Участник:IskandarRu/Черновик
| Битва при Форт-Петр | |||
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| Основной конфликт: Англо-американская война | |||
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| Дата | 13-14 Января 1815 года | ||
| Место | Форт-Петр, Сент-Мэрис[англ.], Камден, США | ||
| Итог |
победа Великобритании
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Битва при Форт-Пойнт-Петер- сражение, произошедшее в начале 1815 года, в котором войска Великобритании, имея численное преимущество, успешно атаковали позиции армии США на реке Сент-Мэрис[англ.] возле городка Сент-Мэрис, Джорджия[англ.]. Тогда река Сент-Мэрис являлась частью границы между США и Испанской Флоридой; сейчас она является частью границы между штатами Джорджия и Флорида. Оккупация прибрежных районов округа Камден позволило бы британцам заблокировать американские суда внутри Берегового канала, не давая им выйти в Атлантический океан.[2] Атака на Форт-Петер и Форт-Св.Таммани произошла в январе 1815 года, после подписания в декабре 1814 года Гентского договора, положившего конец англо-американской войне. Атака произошла одновременно с осадой Форта Св.Филип[англ.] в штате Луизиана и была частью британского плана по оккупации Сент-Мэрис и острова Камберленд[англ.].
Форты в Сент-Мэрис
Пойнт Петер - первое место высадки на берегу реки Сент-Мэрис в штате Джорджия. Это полуостров между Северной рекой и Пойнт-Петер-Крик, которые впадают в реку Сент-Мэрис. В июле 1794 года Поль Гиацинт Перро получил заказ на строительство форта в Сент-Мэрис, вероятно, Форт-Св.Таммани. В следующем году затраты на строительство превысили 1400 долларов. [3] В гарнизон форта входила батарея, а так же имелся причал для военно-морских судов.[4]
Военные США, размещенные в Пойнт-Питер, несли ответственность за защиту южной границы страны с Испанской Флоридой. Форт стал участником Квазивойны в 1798 году. Между 1793 и 1805 годами в форте находились военные США, а на гарнизон Пойнт-Питер было потрачено 16000 долларов. Однако к 1806 году форт был, по крайней мере, частично демонтирован, и вместо этого для защиты использовались только канонерские лодки и стационарная батарея. В 1809 году были утверждены и построены блок-хаус и батарея, сформировавшие новый американский форт.[5]
1810–1814
In 1811, eleven of the United States Navy's 165 gunboats were stationed at St. Marys, making it the third-largest naval station in the United States prior to the War of 1812. The gunboats were powered by lateen sails and oars, and mounted heavy guns.[6]
In 1811, the commander of Fort Point Peter, Lt. Col. Thomas Adam Smith,[7] and his junior officers, Captain Abraham Massias, Captain Joseph Woodruff, Lieutenant Daniel Appling, Captain Fiedler Ridgeway, and Lieutenant Elias Stallings, received orders to assist an American takeover of Spanish Florida if a rebellion or invasion took place. However, few officers became involved in the Patriot War of East Florida over the next few years. President Madison and Secretary of State Monroe never gave direct orders to the Point Peter garrison to act in that conflict, unlike the later orders in the War of 1812.[8]
In the fall of 1812, the Camden County Battalion was raised at Point Peter. It served in the 1st Brigade of General John Floyd's army division, which participated in the Creek Wars.
Battle of Fort Point Peter 1815
On January 10, 1815, British forces under the command of Admiral Sir George Cockburn landed on Cumberland Island off the Georgia coast. The British force consisted of the three Royal Marines Battalions (560 men in the 1st & 2nd, plus the six companies of the 3rd), ships' detachments of Royal Marines from the squadron (120 men), and two companies from the 2nd West India Regiment (190 men).Шаблон:NoteTag
On January 13 a British force first bombarded Fort Peter and then landed on Point Peter by the town of St. Marys.[1] The British attacked and took the fort without suffering any casualties.[1]
The British land force then headed for St. Marys. On their way, they encountered a small American force of 160 soldiers of the 43rd Infantry Regiment and the Rifle Corps under Captain Abraham A. Massias. A skirmish ensued before the Americans retreated.[9] Massias estimated the size of the British force as 1500 men. He reported that American casualties on 13 January included 1 killed, 4 wounded, and 9 missing.[9] Although Massias believed that British suffered numerous casualties, they reported only three men killed and five wounded in the entire expedition.[1]
On the 15th January the British captured St. Marys despite Fort St. Tammany just outside the town. American reports suggest that the British looted the town's jewelry store and stole fine china and other goods from the residents. British reports are that the town's inhabitants agreed to terms under which residents gave up all public property and British troops respected all private property.[1] British forces captured two American gunboats and 12 merchantmen, including the East Indiaman Шаблон:Ship, which the American privateer Sabine had captured as Countess of Harcourt was on her way from London to Isle of France (Mauritius).[10] Prize money for Countess of Harcourt, the bark Maria Theresa, goods from the ship Carl Gustaff, and the schooner Cooler, was paid in April 1824.Шаблон:NoteTag
The British ended their occupation of St. Marys and Fort St. Tammany after about a week. They burned Fort Point Peter, including its blockhouses and barracks, and withdrew to Cumberland Island.[1] The officers lived at Dungeness, the former mansion of the widow of deceased Revolutionary war hero General Nathanael Greene. Most British troops were stationed at the island's south end, and the British ships anchored in Cumberland sound. At the end of February 1815, Rear Admiral Cockburn received news of the Treaty of Ghent through newspapers, but refused to accept such as official proof and continued to ship refugees away from Florida and Georgia. In all, the British freed 1485 slaves.[11]
The British departed from Cumberland Island on March 15, although a ship stuck on a sandbar and Albion remained in Cumberland Sound until March 18.Ошибка: некорректно задана дата установки (исправьте через подстановку шаблона)
Point Peter 1815–1821
In 1818, the federal government purchased the land.[12] In 1819, the Adams–Onís Treaty was signed, and Florida was transferred to the United States in 1821.
By the Civil War, Fort Point Peter had become a ruin. In 1870, Daniel Proctor purchased the property from the United States, who sold it to Alexander Curtis.Ошибка: некорректно задана дата установки (исправьте через подстановку шаблона)
Present day
In 1953, Georgia placed a historical marker at the Point Peter battlefield.[13] In 2002, a planned housing development at Point Peter spurred archaeological interest in the former forts. The developer, required to survey the cultural resources being disturbed, hired Scott Butler (an archaeologist for Brockington and Associates) to conduct a study. As of 2009, archaeologists had found thousands of artifacts, including cannons, muskets, musket balls, knives, and uniform buttons.[14]
Fort St. Tammany, the fort in St. Marys, was located where Howard Gilman Memorial Waterfront Park is today. It is identified as Georgia Archaeological Site 9Cm164; to date there has been no detailed study of the ruins.[15]
The Cumberland Island National Seashore Museum in downtown St. Marys has opened a semi-permanent exhibit, "The Forgotten Invasion", in remembrance of the battle. The exhibit includes a recovered sunken anchor from a British warship in addition to finds from Scott Butler's excavation.Ошибка: некорректно задана дата установки (исправьте через подстановку шаблона)
See also
History of Camden County, Georgia
Notes
References
Citations
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jane Lucas de Grummond (ed), and George S. Gaines, Richard Terrell, Alexander C. Henderson, Andrew Jackson and Alexander Cochrane. "Platter of Glory", Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 316–359.
- ↑ Smith, Gene (2013) The Slaves' Gamble, Choosing Sides in the War of 1812. Palgrave Macmillan.
- ↑ Elliott, 4–6.
- ↑ Georgia Forts: page 3. northamericanforts.com. Дата обращения: 17 февраля 2016.
- ↑ Reddick, 26–27.
- ↑ Elliott, 9.
- ↑ Archived copy. Дата обращения: 13 января 2015. Архивировано из оригинала 27 сентября 2015 года.
- ↑ Cusick, 75.
- ↑ 1 2 HSC Heritage Auctions Manuscripts Auction Catalog #6031, Heritage Auctions, Inc., Editor James L. Halperin.
- ↑ – Lloyd's List — accessed 9 August 2015.
- ↑ Bullard, 120-22.
- ↑ Reddick 1976, 25.
- ↑ Seibert, David Point Peter. GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. Дата обращения: 8 ноября 2016.
- ↑ Mike Toner. The Last Invasion. Archaeology Magazine. January/February 2007.
- ↑ (Georgia Archaeological Site Files 2002)(Elliott 4)
Sources
- Elliott, Daniel T. "Point Peter and the St. Marys River Forts". The LAMAR Institute, Vol 62. August 2002.
- Waciuma, Wanjohi. Intervention in Spanish Florida, 1801–1813: A Study in Jeffersonian Foreign Policy.
- Cusick, James G. The Other War of 1812: The Patriot War and the American Invasion of Spanish East Florida. University of Georgia Press, 2003.
- Bullard, Mary R. Black Liberation on Cumberland Island in 1815. (University of Georgia Press, 1983).
- de Grummond, Jane Lucas(ed), and George S. Gaines, Richard Terrell, Alexander C. Henderson, Andrew Jackson and Alexander Cochrane. "Platter of Glory", Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 316–359.
External links
- Point Peter historical marker
- Point Peter Battery and the War of 1812 historical marker