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Artículo principal: Petroleum in the United States
Natural oil seeps such as this in the McKittrick area of California were used by the native Americans and later mined by settlers.
Replica engine house and derrick at Oil Creek, Pennsylvania

The history of the petroleum industry in the United States goes back to the early 19th century, although the indigenous peoples, like many ancient societies, have used petroleum seeps since prehistoric times; where found, these seeps signaled the growth of the industry from the earliest discoveries to the more recent. Petroleum became a major industry following the oil discovery at Oil Creek Pennsylvania in 1859. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, the US was the largest oil producing country in the world; it is now the 3rd largest. However, the International Energy Agency projected that, due to the recent tight oil boom, the U.S. will surpass both Saudi Arabia and Russia and become the worlds largest oil producer circa 2017-2020.[cita requerida]

Before the Drake well

Indians had known of the oil in western Pennsylvania, and had made some use of it for many years before the mid-19th century. Early European explorers noted seeps of oil and natural gas in western Pennsylvania and New York. Interest grew substantially in the mid-1850s as scientists reported on the potential to manufacture kerosene from crude oil, if a sufficiently large oil supply could be found.

Salt was a valuable commodity, and an industry developed near salt springs in the Ohio River Valley, producing salt by evaporating brine from the springs. Salt wells were sunk at the salt springs to increase the supply of brine for evaporation. Some of the wells were hand-dug, but salt producers also learned to drill wells by percussion (cable tool) methods. In a number of locations in western Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky, oil and natural gas came up the wells along with the brine. The oil was mostly a nuisance, but some salt producers saved it and sold it as illuminating oil or medicine. In some locations, enough natural gas was produced to be used as fuel for the salt evaporating pans.[1]​ Early salt brine wells that produced byproduct oil included the Thorla-McKee Well of Ohio in 1814, a well near Burkesville, Kentucky, in 1828,[2]​ and wells at Burning Springs, West Virginia, by 1836.

The US natural gas industry started in 1821 at Fredonia, Chautauqua County, New York, when William Hart dug a well to a depth of 27 pies (8,2 m) into gas-bearing shale, then drilled a borehole 43 pies (13,1 m) further, and piped the natural gas to a nearby inn where it was burned for illumination. Soon many gas wells were drilled in the area, and the gas-lit streets of Fredonia became a tourist attraction.

Drake well, Titusville, Pennsylvania

1879 retail brochure for various petroleum products
Artículo principal: Pennsylvania oil rush

On August 28, 1859, George Bissell and Edwin L. Drake made the first successful use of a drilling rig on a well drilled especially to produce oil, at a site on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania.

The Drake well is often referred to as the "first" commercial oil well, although that title is also claimed for wells in Azerbaijan, Ontario, West Virginia, and Poland, among others. However, before the Drake well, oil-producing wells in the United States were wells that were drilled for salt brine, and produced oil and gas only as accidental byproducts. An intended drinking water well at Oil Springs, Ontario found oil in 1858, a year before the Drake well, but it had not been drilled for oil. Historians have noted that the importance of the Drake well was not in being the first well to produce oil, but in attracting the first great wave of investment in oil drilling, refining, and marketing:

"The importance of the Drake well was in the fact that it caused prompt additional drilling, thus establishing a supply of petroleum in sufficient quantity to support business enterprises of magnitude.[3]​

Appalachian Basin

The success of the Drake well quickly led to oil drilling in other locations in the western Appalachian mountains, where oil was seeping to the surface, or where salt drillers had previously found oil fouling their salt wells. During the American Civil War, the oil-producing region spread over much of western Pennsylvania, up into western New York state, and down the Ohio River valley into the states of Ohio, Kentucky, and the western part of Virginia (now West Virginia). The Appalachian Basin continued to be the leading oil-producing region in the United States through 1904.[4]​

The first commercial oil well in New York State was drilled in 1865. New York's crude oil is very high in paraffin.[5]​

The principal product of the oil in the 19th century was kerosene, which quickly replaced whale oil for illuminating purposes in the United States. Originally dealing in whale oil which was widely used for illumination, Charles Pratt (1830–1891) of Massachusetts was an early pioneer of the natural oil industry in the United States. He was founder of Astral Oil Works in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn, New York. Pratt's product later gave rise to the slogan, "The holy lamps of Tibet are primed with Astral Oil." He joined with his protégé Henry H. Rogers to form Charles Pratt and Company in 1867. Both companies became part of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil in 1874.

Lima-Indiana District

Véase también: Indiana Gas Boom

Mid-Continent

The Mid-continent area is an area generally including Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, North Louisiana and the part of Texas away from the Gulf Coast. The first commercially successful oil well drilled in Kansas was the Norman No. 1 near Neodesha, Kansas, on November 28, 1892.

  • Corsicana, Texas, 1894, Texas, plus Error de Lua en Módulo:ConvertirAux en la línea 469: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'l' (a nil value).
  • McCamey, 1928, Baker No. 1., Texas.

Oklahoma

Oil was discovered at Bartlesville and Burbank in 1897. But the initial discoveries created no great excitement until the discovery gusher of the Glenn Pool in 1905. The Glenn discovery came when Gulf Coast production was declining rapidly, and the operators were eager for new areas to drill. The increased drilling resulted in major discoveries at Cushing in 1912 and Healdton in 1913.[6]​

  • Greater Seminole, 1926, Oklahoma, plus Error de Lua en Módulo:ConvertirAux en la línea 469: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'l' (a nil value).
  • Oklahoma City, No. 1 Discovery Well, 1928, Oklahoma. The Mary Sudik No. 1, "Wild Mary Sudik", gusher did not blow until March 25, 1930—she sprayed an estimated Error de Lua en Módulo:ConvertirAux en la línea 469: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'l' (a nil value). an hour (133 L/s) for the next 11 days.

East Texas

The largest oil field in the lower 48 states, the East Texas oil field, was not discovered until 1930, when wildcatter Columbus Marion Joiner (more commonly known as "Dad" Joiner) drilled the Daisy Bradford No. 3 well, in Rusk County, Texas.[7]​

North Louisiana

In 1906, the Caddo-Pine Island Field in northern Caddo Parish, Louisiana was discovered, and a rush of leasing and drilling activity ensued. In 1908, the first natural gas pipeline was constructed to transport gas from Caddo-Pine Island to Shreveport, Louisiana. This was one of the earliest commercial uses of natural gas, which was commonly viewed as an undesirable by-product of oil production and often "flared" or burnt off at the well site.

Other innovations in the Caddo-Pine Island Field included the first over-water oil platform, which was constructed in the field on Caddo Lake in 1910. In that same year, a major oil pipeline was constructed from Caddo-Pine Island Field to a refinery built and operated by Standard Oil Company of Louisiana in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The refinery continues to operate today.

Other early petroleum discoveries in North Louisiana included the Bull Bayou Field, Red River Parish, Louisiana (1913), Monroe Gas Field, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana (1916), Homer Field, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana (1919) and Haynesville Field, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana (1921).[8]​

Gulf Coast

The Lucas gusher at Spindletop

Capt. Anthony Francis Lucas, an experienced mining engineer and salt driller, drilled a well to find oil at Spindletop Hill. On the morning of January 10, 1901, the little hill south of Beaumont, Texas began to tremble and mud bubbled up over the rotary table. A low rumbling sound came from underground, and then, with a force that shot 6 tons of 4-inch (100 mm) diameter pipe out over the top of the derrick, knocking off the crown block, the Lucas Gusher roared in and the Spindletop oil field was born. Spindletop became the focus of frenzied drilling; oil production from the field peaked in 1902 at Error de Lua en Módulo:ConvertirAux en la línea 469: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'l' (a nil value)., but by 1905 production had declined 90% from the peak.[9]​

Spindletop Hill turned out to be the surface expression of an underground salt dome, around which the oil accumulated. The Spindletop gusher started serious oil exploration of the Gulf Coast in Texas and Louisiana, an area that had previously been dismissed by oil men. Other salt dome mounds were quickly drilled, resulting in discoveries at Sour Lake (1902), Batson (1904) and Humble (1905).[10]​

The Standard Oil Company was slow to appreciate the economic potential of the Spindletop oil field, and the Gulf Coast generally, which gave greater opportunity to others; Spindletop became the birthplace of oil giants Texaco and Gulf Oil. Although in 1899 Standard Oil controlled more than 85% of the oil production in the older oil regions in the Appalachian Basin and the Lima-Indiana trend, it never controlled more than 10% of the oil production in the new Gulf Coast province.[11]​

California

Los Angeles City oil field, 1905

Native Americans had known of the tar seeps in southern California for thousands of years, and used the tar to waterproof their canoes. Spanish settlers also knew of the seeps, such as at Rancho La Brea (Spanish for Tar Ranch) in present-day Los Angeles, from which the priests obtained tar to waterproof the roofs of the Los Angeles and San Gabriel missions.[12]​

Despite the abundance of well-known seeps in southern California, the first commercial oil well in California was drilled in Humboldt County, northern California in 1865.[13]​

Some attempts were made in the 1860s to exploit oil deposits under tar seeps in the Ventura Basin of Ventura County and northeastern Los Angeles county. The early efforts failed because of complex geology, and, more importantly, because the refining techniques then available could not manufacture high-quality kerosene from California crude oil, which differed chemically from Pennsylvania crude oil.[14]​ Most California crude oil in the early years was turned into the less lucrative products of fuel oil and asphalt.

Oil production in the Los Angeles Basin started with the discovery of the Brea-Olinda Oil Field in 1880, and continued with the development of the Los Angeles City Oil Field in 1893, the Beverly Hills Oil Field in 1900, the Salt Lake Oil Field in 1902, and many others. The discovery of the Long Beach Oil Field in 1921, which proved to be the world's richest in production per-acre of the time, increased the importance of the Los Angeles Basin as a worldwide oil producer. This increased again with the discovery of the Wilmington Oil Field in 1932, and the development of the Port of Los Angeles as a means of shipping crude oil overseas.[15]​

Production in Santa Barbara County began in the 1890s with the development of the Summerland Oil Field, which included the world's first offshore oil wells. With the discovery of the Orcutt and Lompoc fields, northern Santa Barbara County became a regional center of production; towns such as Orcutt owe their existence to the quickly growing industry.[15]​

Oil in the San Joaquin Basin was first discovered at the Coalinga field in 1890. By 1901, the San Joaquin Basin was the main oil-producing region of California, and it remains so in the 21st century, with huge oil fields including the Midway-Sunset, Kern River, and Belridge fields producing much of California's onshore oil.

Rocky Mountains

The first commercial oil well in the Rocky Mountains was drilled near Canon City, Colorado in 1862. The wells in the Canyon City-Florence field, drilled near surface oil seeps, produced from fractures in the Pierre Shale.

Alaska

A Russian sea captain noted oil seeps along the shore of the Cook Inlet as early as 1853, and oil drilling began in 1898 in a number of locations along the southern coast of Alaska.[16]​ Production was relatively small, however, until huge discoveries were made on Alaska's remote North Slope.

Petroleum seeps on the North Slope have been known for many years, and in 1923, the federal government created US Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 to cover the presumed oil fields beneath the seeps. Some exploration drilling was done in the reserve during World War II and the 1950s, but the remote location deterred intensive exploration until the 1960s. The Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, the largest oil field in the United States in terms of total oil produced, was discovered in 1968. Production began in 1977, following completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Through 2005, the field has produced Error de Lua en Módulo:ConvertirAux en la línea 469: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'l' (a nil value). of oil (an average of 1.5 million barrels/day), and is estimated to contain another Error de Lua en Módulo:ConvertirAux en la línea 469: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'l' (a nil value). of economically recoverable oil.

North Dakota

As of December, 2012, North Dakota was producing oil at the rate of 750,000 barrels/day.[17]​

Regulación federal del precio

Por el Natural Gas Act of 1938, el gobierno federal impuso controles de precios del gas natural en el comercio interestatal. The Federal Power Commission recibió el mandato de establecer los precios del gas interestatales a tasas "justas y razonables".[18]​ El FPC al principio sólo regula el precio al que se venden las tuberías de gas a los servicios públicos y la industria, pero más tarde se puso límites sobre el precio en boca de pozo de gas vendido a un gasoducto interestatal. Los productores de gas desafiaron a los controles, pero perdieron en la Corte Suprema de Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Wisconsin (1954).

El gobierno federal había controlado el precio del gas natural que cruza las fronteras estatales, pero no de gas producido y vendido dentro de un estado. En la década de 1970, el precio bajo interestatal establecido por el gobierno federal provocó la escasez de suministro de gas en el consumo de los estados, ya que los productores de gas se venden todo lo que pudieron de su producto a precios más altos en los mercados locales dentro de los estados productores de gas. En la Ley de Política Gas Natural de 1978, el gobierno federal amplió los controles de precios para todo el gas natural en el país. Al mismo tiempo, el gobierno creó un sistema de precios de complejo en el que el precio pagado al productor depende de la fecha en que el pozo fue perforado, la profundidad del pozo, la formación geológica, la distancia a otros pozos de gas, y varios otros factores . El sistema de precios es un intento de mantener bajo el precio promedio fomentando al mismo tiempo la nueva producción.[19]​

Los últimos controles federales de precios en el gas natural fueron retirados por la Ley del Gas Natural Decontrol de 1989, que eliminó el último control de precios restante a partir del 1 de enero 1993.[20]​

See also

References

  1. ↑ Edgar Wesley Owen (1975) Trek of the Oil Finders, Tulsa, Okla.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p.9-10.
  2. ↑ Guy Clifton Bell, Kentucky Petroleum, Owensboro, Kentucky: Bell Publishing, 1930, p.35-36.
  3. ↑ Edgar Wesley Owen (1975) Trek of the Oil Finders, Tulsa, Okla.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p.12.
  4. ↑ Harold F. Williamson and others (1963) The American Petroleum Industry, 1899-1959, the Age of Energy, Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern Univ. Press, p.16.
  5. ↑ New York State Oil, Gas and Mineral Reserves, 2001; New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Mineral Resources, Nineteenth Annual Report
  6. ↑ Harold F. Williamson and others (1963) The American Petroleum Industry, 1899-1959, the Age of Energy, Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern Univ. Press, p.21-24.
  7. ↑ James A. Clark and Michael Halbouty (1972) The Last Boom, New York: Random House, ISBN 0-394-48232-8.
  8. ↑ Louisiana Oil & Gas Association, "Louisiana Oil and Gas History"; ExxonMobil, "Baton Rouge Refinery, Fact Sheet"
  9. ↑ Harold F. Williamson and others (1963) The American Petroleum Industry, 1899-1959, the Age of Energy, Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern Univ. Press, p.22.
  10. ↑ W.A. Ver Wiebe (1950) North American and Middle Eastern Oil Fields, Wichita, Kans.: W.A. Ver Wiebe, p.147-148.
  11. ↑ Harold F. Williamson and others (1963) The American Petroleum Industry, 1899-1959, the Age of Energy, Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern Univ. Press, p.7.
  12. ↑ Henry G. Hanks, 1884, Fourth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, California State Mining Bureau, p.287.
  13. ↑ W.A. Ver Wiebe (1950) North American and Middle Eastern Oil Fields, Wichita, Kans.: W.A. Ver Wiebe, p.198.
  14. ↑ Gerald T. White (1962) Formative Years in the Far West, New York: Appleton-Crofts, p.20.
  15. ↑ a b Schmitt, R. J., Dugan, J. E., and M. R. Adamson. "Industrial Activity and Its Socioeconomic Impacts: Oil and Three Coastal California Counties." MMS OCS Study 2002-049. Coastal Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California. MMS Cooperative Agreement Number 14-35-01-00-CA-31603. 244 pages; p. 44ff.
  16. ↑ W.A. Ver Wiebe (1950) North American and Middle Eastern Oil Fields, Wichita, Kans.: W.A. Ver Wiebe, p.232-236.
  17. ↑ http://www.businessinsider.com/december-north-dakota-oil-production-2012-12
  18. ↑ Natural gas rate regulation, Tulsa Law Journal, 1976.
  19. ↑ US Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Policy Act, accessed 13 Sept. 2013.
  20. ↑ Price controls, accessed 12 Sept. 2013.
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