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[[Файл:Chimpanzee head sketch.png|thumb|right|210 px]]
'''Проект «Большие человекообразные обезьяны»''' — основанная в 1994 году международная некоммерческая организация, куда входят [[антрополог]]и, [[этолог]]и, [[приматолог]]и и другие специалисты, поддерживающие декларацию ООН о правах [[Большие человекообразные обезьяны|больших человекообразных]] [[Обезьяны|обезьян]]. Декларация наделяет человекообразных обезьян ([[шимпанзе]], [[бонобо]] (карликовые шимпанзе), [[горилла|гориллы]], [[орангутан]]ы) базовыми юридическими правами: правом на жизнь, личную свободу и защиту от истязаний. Организация также занимается сбором сведений о больших обезьянах в США.

Когда указанные права человекообразных обезьян будут установлены юридически, организация намерена потребовать освобождения всех находящихся в неволе больших обезьян. В настоящее время{{уточнить}} в США в неволе содержатся около 3100 человекообразных обезьян, из них 1280 подвергаются различным биомедицинским исследованиям.

== Книга «Проект больших человекообразных обезьян» ==
Под редакцией философов [[Кавальери, Паола|Паолы Кавальери]] и [[Сингер, Питер|Питера Сингера]] вышла книга «Проект больших человекообразных обезьян», в написании которой приняли участие 34 автора, включая таких известных учёных, как [[Гудолл, Джейн|Джейн Гудолл]] и [[Ричард Докинз]]. Авторы помещённых в книге статей выражают поддержку проекту.
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The book highlights findings that support the capacity of great apes to possess rationality and self-consciousness, and the ability to be aware of themselves as distinct entities with a past and future. Documented conversations (in sign languages) with individual great apes are the basis for these findings. Other subjects addressed within the book include the division placed between humans and great apes, great apes as persons, progress in gaining rights for the severely [[mental retardation|mentally retarded]] (once an overlooked minority), and the situation of great apes in the world today.

Their biological similarity with humans is also key to the traits for which they are valuable as research subjects. For example, testing of monoclonal antibody treatments can not be done in species less similar to humans than chimpanzees. Because the antibodies do not elicit immune responses in chimpanzees, they persist in the blood as they do in humans, and their effects can be evaluated. In monkeys and other non-apes, the antibodies are rapidly cleared from the bloodstream. Monoclonal antibody treatments are being developed for cancer; autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and Crohn’s disease; and asthma. Chimpanzees also contain unique advantages in evaluating new Hepatitis B and C vaccines, and treatments for malaria, again because of the similarity in their response to these antigens to humans.<ref>A unique biomedical resource at risk. ''Nature'' 437, 30-32 (1 September 2005) | {{doi|10.1038/437030a}};</ref>

== Declaration on Great Apes ==
The Great Ape Project is campaigning to have the [[United Nations]] endorse a Declaration on Great Apes.<ref>[http://www.greatapeproject.org/declaration.php ''Declaration on Great Apes''], Great Ape Project</ref> This would extend what the project calls the «community of equals» to [[chimpanzee]]s, [[bonobo]]s, [[gorilla]]s and [[orangutan]]s. The declaration seeks to extend to non-human great apes the protection of three basic interests: the right to life, the protection of individual [[liberty]], and the prohibition of [[torture]].

=== Right to life ===
The declaration states that members of the community of equals, which includes [[human]]s, may not be killed except in certain strictly defined circumstances such as self-defense.

=== Protection of individual liberty ===
The declaration states that members of the community of equals are not to be deprived of their liberty, and are entitled to immediate release where there has been no form of [[due process]]. Under the proposed declaration, the detention of great apes who have not been convicted of any [[crime]] or who are not criminally liable should be permitted only where it can be shown that the detention is in their own interests or is necessary to protect the public. The declaration says there must be a right of appeal, either directly or through an advocate, to a judicial tribunal.

=== Prohibition of torture ===
The declaration prohibits the [[torture]], defined as the deliberate infliction of severe [[pain]], on any great ape, whether wantonly or because of a perceived benefit to others.
Under International Human Rights Law this is a ''[[jus cogens]]'' principle and under all major human rights documents it cannot at any time be derogated by any State.

== Opposition ==
Professor [[Colin Blakemore]], head of the Medical Research Council in Great Britain from 2003—2007, is opposed to granting rights to non-human apes, stating «I can see no current necessity for the use of great apes, and I’m pleased that they’re not being used and that every effort is being made to reduce the use of other primates. But I worry about the principle of where the moral boundaries lie. There is only one very secure definition that can be made, and that is between our species and others.» Blakemore suggests that it would be necessary to perform research on great apes if humans were threatened by a pandemic virus that afflicted only humans and other great apes.<ref>Connor, Steve. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/scientists-should-be-allowed-to-test-on-apes-480902.html] Scientists 'should be allowed to test on apes'], ''The Independent'', June 3, 2006.</ref>

A study commissioned by the [[National Institute of Health]] (NIH) and conducted by the [[Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) concluded in a report (see report brief<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Chimpanzees-in-Biomedical-and-Behavioral-Research-Assessing-the-Necessity/Report-Brief.aspx?page=1|title=Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Assessing the Necessity|publisher=Institute of Medicine|date=December 15, 2011|work=iom.edu|accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref>) released on December 15, 2011 that ‘while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in past research, most current use of chimpanzees for biomedical research is unnecessary’. The primary recommendation is that the use of chimpanzees in research be guided by a set of principles and criteria, in effect to greatly limit government funded research using chimpanzees. Falling short of calling for the out-right ban of using chimpanzees for research, the report acknowledged that new emerging, or re-emerging diseases may require the use of chimpanzees, echoing Professor Colin Blakemore’s concern.
  
[[Francis Collins]], Director of NIH announced on the same day the report was released that he accepted the recommendations and will develop the implementation plan which includes the forming of an expert committee to review all submitted grant applications and projects already underway involving the use of chimpanzees. Furthermore no new grant applications using chimpanzees will be reviewed until further notice.<ref name=nih>{{cite web|url= http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2011/od-15.htm|title=Statement by NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins on the Institute of Medicine report addressing the scientific need for the use of chimpanzees in research|date=December 15, 2011|work=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=December 19, 2011}}</ref>
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== См. также ==
{{wikinews|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party proposes human rights bill for great apes}}
* [[Права животных]]

== Литература ==
* The Great Ape Project: Equality beyond humanity. 1993. Editors, Peter Singer and P. Cavalieri., Fourth Estate publishing, London, England. Pp.&nbsp;312.
* Peter Singer. 1993. Practical Ethics. 2nd ed. [[Cambridge University Press]], New York, U.S.A. Pp.&nbsp;395.
* Peter Singer. 2002. Animal Liberation. [[HarperCollins]], New York, U.S.A. Pp.&nbsp;324.
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3744 New Scientist 19 May 2003 — Chimps are human, gene study implies]

== Ссылки ==
* {{Official website|http://www.greatapeproject.org/}}
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[[Категория:Движение за права животных]]
[[Категория:Человекообразные обезьяны]]