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[[Image:Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png|thumb|350px|right|Племена Эспаньолы]]

The '''chiefdoms of Hispaniola''' (''[[cacicazgo]]'' in Spanish) were the primary political units employed by the [[Taíno]] inhabitants of [[Hispaniola]] ([[Taíno language|Taíno]]: ''Ayiti'', ''Quisqueya'', or ''Bohio'') in the early historical era. At the time of [[European colonization|European contact]] in 1492, the island was divided into five [[chiefdom]]s or ''cacicazgos'', each headed by a [[cacique]] or [[paramount chief]]. Below him were lesser caciques presiding over villages or districts and ''nitaínos'', an elite class in Taíno society.

The Taíno of Hispaniola were an [[Arawaks|Arawak]] people related to the inhabitants of the other islands in the [[Greater Antilles]]. At the time of European contact, they were suffering attacks from a rival indigenous group, the [[Island Caribs]]. In 1508, there were about 60,000 Taínos in the island of Hispaniola; by 1531 infectious disease epidemics and exploitation had resulted in a dramatic decline in population. An estimated 600.

The boundaries of each cacicazgo were precise. The first inhabitants of the island used geographic elements as references, such as major rivers, high mountains, notable valleys and plains. This enabled them to define each territory.<ref>{{es icon}} [[Bartolomé de Las Casas|Las Casas, Bartolomé de]] (1552),''[[A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies]]'' [http://www.ciudadseva.com/textos/otros/brevisi.htm "Los reinos que había en la isla Española"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229142334/http://www.ciudadseva.com/textos/otros/brevisi.htm |date=December 29, 2010 }}</ref> Each was divided into ''cacique'' nitaínos, subdivisions headed by the cacique ''helpers''. The entries below relate the territory of each former cacique to the modern-day departments of [[Haiti]] and the provinces of the [[Dominican Republic]]. 

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== Chiefdom of Maguá ==
[[Image:Maguá.JPG|thumb|300px|right|chiefdoms in Maguá]]
The cacicazgo of Maguá was located on the northeastern part of Hispaniola, bordered to the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, the south by the cacicazgos of Maguana and Higüey, and west by the cacicazgos of Marién and Maguana. This chiefdom's territories are all in present-day Dominican Republic. 

It was ruled by the cacique [[Guarionex]]<ref name=Floyd/>{{rp|30,33-35,39-40}}<ref name=Parry>{{cite book|last1=Parry|first1=John|last2=Keith|first2=Robert|title=New Iberian World: A Documentary History of the Discovery and Settlement of Latin America to the Early 17th Century, Vol. I|date=1984|publisher=Times Books|location=New York|isbn=9780812910704|page=7}}</ref> and was centered near the present location of [[Santo Cerro]] in [[La Vega (city)|La Vega]]. It was divided into 21 nitaínos. This cacicazgo was one of the richest of the island.

Originally the territory was inhabited by an ethnically distinct group of Taíno called the [[Ciboney languages|Ciguayo]], who were concentrated on the [[Samaná Peninsula]]. This group, who spoke the [[Ciguayo language]], was absorbed into the cacicazgo of Maguá. This was noted by chronicler Bartolomé de las Casas, who wrote that in 1502 the language was on the decline and by 1527 extinct. 

Maguá means "the Stone". The chiefdom's mother-goddess was ''Guacara'' or the 'Stone Mother'.

===Географический масштаб===
====Доминиканская республика====
* [[Duarte Province|Duarte]]
* [[Espaillat Province|Espaillat]]
* [[La Vega Province|La Vega]]
* [[María Trinidad Sánchez Province|María Trinidad Sánchez]]
* [[Monseñor Nouel Province|Monseñor Nouel]]
* [[Puerto Plata Province|Puerto Plata]]
* [[Hermanas Mirabal Province|Hermanas Mirabal]]
* [[Samaná Province|Samaná]]
* [[Sánchez Ramírez Province|Sánchez Ramírez]]
* [[Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)|Santiago]]

== Вождество Магуана ==
[[Image:Maguana.JPG|thumb|300px|right|cacique of Maguana]]
The cacicazgo of Maguana was located in the center of the island, bounded on the north by the cacicazgos of Marién and Maguá, south by the Caribbean, east by the cacicazgos of Maguá and Higüey, and west by the cacicazgos of Marién and Jaragua. This cacicazgos territories were all located in present-day Dominican Republic.

It was ruled by the cacique [[Caonabo]], husband of [[Anacaona]].<ref name=Parry/> Its center was established at [[Corral de los Indios]] located in the present day town of [[Juan de Herrera (Dominican Republic)|Juan de Herrera]] in [[San Juan de la Maguana|San Juan province]]. It was divided into 21 nitaínos.

This was the principal cacicazgo of the island and was represented as "The Rock". The term ''Maguana'' means "the first stone" or "the only stone". The principal mother goddess of the chiefdom was Apito, which means "Mother of Stone".<ref>{{es icon}} [http://maguana.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48:historia&catid=36:historia&limitstart=1&Itemid=56 Maguana.net]</ref>

The cacique Caonabo was the first to resist the Spanish occupation. The fort that Christopher Columbus established on the north coast of the island, [[La Navidad]], was destroyed by Caonabo. Caonabo also attempted to sack Fortaleza de Santo Tomás, but was captured by Spanish forces led by commander Alonso de Ojeda. Instead of being condemned to death the cacique was sent to Spain to be paraded in front of the Royal Court but died on his voyage.

=== Географический масштаб ===
==== Доминиканская республика ====
* [[Azua Province|Azua]]
* [[Baoruco Province|Baoruco]]
* [[Elías Piña Province|Elías Piña]]
* [[La Vega Province|La Vega]]
* [[Peravia Province|Peravia]]
* [[San Cristóbal Province|San Cristóbal]]
* [[San José de Ocoa Province|San José de Ocoa]]
* [[San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)|San Juan]]
* [[Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)|Santiago]]

== Вождество Ягуара ==
[[Image:Jaragua.JPG|thumb|300px|right|chiefdoms Jaragua]]
[[File:Hispaniola Vinckeboons4.jpg|thumb|Old Map of Hispañola]]
The cacicazgo of [[Jaragua, Hispaniola|Jaragua]] spanned the entire south-west of the island of Hispaniola. It was bordered on the north by the cacicazgo of Marién, south by the Caribbean Sea, east by the cacicazgo of Maguana, and west by the [[Strait of Jamaica]]. It was ruled by the cacique Bohechio (Beehechio)<ref name="Floyd">{{cite book|last1=Floyd|first1=Troy|title=The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526|date=1973|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|pages=29,34}}</ref> and was the largest of the cacicazgos. Its center was located in a place called Guava, present-day [[Léogane]] in Haiti. It was divided into 26 nitaínos. 

Bohechío was the brother of [[Anacaona]], who was married to the cacique of Maguana; Caonabo.<ref name=Floyd/>{{rp|35}}<ref name=Parry/> As such, Jaragua and Maguana had a strong alliance and would partner to ward off and attack rival cacicazgos.

The mother goddess of the cacicazgo was ''Zuimaco''.

=== Географический масштаб ===
==== Доминиканская республика ====
* [[Baoruco Province|Baoruco]]
* [[Barahona Province|Barahona]]
* [[Independencia Province|Independencia]]
* [[Pedernales Province|Pedernales]]

==== Гаити ====
* [[Artibonite (department)|Artibonite]]
* [[Grand'Anse (department)|Grand'Anse]]
* [[Nippes]]
* [[Ouest (department)|Ouest]]
* [[Sud (department)|Sud]]
* [[Sud-Est (department)|Sud-Est]]

== Вождество Хигуэй ==
[[Image:Higüey.JPG|thumb | 300px | right | chiefdoms Higüey]]
The cacicazgo  of Higüey spanned the entire southeast of Hispaniola, bordered to the north by the cacicazgo  of Maguá and the [[Bay Samana]], south by the Caribbean, east by the [[Canal de la Mona]], and west by the cacicazgo of Maguana. It was ruled by the cacique [[Cayacoa]] and was divided into 21 nitaínos. The capital of the cacicazgo was located in present-day [[Higüey (city)|Higüey]]. 

Floyd states Cotubanama was the cacique of Higuey, who was captured by [[Juan de Esquivel]] and hanged in [[Santo Domingo]].<ref name=Floyd/>{{rp|56-58}}

The mother goddess of Higüey was Atabeira, which means "Mother of the original stone".

=== Географический масштаб ===
==== Доминиканская республика ====
* [[Distrito Nacional]]
* [[El Seibo]]
* [[Hato Mayor Province|Hato Mayor]]
* [[La Altagracia Province|La Altagracia]]
* [[La Romana Province|La Romana]]
* [[Monte Plata Province|Monte Plata]]
* [[San Pedro de Macorís Province|San Pedro de Macorís]]
* [[Santo Domingo Province|Santo Domingo]]



== Используемая литература ==
* Las Casas, Bartolomé de (1552) ''Brevísima relación of destrucción de las Indias'', Axel Springer {{ISBN|84-7700-006-9}} SL
* Fombrun, Odette Roy (2006) ''History of my country, Haiti 1'' {{ISBN|978-99935-0-133-6}}
*NAU, Charles Emile, baron (1854) "Histoire des Caciques d'Haïti" {{ISBN|99935-37-18-7}}

{{Доминиканская Республика в темах}}


[[2Категория:История Гаити]]
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