays such a central role in Australian culture.

An aspect of the mateship culture on language is that Australians have a propensity for the diminutive forms of names (e.g. Hargrave -> Hargie; Wilkinson -> Wilko; John -> Johnno; David-> Davo; Hogan -> Hoges; James -> Jimmy -> Jim). This is a display of affection and acceptance rather than belittlement.

One result of the prevalence of the 'mateship' culture is that Australian society is stringently anti-hierarchical. Australians are expected to behave with humility and not think of themselves as better than their peers. Any disloyalty to their 'mates' is treated harshly, and is known as the tall poppy syndrome, where people who grow greater than their peers are harshly criticised as being 'up themselves.' Even the most successful and beautiful Australians are eager to proclaim how ordinary they are.

The original convict and then colonial culture has created an irreverence for established authority, particularly if it is pompous or out of touch with reality. Politicians, or "pollies", are generally disliked and distrusted. Paradoxically, Australia is one of the few democracies that has compulsory voting at elections.

The phrase, "the lucky country", coined by Donald Horne, is a sobriquet used to describe Australia in terms of weather, lifestyle and history.​ Ironically, Horne was using the term to criticise the complacency of Australian society in the early-1960s.​

Rivalidad amistosa

It is to be understood that Australians and New Zealanders have a respectful rivalry, especially in certain sports such as rugby union. The rivalry is often compared to brothers in the same family competing against each other. During the First World War the Australian Soldiers and the New Zealand Soldiers joined forces to become the ANZACs, otherwise known as the Australian New Zealand Army Corps.

The biggest sporting rivalry exists between Australia and England. As Australians see New Zealanders as their little brother they see the English as big brother, with more people, history and money. The sporting paddock was a place where Australians could shine.

Identidad "Underdog"

Plantilla:Mainarticle As well as the prevalence of the tall poppy syndrome bringing back to Earth the high fliers, there is the traditional Australian support for the "underdog." Australians will support those who appear to be at a disadvantage unless the underdog is against fellow Australians.

This underdog attitude is most evident in sport, as sport is also a large part of Australian culture. Should an Australian be asked to choose between two unknown competitors, very often they will choose the one least likely to win. The success of Steven Bradbury in the 2002 Winter Olympics who won a skating gold medal after all his competitors crashed has coined the expression 'doing a Bradbury' which underpins the spirit of the underdog, positive thinking and never giving up. During the 2003 Rugby World Cup, where the Georgian Rugby Team arrived in Perth with a crowd of Perth residents welcoming them with colourful support, and support for Eric the Eel during the 2000 Olympics. A similar occurrence was noted in Townsville, Queensland where the Japanese Rugby Team was preferred to that of the French ​.

Justicia

The belief in a "Fair Go" is a key part of Australian culture and Australian society, related to the support for the underdog.​.This can be seen in the existence of strong public health and education systems in Australia, and equal opportunity legislation to ensure people are not shut out of good jobs or positions based on race or gender. It is an idea which involves everyone having an equal chance to achieve their goals.

Historias y leyendas

Australian stories and legends have a cultural significance quite independent of their empirical truth or falsehood. This can be seen in the national obsession with the almost mythological portrayal of bushranger Ned Kelly as a mixture of the underdog and Robin Hood.

Australian history glorifies its sportsmen and its soldiers. Yet like many legends, truths do stem from it. Australia has shown, in the past and present, that for a country of just over 20 million people, it is capable of extraordinary things in the sporting arenas, such as the 49 medals won at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. Militarily, Australians have served gallantly in overseas wars, ranging from the Battle of Gallipoli; through to current regional security missions, such as East Timor; and Iraq and Afghanistan.

Australian war culture is somewhat different than most other western cultures. It generally consists of sombre reflection and commemoration of all who have died in wartime and honouring those who lived. It focusses on noble sacrifice rather than glory. Two annual national holidays exist for this purpose.

It is generally agreed that the beginning of modern Australian warfare began at Gallipoli in World War I, where Australian forces under British command suffered a catastrophic defeat. The Australian experience at Gallipoli, which is viewed as the first iconic moment in modern Australian war involvement, is viewed by Australians with both pride for the fighting of the soldiers, and bitterness for the negligence on the part of British commanders. The incidences of valour, bravery, and determination displayed during the campaign for Gallipoli, as well as the mutual respect for their Turkish adversaries led by Kemal Atatürk is seen as part of the ANZAC spirit. This experience of war was repeated and entrenched at battles on the Western Front, such as the Battle of Passchendaele.

The legend of Australians being great soldiers has its roots in the AIF being used during the latter part of the war as the shock troops of the British Empire forces. The Battle of Amiens, known as the "Black Day of the German Army" during the First World War, was a campaign in which Australian soldiers played a crucial role. Australians were considered to be remarkably determined, united and hard-working individuals. The majority of Australians knew how to ride and shoot prior to enlistment, making them good soldiers. However, Australians also had a lax attitude towards discipline, a notoriety which the Australin soldiers revelled in. From this the notion of the larrikin Digger emerged, an important part of contemporary Australian identity.

Many of Australia's stories and legends originate in the Outback, in the drovers and squatters and people of the barren, dusty plains, yet only a small proportion of Australians live in the Outback, or even in the milder countryside up to an hour or two's drive from the cities. This was true even of the Australia of a century ago - since the gold rush of the 1850s, most Australians have been city-bound, Australia today being one of the most urbanised countries in the world. Nevertheless, after a century or more spent absorbing the bush yarns of Henry Lawson and the poetry of Banjo Paterson from the comfort of armchairs in the suburbs, the legends are real and fairly odd.

Lectura complementaria

• Bambrick, Susan ed. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Australia (1994)
• Bennett, Bruce et al. The Oxford Literary History of Australia (1999)
• Bennett, Tony, y David Carter. Culture in Australia: Policies, Publics and Programs (2001) excerpt and text search
• Carey, Hilary. Believing in Australia: A Cultural History of Religions (1996)
• Horton, David. The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society and Culture (2001)
• Huggan Graham. Postcolonialism, Racism, Transnationalism (Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures) (2007) excerpt and text search
• Kleinert, Sylvia. and Margo Neale. The Oxford Companion to Aboriginal Art and Culture (2001)
• Leitner, Gerhard. Australia's Many Voices: Australian English--the National Language (2004) excerpt and text search
• McAllister, Ian, Steve Dowrick, Riaz Hassan; The Cambridge Handbook of the Social Sciences in Australia Cambridge University Press, 2003 online edition
• McCulloch, Alan. Encyclopedia of Australian Art 2 vol (1984)
• McDonald, John. Federation: Australian Art and Society, 1901-2001. Natl. Gallery of Australia, 2002. 264 pp.
• Nile, Richard. The Making of the Australian Literary Imagination. (2002). 315 pp.
• O'Shane, Pat et al. Australia: The Complete Encyclopedia (2001)
• Rickard, John, Australia: A Cultural History (1988)
• Serle. Percival, ed. Dictionary of Australian Biography (1949)online edition
• Webby, Elizabeth. The Cambridge Companion to Australian Literature (2000) excerpt and text search
• Wilde, William H. et al eds. The Oxford Companion to Australian Literature (1995) online at OUP excerpt and text search
• Samuels, Selina, ed. Australian Writers, 1915-50. (2002). 510 pp.
• Sayers, Andrew. Australian Art (2001) excerpt and text search
• Webby, Elizabeth, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Australian Literature (2006)
• Wannan, Bill. A Dictionary of Australian Folklore: Lore, Legends, Myths and Traditions (1988)

Enlaces externos

• Sitio web oficial de CountryBNS
• El gran debate sobre Australia en BBC news
• AustralianBeers.com Discusión sobre la cultura australiana