Участник:IskandarRu/Черновик
| Первая битва при Сакеттс-Харбор | |||
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| Основной конфликт: Англо-американская война | |||
 Карта Нью-Йорка, красная точка - Сакеттс-Харбор. | |||
| Дата | 12 Июля 1812 года | ||
| Место | Сакеттс-Харбор[англ.], Нью-Йорк | ||
| Итог | победа США | ||
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Первая битва при Сакеттс-Харбор (англ. First Battle of Sacket's Harbor)[1] состоялась 19 июля 1812 года между Соединенными Штатами и Британской империей; это было первое сражение между ними. В результате этого американские войска отразили нападение на свою базу и находившийся там судостроительный завод.
Предыстория
Сакеттс-Харбор[англ.] расположен на юго-восточном берегу озера Онтарио, север штата Нью-Йорк. Это место было центром строительства военных кораблей для Англо-американской войны. Здесь было построено 12 военных кораблей для армии США. Имея хорошую стратегическую позицию, богатые ресурсы и превосходную естественную гавань, небольшая деревня с населением в несколько сотен человек стала стратегически важным местом, поскольку превратилась в центр морских военных операций. Сразу же после первого сражения деревня и гавань были улучшены и укреплены.[2]
19 июля 1812 года американский капитан Меланктон Тейлор Вулси[англ.], находясь на борту своего брига Oneida[англ.], обнаружил 5 вражеских судов, направляющихся в Сакеттс-Харбор. Британцы, с помощью кораблей «Provincial Marine[англ.]» (HMS Royal George[англ.];(24 орудия), Prince Regent[англ.](22 орудия), Earl of Moira[англ.](20 орудий), Governor Simcoe[англ.] (10 орудий) и Seneca[англ.] (2 орудия)), захватили американский грузовой корабль, посадили на него свой экипаж и отправили на берег с требованием вернуть корабль Lord Nelson[англ.], который был захвачен американцами до войны.[3]
Сражение
The first shots were fired by the British at the brig Oneida, which attempted to escape the incoming British vessels but failed and returned to Navy Point. The British continued on and dropped anchor. Back at the point, Oneida was moored with one broadside of nine guns to the enemy, while the others were taken out and hastily placed on a breastwork along the shoreline, near where a 32-pounder cannon, intended for Oneida, but found too heavy, had been mounted on a pivot. Below the cannon a protective mound had been constructed about 6 футов (1,8 м) high.[4]
Alarm guns were fired and expresses were sent to call in the neighboring militias. Most of the militia did not arrive in time to render assistance; however, by the end of the day, some 3,000 local militia had assembled but they did not engage. The British had been misinformed about the defenses of the harbor and assumed there was nothing to be feared in the way of ordnance. The force at that time in town was, besides the crew of Oneida, a regiment under Colonel Bellinger, a volunteer company of artillery under Captain Camp, and the militia.
Captain Woolsey, leaving his brig in charge of a lieutenant, took command on shore, the 32-pounder being in charge of William Vaughan, a sailing master, and the other guns under that of Captain Camp. There was no shot in town larger than 24-фунта (11 кг) balls, which were used with the aid of patches made of carpet, in the 32-pounder. By the time these arrangements were made, the enemy had arrived within range, nearly in front of the battery.
The action was commenced; the first shot was fired from the 32-pounder, which failed to hit any of the British ships. A shout of laughter was heard from the fleet just after, indicating that the American's first shot fell too short of target. The British returned a salvo briskly at the American battery and continued for two hours. Most of the British shots were reportedly accurate. The Americans returned fire throughout the bombardment; Oneidás broadsides and their 32-pounder inflicted many hits or near hits on the Royal Navy vessels.[5]
Towards the close of the action, as the flagship Royal George was maneuvering to fire another broadside, a 24-pound shot struck her stern and raked her whole length, killing eight men, and doing much damage. Royal George also had severe damage to her top mast and rigging. Other British warships were damaged but the extent is unknown. Upon this, the signal of retreat was given and the British fleet bore away for Kingston, Upper Canada, without ceremony. The American band struck up the national tune of "Yankee Doodle," and the troops yelled three cheers of victory.
Aftermath
On July 24, 1812, General Jacob Brown attributed the success of the day to the officers Woolsey, Bellinger, and Camp, in their respective capacities, and especially to the crew of the 32-pounder. William Vaughan, who had commanded the 32-pounder, claimed the honor of having fired the first hostile gun in the war. Julius Torry, one of the men at this gun, was an African American better known as Black Julius, and a great favorite in the camp. He served at his post with remarkable activity and courage. As there was no opportunity for the use of small arms, the greater part of the troops who were drawn up, were spectators of the engagement.
Battlefield preservation
The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 25 акров (0,10117141055 км2) of the Sacket's Harbor battlefield.[6]
See also
References
- ↑ Roosevelt, 1883 pp. 155, 228, 233, 251, etc
- ↑ Paine, 1920 pp. 293–304
- ↑ The First Battle of Sackets Harbor, New York 19 July 1812. usgennet.org (2001). Дата обращения: 14 июня 2017.
- ↑ Roosevelt, 1883 pp. 150–151
- ↑ Cooper, 1856 pp. 401–403
- ↑ [1] American Battlefield Trust "Saved Land" webpage. Accessed May 23, 2018.
Bibliography
- Cooper, James Fenimore. History of the Navy of the United States of America. — Stringer & Townsend, New York, 1856. — P. 508.
- Lossing, Benson. The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812. — Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1868.
- Maclay, Edgar Stanton. A History of the United States Navy, from 1775 to 1893. — D. Appleton & Company, New York, 1894. — P. 647.
- Mahon, John H. The War of 1812. — Da Capo Press, in arrangement with University of Florida Press, 1972, 1972. — P. 496. — ISBN 0-306-80429-8.
- Paine, Ralph Delahaye. The Fight for a Free Sea: A Chronicle of the War of 1812. — Yale University Press, New Haven, 1920, 1920. — P. 235.
- Roosevelt, Theodore. The Naval War of 1812:. — G.P. Putnam's sons, New York, 1883. — P. 541.
Further reading
- Homans, Benjamin. The Military and Naval Magazine of the United States, Volumes 1–2. — Thompson and Homans, Washington, 1833. — P. 393.