Понгал
Понгал или тхай-понгал (там. தைப்பொங்கல்) — фестиваль урожая, празднуемый тамильцами в индийском штате Тамил-Наду и на Шри-Ланке. Pongal coincides with the festival Makara Sankranthi celebrated throughout India. Pongal in Tamil means «boiling over or spill over.» The boiling over of milk in the clay pot symbolizes material abundance for the household. Thai Pongal, celebrated at harvest time, is traditionally intended to thank the Sun God and farmstead livestock that helped create the material abundance.
The saying «Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum» (தை பிறந்தால் வழி பிறக்கும்) meaning «the commencement of Thai paves the way for new opportunities» is often quoted regarding the Pongal festival[1] . The festival usually occurs from January 13 — 15 in the Gregorian calendar i.e. the last day of the Tamil month Maargazhi to the third day of Thai.
Pongal is traditionally dedicated to the Sun God Surya. Tamils thank the solar deity for the good harvest and consecrate the first grain to him on this 'Surya Mangalya'.
The holiday denotes the start of the Tamil month of Thai (தை). It marks the day when the Sun purportedly shifts northwards. It signifies the commencement of Uttarayana, which represents the northward journey of Sun. The days get longer in the Tamil lands. Thai Pongal falls on Makara Sankranthi celebrated throughout India as the winter harvest. This also represents the Indic solstice when the sun purportedly enters the 10th house of the Indian zodiac i.e. Makara or Capricorn.
History
The holiday may well be 1000 years old although some are of the view that the festival is older. Epigraphic evidence suggests the celebration of the Puthiyeedu during the Medieval Chola empire days. It is thought that Puthiyeedu meant the first harvest of the year. [2]. The Sangam era literary work, the Paripaadal, refers to a fast by unmarried girls in honor of the God Vishnu in the month of Thai, known as the Thai Nonpu. The link between that fast and today’s harvest festival needs to be further researched. Makara Sankranti in turn is referred to in the Surya Siddhanta.
Bhogi
Bhogi Pandigai / Bhogi Pallu / Lohri / Indra Vizha போகிப்பண்டிகை / போகிப் பள்ளு / லோஹ்ரி / இந்திர விழா
The day preceding Pongal in Tamil Nadu is called Bhogi when people discard old things and focus on new belongings (பழையன கழிதலும் புதியன புகுதலும்). The disposal of derelict things is similar to Holika in North India. The people assemble at dawn in Tamil Nadu and light a bonfire to discard old used possessions. The house is cleaned, painted and decorated to give a festive look.
This tradition in observed on the same day in Andhra Pradesh as Bhogi Pallu, in Punjab as Lohri and in Assam as Bhogali Bihu. It was known as the Indra Vizha or the festival of Indra in the Sangam era. The God Indra heads the Devas in the Indic pantheon.
Thai Pongal
Pongal Pandigai பொங்கல் பண்டிகை
Pongal itself falls on the first day of the Tamil month of Thai (January 14 or 15). It is celebrated by boiling rice with fresh milk and jaggery in new pots. The rice is later topped with brown sugar, cashew nuts and raisins. This tradition gives Pongal its name.[1]
The rice is traditionally cooked at sun rise.
The moment the milk boils over and bubbles out of the vessel, the tradition is to shout of «Ponggalo Ponggal!», introduce freshly harvested rice grains in the pot and blow the sangu (a conch). Tamils consider it a good sign to watch the milk boil over as it connotes good luck and prosperity. The newly cooked rice is traditionally offered to the Sun God at sunrise to demonstrate gratitude for the harvest. It is later served to the people present in the house for the ceremony. People prepare savories and sweets such as vadai, murukku, payasam, visit each other and exchange greetings.
| Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka — celebrated as Pongal
Andhra Pradesh, Bengal, Bihar, Goa, Karnataka, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh — celebrated as Makara Sankranthi or Sankranthi Gujarat and Rajasthan celebrated as Uttarayana Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab — celebrated as Lohri Nepal celebrated as Maghe Sankranthi |
Tamils wear new clothes, draw kolams/rangolis on the door step, consume sugar cane, prepare sweetened rice, milk and jaggery in new earthen pots and dedicate it to Sun God. The family elders present gifts to the young. Elsewhere in India, there is kite flying in Gujarat, the Jahangir Dance in Punjab and the Ganga Sagar Mela in Bengal. Millions of people immerse themselves in rivers in North India and offer prayers to the Sun God — Surya. People offer thousands of their colorful oblations to the Sun in the form of beautiful kites.
The Sun stands for «Pratyaksha Brahman» — the manifest God, who symbolizes the one, non-dual, self-effulgent, glorious divinity blessing one and all tirelessly. The Sun is the one who transcends time and also the one who rotates the proverbial wheel of time.
Maattu Pongal
Mattu Pongal / Kanu Pongal மாட்டுப்பொங்கல் / கனுப்பொங்கல்
Cattle play in important role in the traditional Indian farmstead be it with regards to the provision of dairy products, its use for ploughing and transport and its provision of fertilizer. This explains the Vedic reference to cattle as wealth. On the day after Pongal, cattle are felicitated. In rural Tamil Nadu, adventurous games such as the Jallikkattu or taming the wild bull are features of the day. Mattu Pongal is intended to demonstrate our recognition and affection to cattle and decorate them with garlands, apply kungumam (kumkum) on their foreheads and feed them good food.
Mattu pongal & the famous Alanganallur Jallikattu
Mattu pongal is intended to honor the cattle that worked hard throughout the year. The farm bulls are given a bath, their horns painted and adorned with new sarees in some places. In Alanganallur, bulls are set free in a ground where youth who hold on its hump until the victory line are considered victorious. The bulls (and public) suffered injury during this game which led to animal activists taking the matter to the Supreme Court of India which imposed a ban on the tradition[59]. After an undertaking was given from the Government of Tamil Nadu to ensure that animals were not harmed, the apex court lifted its ban with certain conditions. In Alanganallur which is located 17 kms North west of Madurai Jallikattu is conducted with enthusiasm.
Kanu pidi………..
Kanu Pidi (கனுப்பொங்கல்) is a tradition that the ladies and young girls of the house follow. Women feed birds and pray for the well being of their brothers. Women of the family place different kinds of coloured rice, cooked vegetables, banana and sweet pongal on a ginger or turmeric leaf and invite the crows, which descend in hordes to share and enjoy the «Kaka pidi, Kanu pidi» feast. Women offer prayers in the hope that the brother-sister ties may remain forever strong like the family of crows.
«Kakka-p-pidi Vaithen, Kanu-p-pidi vaithen, Kakkaiykkum Kurivikkum Kalyanam». «Kakka-p-pidi vaithen, kanu-p-pidi vaithen, kakka-k-kootam pole enga koottamum kalayaama irukkanum.»
காக்கா பிடி வைத்தேன், கனு பிடி வைத்தேன், காக்காய்க்கும் குருவிக்கும் கல்யாணம் காக்கா பிடி வைத்தேன், கனு பிடி வைத்தேன், காக்காய்க்கூட்டம் போல எங்கள் கூட்டம் கலயாமல் இருக்கனும்.
Kaanum Pongal
Kaanum Pongalகாணும் பொங்கல்
This is a time for family reunions. Brothers pay special tribute to their married sisters by giving gifts as affirmation of their filial love. Landlords present gifts of food, clothes and money to their workforce. During Kaanum Pongal (the word kaanum means «to view»), people visit relatives and friends to enjoy the festive season. In the cities this day is synonymous with people flocking to beaches and theme parks to have a day out with their families. They also chew sugar cane and decorate their houses with kolam. This day is a day to thank relatives and friends for their support in the harvest. Although it started as a farmers festival, today it has become a national festival for all Tamils irrespective of their origins, caste or even religion. It is as popular in urban areas as is in rural areas.
In Andhra Pradesh, Mukkanuma, the final day of Sankranthi festival, is celebrated to worship cattle. Mukkanuma is famous among the non-vegetarians of the society. People do not eat any non-vegetarian during the first three days of the festival and eat it only on the day of Mukkanuma.
See also
Notes
Литература
- Saveri, Nicholapillai Maria. Jaffna The Land of the Lute. — Thirumarai Kalamanram Publications, 1996. — P. 125. — ISBN 09681597-0-2.