English: Following the defeath of Antiochus VII (died 129 BC) against Pathia, Syria contracted to the west of the Euphrates.^[1] Parthia established the river as its western border and included Osroene.^[2] To the north, the kingdom of Commagene bordered the Euphrates in the East, Cappadocia in the north (and included Melitene (Malatya) in its borders), the Amanus range in the west and Syria in the south (where Zeugma was the first Syrian city).^[3] In the west, Cilicia between the Calycadnus river (Göksu) and the Orontes valley was under the rule of the Seleucids;^[4][5] the Romans established a province of Cilicia in 102 BC but it did not include areas geographically in the region and the city of Side was the eastern point of that province.^[6] In the south, Judea was a vassal principality and Syria controlled the costs and Samaria.^[7] In the east, Syria controlled Dura-Europos until its fall to Parthia in 120 BC.^[8]