Anexo:Micronaciones
Las micronaciones, llamadas también como modelos de país y proyectos de nuevos países, son pequeñas entidades autroproclamadas como estados soberanos independientes, pero que no están reconocidos como tales por algún estado soberano reconocido, o por alguna organización supranacional. No deben confundirse con los microestados, que son pequeños estados independientes reconocidos, ni con los estados no reconocidos, que sus reclamaciones para obtener su propia soberanía son indiscutiblemente reales.[2]
Las motivaciones para la creación de las micronaciones incluyen la experimentación, protesta políica, expresión artística, entretenimiento personal y actividades delictivas.[3] Las micronaciones pueden existir en varias formas, tales como el mundo real, internet, en la mente de sus creadores o alguna combinación de estas. Algunas micronaciones han logrado extender sus operaciones en el mundo físico mediante la emisión de monedas, banderas, sellos, pasaportes, medallas, y otros artículos.
Lista de micronaciones
| Título oficial | Bandera | Fundación | Descripción |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperio de Aerica | 1987 | An eccentric tongue-in-cheek micronation founded by Canadian Eric Lis as a child, and maintained for the several decades since. It claims various terrestrial and interplanetary territories as Aerican land.[4] | |
| Aeterna Lucina | 1978 | An Australian micronation founded by a self-proclaimed baron, who claimed properties he owned in New South Wales as its territory. Several associated businessmen were charged in 1990 with land and visa fraud.[5] | |
| Akhzivland | 1952 | A micronation located in Israel and founded by a hippie and former sailor named Eli Avivi. It consists of a coastal enclave, formerly part of the Arab village of Akhzib, whose 10,000 residents were expelled during the 1948 war.[6][7] | |
| Aramoana | 1980 | A small New Zealand community that declared itself independent to protest the building of an aluminium smelter on nearby land. | |
| Atlantium |  |
1981 | A global sovereignty group based in Australia that was founded in Sydney by George Francis Cruickshank.[8] |
| Avram | 1980s | A non-territorial micronation founded by an eccentric self-proclaimed "duke" who was later elected to the Tasmanian state parliament.[9] | |
| BjornSocialist Republic | 2005 | A self-proclaimed Marxist state, based also on the religious but atheist Bjorn principles, of about 6 sqyd located on a stone "that looks like a tractor" in Lake Immeln, Scania, Sweden. It is recognised by Ladonia.[10][11][12][13] | |
| British West Florida |  |
2005 | A micronation intending to revive the former British colony of the same name.[14] |
| Celestia | 1949 | A defunct micronation claiming all of outer space. | |
| Conch Republic | 1982 | A group claiming tongue-in-cheek independence from the US in protest at a blockade established by the US Border Patrol at the upper end of the Florida Keys.[15] | |
| Dubeldeka | 2000 | The Principality of Dubeldeka was established on the site of Braemar Lodge near Mittagong/Bowral, NSW, Australia by Dr. Vasudeo and Doreen Khandekar, over a dispute with the local council regarding the laying of sewage lines.[16] | |
| Imperio de Copeman | 2003 | The Copeman Empire is run from a caravan park in Norfolk, England, by its founder Nick Copeman, who changed his name by deed poll to HM King Nicholas I.[17] | |
| Coral Sea Islands |  |
2004 | Established as a symbolic political protest by a group of gay rights activists, the Coral Sea Islands is a micronation based in southeast Queensland, Australia.[18] |
| Elleore |  |
1944 | A tongue-in-cheek micronation founded by a group of school teachers as a summer camp on the island of Elleore, Denmark.[19] |
| EnenKio |  |
1994 | Claims Wake Atoll in the Marshall Islands, and has been deemed a scam for selling passports and diplomatic papers.[20] |
| Forvik | 2008 | An islet in Shetland, Scotland, declared an independent Crown dependency by Stuart Hill, who claims that the United Kingdom has breached the 1469 deal with Denmark, which transferred the Shetland Islands to the Scottish crown.[21] | |
| Frestonia | 1977 | Freston Road in West London staged a "secession" from the United Kingdom as Frestonia. In a legal dispute regarding the unauthorised performance of his play The Immortalist, Heathcote Williams won a ruling from the UK courts that Frestonia was for this purpose not part of the UK.[22] | |
| Hajdučka Republika Mijata Tomića | 2002 | A protest project (based on Vran mountain, in Blidinje Nature Park, Bosnia and Herzegovina) started by a local because of inefficiency of problems with the local electricity supply.[23] | |
| Hay-on-Wye | 1977 | A town in Wales which was declared independent by bibliophile Richard Booth as a publicity stunt. Booth's success in promoting Hay as a "town of books" was recognised with the award of an MBE in the 2004 Queen's New Year Honours.[24] | |
| Reino de la Humanidad |  |
1878 | A former micronation, occupying the Spratly Islands, which merged into the Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads in September 1963.[25] |
| Hutt River | 1970 | A large farm in Western Australia that unilaterally seceded from the Commonwealth and declared itself to be a sovereign nation. It was known as the Hutt River Province until 2007.[26] | |
| Kugelmugel | 1984 | A ball-shaped house built by artist Edwin Lipburger, currently located in the Vienna Prater.[27] | |
| Ladonia |  |
1980 | A micronation created by Swedish artist Lars Vilks as the home to sculptures created by him in the Kullaberg nature reserve in north-west Skåne.[28] |
| Lagoan Isles | 2005 | The creation of a self-styled Grand Duke Louis, who claims that three tiny islands in a Portsmouth pond are not owned by the local council, and so has declared them an independent state.[29] | |
| L'Anse-Saint-Jean | 1997 | A micronation started to promote tourism in a small Quebec town. | |
| Llanrwst | 1276 | A town in North Wales declared a "free borough" by a Welsh prince which unsuccessfully applied to the United Nations in 1947. | |
| Lizbekistan | Unknown | A popular Internet-based project created by Australian artist Liz Stirling.[30] | |
| Lovely |  |
2004 | An Internet-based micronation founded by Danny Wallace as part of the BBC TV series How to Start Your Own Country, claiming the flat of its creator as sovereign territory.[31] |
| Lundy | 1925 | An island off the west coast of England, which historically (1100–1200s AD) had semi-independent status or claimed independence from England under various warlords. Between 1925 and 1931 its owner declared himself King and minted coins but did not declare formal independence. | |
| Marlborough | 1993 | A short lived micronation in Australia whose creator declared his farm an independent country to try to avoid eviction after bankruptcy. He was evicted less than a week later by police, was later prosecuted and has since abandoned any claim of independence.[32] | |
| Melchizdek | 1986 | The Dominion of Melchizedek (DoM) is a micronation known largely for facilitating large scale banking fraud in many parts of the world.[33] | |
| Minerva | 1973 | An attempt to build an artificial island and form a new libertarian country. The new land was located on Minerva Reef, south of Fiji, but the island was seized and annexed by Tonga shortly afterwards.[34] | |
| Molossia |  |
1977 | A micronation founded by Kevin Baugh, occupying his semi-rural residential acreage in Nevada. It is run semi-humorously as a dictatorial banana-republic.[35] |
| Morac-Songhrati-Meads | 1959 | A present day micronation, claimed to occupy the Spratly Islands. The territory is currently under de facto military control by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam, since the discovery of oil in 1968.[25] | |
| Neue Slowenische Kunst | 1984 | A nation created by a number of Slovene artists.[36] | |
| New Utopia | 1990s | A proposed micronation based on libertarian principles to be built on platforms in the Caribbean Sea. It was founded by American entrepreneur Lazarus Long. The project's current status is questionable.[37] | |
| Northern Forest Archipelago | 1998 | An environmentally-focused micronation located in the northeastern US consisting of multiple discontiguous privately-owned properties in the Northern Forest area of New York State.[38] | |
| Nova Roma | 1998 | An international organisation of Roman revivalists who claim to be a modern Roman nation and have the administrative structure of the ancient Roman Republic. Nova Roma explicitly states that they aren't a micronation but a "civitas" or "res publica"; their organisation, however, fits all the requirements for being classified as such.[39] | |
| Nutopia | 1973 | Nutopia was an imaginary country founded by John Lennon and Yoko Ono inspired by their song Imagine. | |
| Other World Kingdom | 1996 | An absolute monarchy/matriarchy with strong BDSM themes, in which women rule over all men. It is located in the Czech Republic. | |
| Peaceland | 2008 | Peaceland is located in Czech Republic in Brdy Mt. military zone and is controlled by Greenpeace.[40] | |
| Peščenica | 1990s | Peščenica is a satirical-parodical project of a dictator-ruled republic by famous Croatian maverick traveller Željko Malnar. It is located in Zagreb, Croatia.[41] | |
| Rainbow Creek | 1979 | Founded by a farmer who "seceded" from Victoria over damage to farmlands caused by flooding he claimed was exacerbated due to incompetence of the state government water management agency.[42] | |
| Redonda |  |
1865 | A small uninhabited island in the Caribbean sea, now legally part of Antigua and Barbuda. In 1865, a citizen of Montserrat was supposedly permitted by Queen Victoria to claim the title of King of Redonda, as long as he did not incite any revolt against colonial authority.[43] |
| Holy Empire of Reunion | 1997 | A Brazilian micronation, which claims more than 600 members all over the world, and which considers itself a potentially absolute monarchy, cited in many articles about micronationalism and organizer of the Micronations on the Media webpage, with more than 20 newspaper and magazine articles about their country and micronationalism itself. | |
| Rose Island | 1968 | An attempt to create a sovereign state on an offshore platform in international waters near the Italian city of Rimini. It was completed, but shortly afterwards seized by the Italian government and destroyed with explosives.[34] | |
| Saugeais | 1947 | An officially-sanctioned tongue-in-cheek micronation located in eastern France, in the département of Doubs.[44] | |
| Sealand |  |
1967 | A World War II military facility consisting of a man-made structure located off the English coast which was occupied and declared to be an independent state by Paddy Roy Bates.[45] |
| Seborga | 954 | A town in the Italian region of Liguria that claims never to have been a part of the modern Italian state.[46] | |
| Sulu y Sabah | 1823 | Sulu and Sabah claim to be the legitimate successors of the historical Sultanate of Sulu, and rulers of the Sulu archipelago (in the Philippines) and Sabah (a state in Malaysia).[47] | |
| Sunda | Unknown | A micronation claiming to be the legitimate modern-day successor of the ancient Kingdom of Sunda. It is currently in exile in Switzerland.[48][49] | |
| Talossa |  |
1979 | A micronation founded as a bedroom kingdom by Milwaukee, Wisconsin resident Robert Ben Madison. Madison claims to have coined the term "micronation".[nb 1][50] |
| Valtio |  |
2006 | 50 sq yd of land in a forest located at Posio, Finland, founded by Ari Peltonen as a joke. Radio Helsinki and Helsingin Sanomat followed what happens in the state.[51] |
| Vikesland | 2005 | A micronation located in Manitoba, Canadá that was founded for the purposes of a TV documentary about micronations. It claims two properties in and near the town of Brandon.[52] | |
| Wanstonia | 1994 | Wanstonia was created by protesters against the M11 motorway link road through Wanstead in north-east London.[53] | |
| Waveland | 1997 | A micronation sited on a rocky islet in the North Atlantic, known as Rockall. Greenpeace occupied Rockall, declaring it an independent nation, to protest oil drilling in the area.[54] |
Véase también
Enlaces externos
Notas
- ↑ Prior to Madison's departure in 2005 the group split into a separate "Kingdom of Talossa" and "Republic of Talossa".
Referencias
- Referencias generales
- Ryan, John; Dunford, George; Sellars, Simon (2006). Micronations. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1741047307.
- Referencias específicas
- ↑ «Journeys–the spirit of dicovery: Simon Sellars braves wind and waves to visit the unlikely North Sea nation of Sealand». The Australian. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2007.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 5.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 4.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 102.
- ↑ Dean, Anabel (20 June, 1989). «"Bleyer's Honours Outlined"». The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 7.
- ↑ Eber, Shirley; Kevin O'Sullivan (1989). Israel and the Occupied Territories: The Rough Guide. London: Harrap-Columbus. pp. 305-6. ISBN 0-7471-0105-1.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. pp. 48-51.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 102.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 144.
- ↑ Sørdal, Kristin (6 March 2008). «Verdens rareste steder». Dinside. Consultado el 7 de junio de 2008.
- ↑ Fordham, Alice. «"Stone me–you two aren't married"». Times Online. Consultado el 7 de junio de 2008.
- ↑ «"Court denies couple marriage: 'your country does not exist'"». The Local. 10 December 2007. Consultado el 7 de junio de 2008.
- ↑ «Ladonia recognises BjornSocialist Republic». New Herald. June 2 2008.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 139.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 130.
- ↑ Southern Highland News, 10/10/2001, "Lodge seccedes to form new country" http://bowral.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/lodge-secedes-to-form-new-country/270714.aspx
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. pp. 70-73.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 38.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 42.
- ↑ «Kingdom of EnenKio». Flags of the World. Consultado el 13 de septiembre de 2008.
- ↑ Carrell, Severin (19 de junio de 2008). «Captain Calamity leads breakaway of Shetland islet from UK». The Guardian. Consultado el 20 de junio de 2008.
- ↑ «The Eddie Woods Archive». American Literary Studies. Stanford University Library. 6 de agosto de 2007. Consultado el 14 de agosto de 2007.
- ↑ (en serbio) «Hajduci na Vranu ljude samo po očima pamte». Nezavisne. Consultado el 30 de junio de 2008.
- ↑ «Richard Booth». bbc.co.uk. Consultado el 11 de mayo de 2007.
- ↑ a b Marwyn S. Samuels, Contest for the South China Sea (1982)
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 22.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 82.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 136.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 86.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 129.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 28.
- ↑ «"Defiant Graziers Under Arrest"». Sydney Morning Herald. 14 June 1993.
- ↑ «Fantasy Island». CBS News (CBS Worldwide Inc.). 10 de abril de 2000.
- ↑ a b Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 14.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 62.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. pp. 128-9.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 15.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 52.
- ↑ «Interactive Corporative Services Information on Nova Roma». Maine Department of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations, Elections, and Commissions. Consultado el 27 de noviembre de 2007.
- ↑ «Czech police attack Peaceland protest camp». Greenpeace UK. Consultado el 13 de septiembre de 2008.
- ↑ Malnar, Željko. Filozofija Republike Peščenice. Birotisak. ISBN 953-6156-31-8.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 145.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 108.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. pp. 122-124.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. pp. 8-13.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 55.
- ↑ «Welcome to the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sulu & Sabah Official Website». Sulu and Sabah. Consultado el 7 de junio de 2008.
- ↑ «DPP: Sunda princesses 'Prohibited Immigrants'». The Borneo Post Online. 6 December 2007. Consultado el 7 de junio de 2008.
- ↑ Stephen, Then (22 January 2008). «Sunda princesses freed». Thestar Online. Consultado el 7 de junio de 2008.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. p. 101.
- ↑ (en finlandés)«Mäkäräisten Valtio». Ruotuväki. Consultado el 21 de julio de 2008.
- ↑ Ryan, John. Micronations. pp. 90-93.
- ↑ «Tenth anniversary of the siege of Wanstonia M11 link rd». UK Indymedia. Consultado el 13 de septiembre de 2008.
- ↑ Royle, Stephen (2001). A Geography of Islands. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 1857288653.