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{{Ficha de taxón |
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| name = Mirasol grande |
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| image = Botaurus pinnatus.jpg |
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| image_width = 240px |
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| status = LC |
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| status_system = iucn3.1 |
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| regnum = [[Animalia]] |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Aves]] |
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| subclassis = [[Neornithes]] |
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| infraclassis = [[Neognathae]] |
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| superordo = [[Neoaves]] |
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| ordo = [[Ciconiiformes]] |
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| familia = [[Ardeidae]] |
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| subfamilia = [[Botaurinae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Botaurus]]'' |
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| species = '''''B. pinnatus''''' |
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| binomial = ''Botaurus pinnatus'' |
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| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1829) |
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| synonyms = |
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''Ardea pinnata'' <small>Wagler, 1829</small> |
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| range_map = |
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| range_map_width = 240px |
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| range_map_caption = |
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}} |
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El '''mirasol grande''' (''Botaurus pinnatus'') es un [[ave]] perteneciente a la familia [[Ardeidae]] que vive en las zonas del trópico en el [[continente americano]]. Al igual que los otros mirasoles ''Botaurus'', su plumaje es mayormente de color marrón amarillento y tiene un patrón críptico. Aunque es una especie que se ha extendido en gran medida, es raro avistarla, probablemente debido a su carácter nómada, y no se sabe demasiado sobre su historia biológica. |
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== Descripción == |
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El mirasol grande es una garza de gran tamaño. Mide entre 63.5 y 76 cm de largo y pesa alrededor de 800 g. Ambos sexos poseen un plumaje similar, pero las hembras suelen ser más pequeñas que los machos y tienen cola de color marrón en vez de negro.<ref name = HBW>Martínez-Vilalta & Motis (1992)</ref> |
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Tanto los adultos como los pichones son, por lo general, de color beige y están muy marcados con distintos patrones crípticos. Los pichones suelen presentar un tono más rojizo. El cuello es blanco, la parte trasera del mismo es también blanca pero con líneas de color castaño claro, y el resto del cuello es amarillento con manchas negras. El pecho y el vientre son blancos con amplias líneas pardas, mientras que la espalda es beige con negro. Las [[ala]]s extendidas son negras en los machos y marrones en las hembras; las alas cerradas, de color gris, contribuyen a crear un efecto bicolor durante el vuelo. |
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El pico es firme y fuerte, mayormente amarillo, y la mandíbula es más oscura en su parte superior. El resto de la piel de su cara también presenta una coloración amarilla brillante, con una línea marrón que parte de la frente. Las patas son verde amarillentas, y el iris es amarillo. |
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==Taxonomy and systematics== |
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German [[natural history|naturalist]] [[Johann Georg Wagler]], who first described the Pinnated Bittern in 1829, placed it in the genus ''[[Ardea (genus)|Ardea]]'' at that time. It is sometimes included in a [[superspecies]] with the [[American Bittern]] (''B. lentiginosus''), while other authors consider the entire genus ''Botaurus'' to consist of a single superspecies.<ref name = HBW /> |
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There are currently two recognized [[subspecies]], which are separated by a gap in [[Central America]]:<ref name = HBW /> |
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* '''''Botaurus pinnatus caribaeus''''' <small>Dickerman, 1961</small> – Eastern [[Mexico]], [[Belize]] and (rarely) [[Guatemala]]. |
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:On average longer bill, shorter wings and tail, paler, less streaking on throat. |
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* '''''Botaurus pinnatus pinnatus''''' <small>(Wagler, 1829)</small> – southeastern Nicaragua to [[Ecuador]] and the Guianas, south through [[Brazil]] to [[Paraguay]] and northeastern [[Argentina]]. |
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:On average shorter bill, longer wings and tail, darker, more streaking on throat. |
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==Distribution and ecology== |
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The alternate name "South American Bittern" is a bit misleading, as the species is found as far north as southern Mexico. Its range stretches from the Atlantic slope of southeastern Mexico to northern Argentina, though there are few records for Guatemala and for Honduras. The species occurs mainly in low-lying regions, but has been recorded in the [[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Cordillera Oriental]] of [[Colombia]] as much as 8,500 ft (2,600 m) [[Above mean sea level|ASL]].<ref>Martínez-Vilalta & Motis (1992), Howell & Webb (1995): p.135-136</ref> |
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It can be found in a variety of [[freshwater]] habitats, including dense [[reedbeds]] and lake borders, flooded tall-grass [[pasture]]s, [[marsh]]es and overgrown ditches. Typically, the vegetation in its habitat is dominated by tall [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]s (Cyperaceae), [[water hyacinth]] (''Eichornia''), [[Juncus|rush]]es (''Juncus''), [[Phragmites|typical reeds]] (''Phragmites'') or [[cattail]]s (''Typha''). It will also utilize plantations of [[rice]] (''Oryza'') and [[sugarcane]] (''Saccharum'').<ref name = HBW /> |
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The Pinnated Bittern is largely [[nocturnal]]. Though generally solitary, it will gather in small loose groups at favored feeding areas. When frightened, it tends to freeze with its body crouched low and its head raised vertically just high enough to see. It typically flushes only at close range. |
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Estimates of its population, and of overall population trends, are unknown. Due to its wide range, it is nonetheless regarded a Species of [[Least Concern]] by the [[IUCN]].<ref>Martínez-Vilalta & Motis (1992), BLI (2008)</ref> |
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===Food and feeding=== |
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Its diet is varied<ref name = HBW />, consisting of [[fish]] (including [[eel]]s), [[reptile]]s, [[amphibian]]s, [[arthropod]]s and small [[mammal]]s (even including young [[Common Marmoset]]s, ''Callithrix jacchus''<ref>de Lyra-Neves ''et al.'' (2007)</ref>), all of which are typically taken in ambush<ref name = ss1989 />. The Pinnated Bittern is a patient hunter, often standing motionless for long periods while waiting for [[predation|prey]] to move within range. |
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===Breeding=== |
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As typical for [[Botaurinae]] (but unlike most herons), the Pinnated Bittern is a solitary breeder. Its [[Bird nest|nest]], a platform or shallow cup of rush stems or other plant material, is typically built among thick vegetation not far above the water surface. The female lays two to three olive-brown [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s, and is thought to do all of the [[Avian incubation|incubation]]. Pinnated Bitterns are almost exclusively [[wet season]] breeders.<ref>Stiles & Skutch (1989), Martínez-Vilalta & Motis (1992) </ref> |
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== Referencias == |
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{{listaref}} |
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== Bibliografía == |
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* {{IUCN2008|assessors={{aut|[[BirdLife International]] (BLI)}}|year=2008|id=144717|title=Botaurus pinnatus|downloaded=16 de noviembre de 2008}} |
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* {{aut|de Lyra-Neves, Rachel M.; Oliveira, Maria A.B.; Telino-Júnior,Wallace R. & dos Santos, Ednilza M.}} (2007): Comportamentos interespecíficos entre ''Callithrix jacchus'' (Linnaeus) (Primates, Callitrichidae) e algumas aves de Mata Atlântica, Pernambuco, Brasil. ''Revista Brasileira de Zoologia'' '''24'''(3): 709–716. <small>{{doi|10.1590/S0101-81752007000300022}}</small> [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v24n3/a22v24n3.pdf PDF fulltext]. |
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* {{aut|Howell, Steven N.G. & Webb, Sophie}} (1995): ''A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America''. Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York. <small>ISBN 0-19-854012-4</small> |
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* {{aut|Martínez-Vilalta, Albert & Motis, Anna}} (1992): 57. South American Bittern. ''In:'' {{aut|del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.)}}: ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'' (Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks): 427-428, plate 30. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <small>ISBN 84-87334-10-5</small> |
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* {{aut|Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank}} (1989): ''A guide to the birds of Costa Rica''. Comistock, Ithaca. <small>ISBN 0-8014-9600-4</small> |
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{{ORDENAR:Bittern, Pinnated}} |
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[[Categoría:Bitterns]] |
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[[Categoría:Botaurus]] |
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[[Categoría:Aves de Argentina]] |
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[[Categoría:Aves de Belice]] |
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[[Categoría:Aves de Guatemala]] |
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[[Categoría:Aves de México]] |
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[[Categoría:Aves de Nicaragua]] |
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[[Categoría:Aves de Panamá]] |
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[[Categoría:Aves de Sudamérica]] |
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[[Categoría:Aves de Trinidad y Tobago]] --> |
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[[br:Bongorz Suamerika]] |
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[[de:Südamerikanische Rohrdommel]] |
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[[en:Pinnated Bittern]] |
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[[fr:Butor mirasol]] |
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[[hr:Južnoamerički bukavac]] |
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[[ja:ハシナガサンカノゴイ]] |
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