Diferencia entre revisiones de «Kitsch»
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Mucho del [[Pop art]] intento incorporar imagenes de la cultura popular y el Kitsch; los artistas pudieron mantener su legitimidad diciendo que ellos "citaban" las imagenes para elaborar conceptos, usualmente la apropiación de estas imágenes era de forma irónica. En [[Italia]], un movimiento llamadoa [[Nuovi Nuovi]] ("nuevo nuevo"), tomo una ruta diferente: en lugar de citar lo Kitsch de manera irónica, se encontraron en un primitivisno que abrazaba lo feo y barato, tomando esto como una especie de anti-estetica. |
Mucho del [[Pop art]] intento incorporar imagenes de la cultura popular y el Kitsch; los artistas pudieron mantener su legitimidad diciendo que ellos "citaban" las imagenes para elaborar conceptos, usualmente la apropiación de estas imágenes era de forma irónica. En [[Italia]], un movimiento llamadoa [[Nuovi Nuovi]] ("nuevo nuevo"), tomo una ruta diferente: en lugar de citar lo Kitsch de manera irónica, se encontraron en un primitivisno que abrazaba lo feo y barato, tomando esto como una especie de anti-estetica. |
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El [[arte conceptual]] y el [[Deconstructivismo]] plantearon un cambio interesante, por que como el Kitsch, los dos movimientos subestimaban la estructura formal del trabajo de arte dando más importancia a otros elementos que tienen más relación con otras esferas de la vida |
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[[Conceptual art]] and [[Deconstructionism]] posed as an interesting challenge, because, like kitsch, they downplayed the formal structure of the artwork in favor of elements which enter it by relating to other spheres of life. |
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Despite this, many in the art world continue to have an adherence to some sense of the dichotomy between art and kitsch, excluding all sentimental and realistic art from being considered seriously. This has come under attack by critics who argue for a reappreciation of Academic art and traditional figurative painting, without the concern for it appearing innovative or new. A different tactic is taken by the [[Norway|Norwegian]] artist [[Odd Nerdrum]], who composed a [[manifesto]] entitled "[[On Kitsch]]", where he makes a [[politics|political]] point of declaring himself a ''Kitsch painter'' rather than an ''artist'', even though very few critics would actually think of his artwork as kitsch. |
Despite this, many in the art world continue to have an adherence to some sense of the dichotomy between art and kitsch, excluding all sentimental and realistic art from being considered seriously. This has come under attack by critics who argue for a reappreciation of Academic art and traditional figurative painting, without the concern for it appearing innovative or new. A different tactic is taken by the [[Norway|Norwegian]] artist [[Odd Nerdrum]], who composed a [[manifesto]] entitled "[[On Kitsch]]", where he makes a [[politics|political]] point of declaring himself a ''Kitsch painter'' rather than an ''artist'', even though very few critics would actually think of his artwork as kitsch. |
Revisión del 04:58 9 ene 2005
La palabra kitsch se origina del término alemán y yiddish "etwas verkitschen". Kitsch define al arte que es considerado como una copia inferior de un estilo existente. También se utiliza el término "kitsch" en un sentido más libre para referirse a cualquier arte que es pretencioso o de mal gusto.
Historia
Aunque su etimología es incierta, está ampliamente difundido que la palabra se originó en los mercados de arte de Munich entre los años 1860 y 1870, el termino era usado para describir los dibujos y bocetos baratos, hotly marketable pictures o sketches (El termino en ingles mal pronunciado por los alemanes, o mal asociado con el verbo en aleman verkitschen, que significa 'hacer barato'). Otra palabra alemana kitsch esta asociada al verbo kitschen, que significa "to scrape up mud from the street". El Kitsch apelaba a un gusto vulgar de la nueva y adinerada burguesía de Munich que pensaba, como muchos nuevos ricos que podían alcanzar el status que envidiaban a la clase tradicional de las élites culturales copiando las características más evidentes de sus hábitos culturales.
Lo kitsch empezó a ser definido como un objeto estético empobrecido con mala manufactura, significado más la identificación del consumidor con un nuevo status social y menos con una respuesta estética genuina. Lo Kitsch era considerado estéticamente empobrecido y moralmente dudoso. El sacrificio de una vida estética convertida en pantomima, usualmente, aun que no siempre, con el interés de señalar un status social.
La palabra se popularizo en los años 1930s por los teoricos Clement Greenberg, Hermann Broch, y Theodor Adorno, que intentaban definir lo avant garde y el kitsch como opuestos. En aquella epoca el mundo del arte persivia la popularidad del kitsch como un peligro para la cultura. Los argumentos the los tres teoricos confiaban en una definición implícita del kitsch como una falsa consciencia, un termino Marxista que significa una actitud mental presente dentro de las estructuras del capitalismo que esta equivocada en cuanto a sus propios deseos y necesidades. Los marxistas suponen que entonces existe una separación entre la situación verdadera y su fenomenología.
Adorno percibía esto en términos de lo que el llamaba la cultura industrial, donde el arte es controlado y planeado por las necesidades del mercado y es dado a un pueblo pasivo que lo acepta; Lo que es comercializado es un arte que no cambia y que es formalmente incoherente, pero que sirve para dar a la audiencia ocio y algo que mirar. El arte para Adorno debe ser subjetivo, cambiante y orientado contra la opresiva estructura del poder. El clamaba que el Kitsch es parodia de la catarsis, y también parodia de la conciencia estética.
Arte académico
19th century Academic art is still often seen in terms of being kitsch, though this view is coming under attack from modern critics. Perhaps it is best to resort to the theory of Broch, who argued that the genesis of kitsch was in Romanticism, which wasn't kitsch itself but which opened the door for kitsch taste, by emphasizing the need for expressive and evocative art work. Academic art, which continued this tradition Romanticism, has a twofold reason for its association with kitsch.
It is not that it was found to be accessible — in fact, it was under its reign that the difference between high art and low art was first defined by intellectuals. Academic art strove towards remaining in a tradition rooted in the aesthetic and intellectual experience. Intellectual and aesthetic qualities of the work were certainly there — good examples of Academic art were even admired by the avant garde artists who would rebel against it. There was some critique, however, that in being "too beautiful" and democratic it made art look easy, non-involving and superficial.
Many Academic artists tried to use subjects from low art and ennoble them as high art by subjecting them to interest in the inherent qualities of form and beauty, trying to democratize the art world. In England, certain academics even advocated that the artist should work for the marketplace. In some sense the goals of democratization succeeded, and the society was flooded with Academic art, the public lining up to see art exhibitions as they do to see movies today. Literacy in art became widespread, as did the practice of art making, and there was a blurring between high and low culture. This often led to poorly made or poorly conceived artworks being accepted as high art. Often art which was found to be kitsch showed technical talent, such as in creating accurate representations, but lacked good taste.
Secondly, the subjects and images presented in Academic art, though original in their first expression, were disseminated to the public in the form of prints and postcards — which was often actively encouraged by the artists — and these images were endlessly copied in kitschified form until they became well known cliches.
The avant garde reacted to these developments by separating itself from the aspects of art such as pictoral representation and harmony that were appreciated by the public, in order to make a stand for the importance of the aesthetic. Many modern critics try not to pigeonhole Academic art into the kitsch side of the art/kitsch dichotomy, recognizing its historical role in the genesis of both the avant garde and kitsch.
Postmodernismo
Con el surgimiento del Postmodernismo en los años 1980s, la linea entre lo Kitsch y el arte se volvió otra vez borrosa. también surgió el concepto de Camp que es una apreciación irónica que de otra manera se consideraría tonta y pedante, como ejemplos de Camp esta Carmen Miranda con sus sombreros tutti-frutti, o de otra manera Kitsch, eventos culturales populares que tienen una fecha en particular o son inapropiadamente serios, como las películas de de ciencia ficción con bajo presupuestos de los años 1950s y 60s. "Camp" se deriva del termino frances camper que significa "presentarse de una manera exagerada" Susan Sontag planteaba que el camp era una atracción a las cualidades humanas que se expressaban por si mismas en "tentativas falsas de seriedad" , teniendo estas cualidades un particular y unico estilo que refleja la sensibilidad de la epoca. Esto implica una estética del artificio más que de la naturaleza. De hecho los seguidores de linea dura del termino Camp insisten que "Camp es una mentira que se atreve a decir la verdad".
Mucho del Pop art intento incorporar imagenes de la cultura popular y el Kitsch; los artistas pudieron mantener su legitimidad diciendo que ellos "citaban" las imagenes para elaborar conceptos, usualmente la apropiación de estas imágenes era de forma irónica. En Italia, un movimiento llamadoa Nuovi Nuovi ("nuevo nuevo"), tomo una ruta diferente: en lugar de citar lo Kitsch de manera irónica, se encontraron en un primitivisno que abrazaba lo feo y barato, tomando esto como una especie de anti-estetica.
El arte conceptual y el Deconstructivismo plantearon un cambio interesante, por que como el Kitsch, los dos movimientos subestimaban la estructura formal del trabajo de arte dando más importancia a otros elementos que tienen más relación con otras esferas de la vida
Despite this, many in the art world continue to have an adherence to some sense of the dichotomy between art and kitsch, excluding all sentimental and realistic art from being considered seriously. This has come under attack by critics who argue for a reappreciation of Academic art and traditional figurative painting, without the concern for it appearing innovative or new. A different tactic is taken by the Norwegian artist Odd Nerdrum, who composed a manifesto entitled "On Kitsch", where he makes a political point of declaring himself a Kitsch painter rather than an artist, even though very few critics would actually think of his artwork as kitsch.
Nerdrum has claimed that in his career and the career of many other artists, the art establishment, what he calls the Curatoriat, imposes values and prevents honest personal expression — he turns around the formulations of Adorno and Kundera. He states that while art serves the public, kitsch serves personal expression; art serves politics, while kitsch loses itself in the eternal and is pure sensuality, "naked talent exposing itself". Nerdrum declares: "Art exists for art itself and addresses the public. Kitsch serves life and addresses the human being."
Postmodernism is also under attack by Nerdrum, because it holds to a camp taste, which only appreciates kitsch in terms of the irony of a "failed seriousness", while he argues that kitsch should in fact be looked at as real, sincere expression of beauty.
In any case, whatever difficulty there is in defining its boundaries with art, the word kitsch is still in common usage to label anything felt in bad taste.
Uso del termino Kitsch en Hispanoamérica
México
En México la palabra tiene un uso limitado al mundo del arte moderno, su uso generalmente implica definir una obra de arte o un suceso que tiene características vulgares, de mal gusto o popular. La palabra probablemente pueda ser comparada con la palabra Naco, pero a diferencia de esta lo que se define como Kitsch aun que de mal gusto adquiere una valoración artística o por lo menos positiva.