Метод удачных экспозиций

Изображение ядра шарового скопления М 15, полученное при помощи метода удачных экспозиций

Метод удачных экспозиций — один из методов спекл-интерферометрии, использующийся в астрофотографии, в котором используются высокоскоростные камеры с достаточно небольшим временем выдержки (не более 100 мс), позволяющие минимизировать эффект от изменений в земной атмосфере во время экспонирования.

Данный метод использует для получения фотографий кадры, наименее подвергнувшиеся воздействию атмосферных искажений (обычно около 10% всех кадров). Такие кадры отбираются и объединяются в одно изображение по методу сдвига-сложенияметоду сдвига-сложения, что позволяет получать гораздо большее угловое разрешение, чем то, которое можно получить на одиночной фотографии, содержащей все кадры.

Explanation

Получаемые при помощи наземных телескопов изображения размыты из-за влияния турбулентности атмосферы (различимого глазом как мерцание звёзд). Для множества программ астрономических наблюдений требуется разрешение, превосходящее то, которое можно получить без какой-либо коррекции изображений. Метод удачных экспозиций — один из методов, используемых для устранения размытия в атмосфере. При выборке менее 1% данным методом можно достичь дифракционного предела даже на 2,5-метровых телескопах, улучшая разрешение как минимум в пять раз по сравнению с обычными системами.

• 
  Дзета Волопаса на фотографии северного оптического телескопа, сделанной 13 мая 2000 года с использованием метода удачных экспозиций. (Диски Эйри вокруг звёзд обусловлены дифракцией 2,56 -метрового телескопа)
• 
  Typical short-exposure image of this binary star from the same dataset, but without using any speckle processing. The effect of the Earth's atmosphere is to break the image of each star up into speckles.

Demonstration of the principle

The sequence of images below shows how lucky imaging works. From a series of 50,000 images taken at a speed of almost 40 images per second, five different long exposure images have been created. Additionally, a single exposure with very low image quality and another single exposure with very high image quality are shown at the beginning of the demo sequence. The astronomical target shown has the 2MASS ID J03323578+2843554. North is up and East on the left.

		Single exposure with low image quality, not selected for lucky imaging.
		Single exposure with very high image quality, selected for lucky imaging.
		This image shows the average of all 50,000 images, which is almost the same as the 21 minutes (50,000/40 seconds) long exposure seeing limited image. It looks like a typical star image, slightly elongated. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the seeing disk is around 0.9 arcsec.
		This image shows the average of all 50,000 single images but here with the center of gravity (centroid) of each image shifted to the same reference position. This is the tip-tilt corrected, or image stabilized, long exposure image. It already shows more details - two objects - than the seeing limited image.
		This image shows the 25,000 (50% selection) best images averaged, after the brightest pixel in each image was moved to the same reference position. In this image, we can almost see three objects.
		This image shows the 5,000 (10% selection) best images averaged, after the brightest pixel in each image was moved to the same reference position. The surrounding seeing halo is further reduced, an airy ring around the brightest object becomes clearly visible.
		This image shows the 500 (1% selection) best images averaged, after the brightest pixel in each image was moved to the same reference position. The seeing halo is further reduced. The signal-to-noise ratio of the brightest object is the highest in this image.

The difference between the seeing limited image (third image from top) and the best 1% images selected result is quite remarkable: a triple system can be detected. The brightest component in the West is a V=14.9 magnitude M4V star. This component is the lucky imaging reference source. The weakest - tertiary - component are M4.5 and M5.5 spectral type stars. The distance of the system is about 45 parsecs (pc). Airy rings can be seen, which indicate that the diffraction limit of the Calar Alto Observatory's 2.2 m telescope was reached. The signal to noise ratio of the point sources increases with stronger selection. The seeing halo on the other side is more suppressed. The separation between the two brightest objects is around 0.53 arcsec and between the two faintest objects less than 0.16 arcsec. At a distance of 45 pc this corresponds to 7.2 times the distance between Earth and Sun, around 1 billion kilometers (10⁹ km).

History

Lucky imaging methods were first used in the middle 20th century, and became popular for imaging planets in the 1950s and 1960s (using cine cameras, often with image intensifiers). For the most part it took 30 years for the separate imaging technologies to be perfected for this counter-intuitive imaging technology to become practical. The first numerical calculation of the probability of obtaining lucky exposures was an article by David L. Fried in 1978.

In early applications of lucky imaging, it was generally assumed that the atmosphere smeared-out or blurred the astronomical images. In this work, the FWHM of the blurring was estimated, and used to select exposures. Later studies took advantage of the fact that the atmosphere does not blur astronomical images, but generally produces multiple sharp copies of the image (the point spread function has speckles). New methods were used which took advantage of this to produce much higher quality images than had been obtained assuming the image to be smeared.

In the early years of the 21st century, it was realised that turbulent intermittency (and the fluctuations in astronomical seeing conditions it produced) could substantially increase the probability of obtaining a "lucky exposure" for given average astronomical seeing conditions.

Lucky imaging and adaptive optics hybrid systems

In 2007 astronomers at Caltech and the University of Cambridge announced the first results from a new hybrid lucky imaging and adaptive optics (AO) system. The new camera gave the first diffraction-limited resolutions on 5 m-class telescopes in visible light. The research was performed on the 200 дюймов (5,08 м) diameter aperture Palomar Hale telescope.

The 200-inch Hale telescope with lucky cam and adaptive optics pushed the telescope near to its theoretical resolution, achieving up to 0.025 arc seconds for certain types of viewing. Compared to Space Telescopes like the 2.4 m Hubble, the system still has some drawbacks including narrow field of view for crisp images (typically 10" to 20"), airglow, and electromagnetic frequencies blocked by the atmosphere.

	Lucky imaging + AO image of the core of the M13 globular cluster. The best 10% of the frames taken were aligned and averaged to make this final very-high-resolution (40 milli-arcsecond) image. Approximately 1-arcsecond diameter field.
	Hubble Space Telescope ACS-camera image of the same field in a filter passing 660 nm light. The stars in the lucky imaging + AO image are much better separated, although the Hubble image is longer-exposure and so shows some fainter stars.

When combined with an AO system, lucky imaging selects the periods when the turbulence that the adaptive optics system must correct is reduced. In these periods, lasting a small fraction of a second, the correction given by the AO system is sufficient to give excellent resolution with visible light. The lucky imaging system averages the images taken during the excellent periods to produce a final image with much higher resolution than is possible with a conventional long-exposure AO camera.

This technique is applicable to getting very high resolution images of only relatively small astronomical objects, up to 10 arcseconds in diameter, as it is limited by the precision of the atmospheric turbulence correction. It also requires a relatively bright 14th-magnitude star in the field of view on which to guide. Being above the atmosphere, the Hubble Space Telescope is not limited by these concerns and so is capable of much wider-field high-resolution imaging.

Popularity of technique

Both amateur and professional astronomers have begun to use this technique. Modern webcams and camcorders have the ability to capture rapid short exposures with sufficient sensitivity for astrophotography, and these devices are used with a telescope and the shift-and-add method from speckle imaging (also known as image stacking) to achieve previously unattainable resolution. If some of the images are discarded, then this type of video astronomy is called lucky imaging.

Many methods exist for image selection, including the Strehl-selection method first suggested by John E. Baldwin from the Cambridge group and the image contrast selection used in the Selective Image Reconstruction method of Ron Dantowitz.

The development and availability of electron-multiplying CCDs (EMCCD, also known as LLLCCD, L3CCD, or low-light-level CCD) has allowed the first high-quality lucky imaging of faint objects.

Alternative methods

Other approaches that can yield resolving power exceeding the limits of atmospheric seeing include adaptive optics, interferometry, other forms of speckle imaging and space-based telescopes such as NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.

Ссылки

• Amateur lucky imaging
• Lucky imaging with Astralux at the 2.2 m Calar Alto telescope
• Details of the Calar Alto and La Silla lucky imaging instruments
• Details of the LuckyCam instrument at the Nordic Optical Telescope
• BBC News article: 'Clearest' images taken of space
• Lucky imaging using gen 3 intensifier tubes