Якама: различия между версиями
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'''Конфедерация племён и групп нации якама''', или просто '''якама''', исторически также '''якима''' — племенная группа [[индейцы Плато|индейцев Плато]]. Якама проживают на территории штата Вашингтон, их численность на начало 21 века составляет около 10000 человек. Территория резервации Якама вдоль реки Якима охватывает площадь около 5260 км². В настоящее время нацию возглавляет Племенной совет якама, состоящий из представителей 14 племён. |
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[[Файл:Yakimatent.jpg|thumb|right|Yakama Indian Teepee — [[Edward Curtis]] collection — 1910]] |
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'''Конфедерация племён и групп нации якама''', или просто '''якама''', исторически также '''якима''' — is a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] group with nearly 10,000 enrolled members, living in [[Washington]]. [[Yakama Indian Reservation|Their reservation]], along the [[Yakima River]], covers an area of approximately 1.2 million acres (5,260 km²). Today the nation is governed by the Yakama Tribal Council, which consists of representatives of 14 tribes and bands. |
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== Экономика == |
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Many tribal members engage in ceremonial, subsistence, and commercial fishing for [[salmon]], [[steelhead]], and [[sturgeon]] in the [[Columbia River]] and its tributaries within land ceded by the tribe to the [[United States]]. The right to fish is protected by treaties and has been re-affirmed through court cases such as ''United States v. Washington'' (the [[Boldt Decision]]) and ''United States v. Oregon'' (''[[Sohappy v. Smith]]''.) |
Many tribal members engage in ceremonial, subsistence, and commercial fishing for [[salmon]], [[steelhead]], and [[sturgeon]] in the [[Columbia River]] and its tributaries within land ceded by the tribe to the [[United States]]. The right to fish is protected by treaties and has been re-affirmed through court cases such as ''United States v. Washington'' (the [[Boldt Decision]]) and ''United States v. Oregon'' (''[[Sohappy v. Smith]]''.) |
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== Язык == |
== Язык == |
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{{main|Якама (язык)}} |
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Yakama is a northwestern dialect of [[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]], a [[Sahaptian languages|Sahaptian language]] of the [[Plateau Penutian]] family. In recent years there has been a concerted effort by some native speakers to use a traditional Yakama name for this language, which is «Ichishkíin Sínwit». This usage has been promoted by the tribal Cultural Resources program to supersede the word Sahaptin, which means «stranger in the land». <ref>Beavert, Virginia and Hargus, Sharon (in preparation) ''Ichishkíin Sínwit. Yakima Sahaptin Bilingual |
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Язык якама представляет собой северо-западный диалект [[сахаптинский язык|сахаптинского языка]] из [[плато-пенутийские языки|плато-пенутийской семьи]]. Самоназвание языка: «Ichishkíin Sínwit». В настоящее время среди членов племени предпринимаются попытки его возрождения, при этом племенной совет не рекомендует использовать термин «сахаптин», который буквально означает «чужак в (нашей) земле». <ref>Beavert, Virginia and Hargus, Sharon (in preparation) ''Ichishkíin Sínwit. Yakima Sahaptin Bilingual |
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Dictionary: Sahaptin-English and English-Sahaptin''. Ms., University of Washington, 512 pp.</ref> |
Dictionary: Sahaptin-English and English-Sahaptin''. Ms., University of Washington, 512 pp.</ref> |
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== Ссылки == |
== Ссылки == |
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{{Commons|Category:Yakama| |
{{Commons|Category:Yakama|Якама}} |
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* [http://www.yakamamuseum.com/ Yakama Nation Cultural Heritage Center] |
* [http://www.yakamamuseum.com/ Yakama Nation Cultural Heritage Center] |
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* [http://www.ohwy.com/wa/y/yakamana.htm Online Highway: Yakama Indian Nation] |
* [http://www.ohwy.com/wa/y/yakamana.htm Online Highway: Yakama Indian Nation] |
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* [http://www.native-languages.org/yakama.htm Yakama Language] |
* [http://www.native-languages.org/yakama.htm Yakama Language] |
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* [http://www.goia.wa.gov/Treaties/Treaties/yakima.htm Treaty with the Yakama, 1855], Washington State Governor’s Office of Indian Affairs. Accessed 12 Feb 2006. |
* [http://www.goia.wa.gov/Treaties/Treaties/yakima.htm Treaty with the Yakama, 1855], Washington State Governor’s Office of Indian Affairs. Accessed 12 Feb 2006. |
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[[Категория:Индейцы Плато]] |
[[Категория:Индейцы Плато]] |
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Версия от 12:43, 27 сентября 2009
 | Страницу в данный момент активно редактирует участник [[user:Dmitri Lytov|Dmitri Lytov]] ([[user talk:Dmitri Lytov|обс.]] · [[special:Contributions/Dmitri Lytov|вклад]]). |
Конфедерация племён и групп нации якама, или просто якама, исторически также якима — племенная группа индейцев Плато. Якама проживают на территории штата Вашингтон, их численность на начало 21 века составляет около 10000 человек. Территория резервации Якама вдоль реки Якима охватывает площадь около 5260 км². В настоящее время нацию возглавляет Племенной совет якама, состоящий из представителей 14 племён.
Экономика
Many tribal members engage in ceremonial, subsistence, and commercial fishing for salmon, steelhead, and sturgeon in the Columbia River and its tributaries within land ceded by the tribe to the United States. The right to fish is protected by treaties and has been re-affirmed through court cases such as United States v. Washington (the Boldt Decision) and United States v. Oregon (Sohappy v. Smith.)
History
The Yakama people were similar to the other native inhabitants of the Columbia River Plateau. They lived off the abundant salmon in the Columbia River as well as berries from the nearby mountains. In 1805 or 1806, they encountered the Lewis and Clark Expedition where the Yakima River merges with the Columbia River. As a consequence of the Walla Walla Council and the Yakima War of 1855 (led by Chief Kamiakin), the tribe was moved onto their present reservation. The Treaty of 1855 identified the 14 confederated tribes and bands of the Yakama including "Yakama, Palouse, " (now written «Palus»), «Pisquouse, Wenatshapam, Klikatat, Klinquit, Kow-was-say-ee, Li-ay-was, Skin-pah, Wish-ham, Shyiks, Ochechotes, Kah-milt-pay, and Se-ap-cat, confederated tribes and bands of Indians, occupying lands hereinafter bounded and described and lying in Washington Territory, who for the purposes of this treaty are to be considered as one nation, under the name 'Yakama'…». (Treaty with the Yakama, 1855) The name was changed from Yakima to Yakama in 1994 to reflect the native pronunciation.
Язык
Язык якама представляет собой северо-западный диалект сахаптинского языка из плато-пенутийской семьи. Самоназвание языка: «Ichishkíin Sínwit». В настоящее время среди членов племени предпринимаются попытки его возрождения, при этом племенной совет не рекомендует использовать термин «сахаптин», который буквально означает «чужак в (нашей) земле». [1]
Примечания
- ↑ Beavert, Virginia and Hargus, Sharon (in preparation) Ichishkíin Sínwit. Yakima Sahaptin Bilingual Dictionary: Sahaptin-English and English-Sahaptin. Ms., University of Washington, 512 pp.
Литература
- Helen H. Schuster. The Yakima. — Chelsea House, 1990. — ISBN 1-55546-735-0.
- Donald M. Hines. Ghost Voices: Yakima Indian myths, legend, humor, and hunting stories. — Great Eagle Pub, 1992. — ISBN 0-9629539-2-X.
- A. J. Splawn. Ka-mi-akin, the last hero of the Yakimas. — Kilham Stationery & Printing Co., 1917.online
Ссылки
- Yakama Nation Cultural Heritage Center
- Online Highway: Yakama Indian Nation
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission — member tribes include the Yakama
- Yakama Nation Legends Casino
- Yakama Nation Wildlife Program
- Yakama Language
- Treaty with the Yakama, 1855, Washington State Governor’s Office of Indian Affairs. Accessed 12 Feb 2006.