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{{Вооружённый конфликт |
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|конфликт = Первая битва при Сакеттс-Харбор |
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|изображение = NYMap-doton-Sackets Harbor.PNG |
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|заголовок = ''Карта Нью-Йорка, красная точка - Сакеттс-Харбор.'' |
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|часть = [[Англо-американская война]] |
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|дата = 12 Июля 1812 года |
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|место = {{нп3|Сакеттс-Харбор, Нью-Йорк|Сакеттс-Харбор|| Sackets Harbor, New York}}, Нью-Йорк |
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|итог = победа США |
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|противник1 = [[Файл:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]][[Великобритания]] |
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|противник2 = {{flagcountry|United States|1795}} [[США]] |
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|командир1 = [[Файл:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] Хью Эрл |
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|командир2 = {{flagcountry|United States|1795}}{{нп3|Тейлор Вулси, Меланктон|Меланктон Тейлор Вулси ||Melancthon Taylor Woolsey}} |
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|силы1 = 2 [[Шлюп (парусный боевой корабль)| шлюпа]] <br> 1[[Бриг|бриг]] <br> 2[[Шхуна|шхуны]] |
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|силы2 = '''На суше:''' 1 [[Береговая артиллерия|береговая артиллерия]] <br> 1 полк регулярной армии <br> 1 рота артиллерии <br> 3000 человек народного ополчения |
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|потери1 = 8 моряков убиты <br> 1 корабль сильно поврежден |
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|потери2 = Потерь нет |
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}} |
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'''Первая битва при Сакеттс-Харбор''' ({{lang-en|First Battle of Sacket's Harbor}})<ref>[[#Roosevelt|Roosevelt, 1883]] pp. 155, 228, 233, 251, etc</ref> состоялась 19 июля 1812 года между Соединенными Штатами и Британской империей; это было первое сражение между ними. В результате этого американские войска отразили нападение на свою базу и находившийся там судостроительный завод. |
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==Предыстория== |
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{{нп5|Сакеттс-Харбор, Нью-Йорк|Сакеттс-Харбор|| Sackets Harbor, New York}} расположен на юго-восточном берегу [[Онтарио (озеро)|озера Онтарио]], север штата Нью-Йорк. Это место было центром строительства военных кораблей для [[Англо-американская война|Англо-американской войны]]. Здесь было построено 12 военных кораблей для армии США. Имея хорошую стратегическую позицию, богатые ресурсы и превосходную естественную гавань, небольшая деревня с населением в несколько сотен человек стала стратегически важным местом, поскольку превратилась в центр морских военных операций. Сразу же после первого сражения деревня и гавань были улучшены и укреплены.<ref>[[#Paine|Paine, 1920]] pp. 293–304</ref> |
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[[File:USS Scourge -- sail plan.jpg|thumb|left| 19 июля британцы требовали сдать все американские корабли, находившиеся в {{нп5|Сакеттс-Харбор, Нью-Йорк|Сакеттс-Харбор|| Sackets Harbor, New York}}, в том числе шхуну {{нп5|USS Scourge (1812)| USS Scourge|| USS Scourge (1812)}} (Lord Nelson).]] |
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19 июля 1812 года американский капитан {{нп5|Тейлор Вулси, Меланктон|Меланктон Тейлор Вулси|| Melancthon Taylor Woolsey}}, находясь на борту своего брига {{нп3|USS Oneida (1809)|''Oneida''||USS Oneida (1809)}}, обнаружил 5 вражеских судов, направляющихся в Сакеттс-Харбор. Британцы, с помощью кораблей «{{нп3|Provincial Marine|Provincial Marine||Provincial Marine}}» ({{нп3|HMS Royal George (1809)|HMS Royal George|| HMS Royal George (1809)}};(24 орудия), {{нп3|Prince Regent(1812)|Prince Regent|| Prince Regent (1812 schooner)}}(22 орудия), {{нп3|HMS Moira (1805)|''Earl of Moira''|| HMS Moira (1805)}}(20 орудий), {{нп3|Governor Simcoe(1793)|Governor Simcoe||Governor Simcoe (1793 ship)}} (10 орудий) и {{нп3|Seneca(1812)|''Seneca''||Seneca (1812 ship)}} (2 орудия)), захватили американский грузовой корабль, посадили на него свой экипаж и отправили на берег с требованием вернуть корабль {{нп3|USS Scourge (1812)| Lord Nelson|| USS Scourge (1812)}}, который был захвачен американцами до войны.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/county/jefferson/hounsfield/1stbattle.html |title=The First Battle of Sackets Harbor, New York 19 July 1812 |website=usgennet.org |date=2001 |accessdate=14 June 2017}}</ref> |
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==Сражение== |
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The first shots were fired by the British at the brig ''Oneida'', which attempted to escape the incoming British vessels but failed and returned to Navy Point. The British continued on and dropped anchor. Back at the point, ''Oneida'' was moored with one broadside of nine guns to the enemy, while the others were taken out and hastily placed on a [[Breastwork (fortification)|breastwork]] along the shoreline, near where a 32-pounder cannon, intended for ''Oneida'', but found too heavy, had been mounted on a pivot. Below the cannon a protective mound had been constructed about {{convert|6|ft|m}} high.<ref>[[#Roosevelt|Roosevelt, 1883]] pp. 150–151</ref> |
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Alarm guns were fired and expresses were sent to call in the neighboring [[militia]]s. Most of the militia did not arrive in time to render assistance; however, by the end of the day, some 3,000 local militia had assembled but they did not engage. The British had been misinformed about the defenses of the harbor and assumed there was nothing to be feared in the way of ordnance. The force at that time in town was, besides the crew of ''Oneida'', a regiment under Colonel Bellinger, a volunteer company of artillery under Captain Camp, and the militia. |
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[[File:Melancthon Taylor Woolsey.jpg|thumb|upright|Captain [[Melancthon Taylor Woolsey|Melancthon Woolsey]] commanded American troops during the battle.]] |
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Captain Woolsey, leaving his brig in charge of a lieutenant, took command on shore, the 32-pounder being in charge of William Vaughan, a [[Master (naval)|sailing master]], and the other guns under that of Captain Camp. There was no shot in town larger than {{convert|24|lb|kg|adj=on}} balls, which were used with the aid of patches made of carpet, in the 32-pounder. By the time these arrangements were made, the enemy had arrived within range, nearly in front of the battery. |
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The action was commenced; the first shot was fired from the 32-pounder, which failed to hit any of the British ships. A shout of laughter was heard from the fleet just after, indicating that the American's first shot fell too short of target. The British returned a salvo briskly at the American battery and continued for two hours. Most of the British shots were reportedly accurate. The Americans returned fire throughout the bombardment; ''Oneida''{{'}}s broadsides and their 32-pounder inflicted many hits or near hits on the [[Royal Navy]] vessels.<ref>[[#Cooper|Cooper, 1856]] pp. 401–403</ref> |
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Towards the close of the action, as the [[flagship]] ''Royal George'' was maneuvering to fire another broadside, a 24-pound shot struck her [[stern]] and raked her whole length, killing eight men, and doing much damage. ''Royal George'' also had severe damage to her top mast and rigging. Other British warships were damaged but the extent is unknown. Upon this, the signal of retreat was given and the British fleet bore away for [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston, Upper Canada]], without ceremony. The American band struck up the national tune of "[[Yankee Doodle]]," and the troops yelled three cheers of victory. |
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==Aftermath== |
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On July 24, 1812, General [[Jacob Brown]] attributed the success of the day to the officers Woolsey, Bellinger, and Camp, in their respective capacities, and especially to the crew of the 32-pounder. William Vaughan, who had commanded the 32-pounder, claimed the honor of having fired the first hostile gun in the war. [[Julius Torry]], one of the men at this gun, was an [[African American]] better known as Black Julius, and a great favorite in the camp. He served at his post with remarkable activity and courage. As there was no opportunity for the use of small arms, the greater part of the troops who were drawn up, were spectators of the engagement. |
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==Battlefield preservation== |
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The [[American Battlefield Trust]] and its partners have acquired and preserved {{convert|25|acres|km2}} of the Sacket's Harbor battlefield.<ref>[https://www.battlefields.org/preserve/saved-land] [[American Battlefield Trust]] "Saved Land" webpage. Accessed May 23, 2018.</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Second Battle of Sackett's Harbor]] |
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* [[Bibliography of early American naval history#War of 1812|Bibliography of early American naval history, War of 1812]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|25em}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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* {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=James Fenimore |title=History of the Navy of the United States of America |authorlink=James Fenimore Cooper |ref=Cooper |year=1856 |publisher=Stringer & Townsend, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_WK3mWOlYYNsC/page/n539 508] |oclc=197401914 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_WK3mWOlYYNsC}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Lossing |first=Benson |title=The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_24384 |publisher=Harper & Brothers, Publishers |year=1868}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Maclay |first=Edgar Stanton |title=A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1893 |ref=Maclay |year=1894 |publisher=D. Appleton & Company, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UHWpn7IEuMoC/page/n684 647] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UHWpn7IEuMoC}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Mahon |first=John H. |ref=Mahon |title=The War of 1812 |publisher=Da Capo Press, in arrangement with University of Florida Press, 1972 |year=1972 |pages=496 |isbn=0-306-80429-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcp6UTcp8OEC&dq=Muller,+Charles+G.+The+Proudest+Day&source=gbs_navlinks_s}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Paine |first=Ralph Delahaye |title=The Fight for a Free Sea: A Chronicle of the War of 1812 |year=1920 |authorlink=Ralph Delahaye Paine |ref=Paine |publisher=Yale University Press, New Haven, 1920 |origyear=1920 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fightforafreese00paingoog/page/n249 235] |url=https://archive.org/details/fightforafreese00paingoog}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |title=The Naval War of 1812: |authorlink=Theodore Roosevelt |ref=Roosevelt |year=1883 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's sons, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Fb1CAAAAYAAJ/page/n579 541] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Fb1CAAAAYAAJ}} |
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===Further reading=== |
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* {{cite book |first=Benjamin |last=Homans |title=The Military and Naval Magazine of the United States, Volumes 1–2 |year=1833 |publisher=Thompson and Homans, Washington |pages=[https://archive.org/details/militaryandnava00unkngoog/page/n251 393] |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryandnava00unkngoog}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.sacketsharborbattlefield.org/ Sackets Harbor Battlefield Alliance] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509090530/http://www.rudyalicelighthouse.net/OntLts/HorseIs/HorseIs.htm Horse Island Lighthouse, Sacket's Harbor, NY] |
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{{Battles of the War of 1812}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sacket's Harbor, First Battle of}} |
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[[Category:Naval battles of the War of 1812]] |
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[[Category:United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries]] |
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[[Category:1812 in New York (state)]] |
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[[Category:Battles of the War of 1812 in New York (state)]] |
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[[Category:July 1812 events]] |
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[[Category:Battles on the St. Lawrence/Lake Ontario frontier]] |
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