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「非二元性別」：修訂間差異

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'''非二元性別'''（{{lang-en|Non-binary gender}}）、'''性別酷兒'''（{{lang-en|genderqueer}}）和'''X性別'''（{{lang-ja|Xジェンダー}}）是指一系列不完全是男性或女性的[[性別認同]]，這些身份在男性或女性的分類以外。<ref>{{cite book |title=North American Lexicon of Transgender Terms |editor-last=Usher |editor-first=Raven |year=2006 |location=[[San Francisco]] |isbn= 978-1-879194-62-5|oclc=184841392 |page= |pages=}}</ref>非二元性別可以歸類在[[跨性別]]的[[傘式術語]]之下，因為許多非二元性別人士的性別認同與其[[指定性別]]不同，<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/trvr_support_center/trans-gender-identity/|title=Trans + Gender Identity|website=The Trevor Project|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-11|archive-date=2018-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704175733/https://www.thetrevorproject.org/trvr_support_center/trans-gender-identity/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>可稱為「MtX」或「FtX」。然而，並不是所有的[[雙性人]]的[[性別認同]]為X性別，或認定自己是[[跨性別]]X性別人士。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intersections: An Introduction to X-Jendā: Examining a new gender identity in Japan|url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue31/dale.htm#n12|accessdate=2018-08-21|work=intersections.anu.edu.au}}</ref>
'''非二元性別'''（{{lang-en|Non-binary gender}}）、'''性別酷兒'''（{{lang-en|genderqueer}}）和'''X性別'''（{{lang-ja|Xジェンダー}}）是指一系列不完全是男性或女性的[[性別認同]]，這些身份在男性或女性的分類以外。<ref>{{cite book |title=North American Lexicon of Transgender Terms |editor-last=Usher |editor-first=Raven |year=2006 |location=[[San Francisco]] |isbn= 978-1-879194-62-5|oclc=184841392 |page= |pages=}}</ref>非二元性別可以歸類在[[跨性別]]的[[傘式術語]]之下，因為許多非二元性別人士的性別認同與其[[指定性別]]不同，<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/trvr_support_center/trans-gender-identity/|title=Trans + Gender Identity|website=The Trevor Project|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-11|archive-date=2018-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704175733/https://www.thetrevorproject.org/trvr_support_center/trans-gender-identity/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>可稱為「MtX」或「FtX」。然而，並不是所有的[[雙性人]]的[[性別認同]]為X性別，或認定自己是[[跨性別]]X性別人士。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intersections: An Introduction to X-Jendā: Examining a new gender identity in Japan|url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue31/dale.htm#n12|accessdate=2018-08-21|work=intersections.anu.edu.au}}</ref>


非二元性別可能介於傳統定義上[[男性]]和[[女性]]表現之間（中性），認同兩者兼具或兩者以上的性別（雙性別、三性別、泛性別），<ref name="Bosson-2018">{{cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |accessdate=4 August 2019 |date=17 January 2018 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |page=54 |oclc=1038755742}}</ref><ref name=Whyte>{{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=Stephen |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert C. |last3=Torgler |first3=Benno |title=Man, Woman, "Other": Factors Associated with Nonbinary Gender Identification |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |date=25 September 2018 |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=2397–2406 |doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3 |pmid=30255409 |quote=2 out of 7479 (0.03 percent) of respondents to the Australian Sex Survey, a 2016 online research survey, self-identified as trigender.}}</ref>認為自己沒有性別（無性別、去性別），在兩者或以上的性別認同之間流動（流體性別），<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Transgender Diversity: A Sensible Explanation of Sexual and Gender Identities |last=Winter |first=Claire Ruth |year=2010 |publisher=CreateSpace |isbn=978-1-4563-1490-3 |oclc=703235508 |page= |pages=}}</ref>其他跨性別相關情況、其他無法定義、或自己不去定義等。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |title=Genderqueer |last=Beemyn |first=Brett Genny |year=2008 |work=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |location=[[Chicago]] |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |accessdate=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081046/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |archivedate=25 April 2012 }}</ref>
非二元性別可能介於傳統定義上[[男性]]和[[女性]]表現之間（中性），認同兩者兼具或兩者以上的性別（雙性別、三性別、泛性別），<ref name="Bosson-2018">{{cite book |last1=Bosson |first1=Jennifer K. |last2=Vandello |first2=Joseph A. |last3=Buckner |first3=Camille E. |title=The Psychology of Sex and Gender |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XStGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |accessdate=2019-08-04 |date=2018-01-17 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |isbn=978-1-5063-3134-8 |page=54 |oclc=1038755742}}</ref><ref name=Whyte>{{cite journal |last1=Whyte |first1=Stephen |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert C. |last3=Torgler |first3=Benno |title=Man, Woman, "Other": Factors Associated with Nonbinary Gender Identification |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |date=2018-09-25 |volume=47 |issue=8 |pages=2397–2406 |doi=10.1007/s10508-018-1307-3 |pmid=30255409 |quote=2 out of 7479 (0.03 percent) of respondents to the Australian Sex Survey, a 2016 online research survey, self-identified as trigender.}}</ref>認為自己沒有性別（無性別、去性別），在兩者或以上的性別認同之間流動（流體性別），<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Transgender Diversity: A Sensible Explanation of Sexual and Gender Identities |last=Winter |first=Claire Ruth |year=2010 |publisher=CreateSpace |isbn=978-1-4563-1490-3 |oclc=703235508 |page= |pages=}}</ref>其他跨性別相關情況、其他無法定義、或自己不去定義等。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |title=Genderqueer |last=Beemyn |first=Brett Genny |year=2008 |work=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |location=[[Chicago]] |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |accessdate=2012-05-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081046/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/genderqueer.html |archivedate=2012-04-25 }}</ref>


基本上性別認同與[[性取向]]或[[浪漫取向]]是分開的，<ref name="glaad_transgender">{{cite web|url=http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender|title=Transgender Glossary of Terms|work=GLAAD Media Reference Guide|publisher=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]]|accessdate=25 May 2011|archive-date=2010-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105211640/http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender|dead-url=no}}</ref>非二元性別就和[[順性別]]一樣，有各種性取向。<ref>{{cite book|title=Transgender History|last=Stryker|first=Susan|publisher=[[Seal Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-58005-224-5|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|page=|pages=|oclc=183914566|authorlink=Susan Stryker}}</ref>非二元性別與特定的[[性別表現]]（例如，[[雙性性格]]）沒有關連。非二元性別作為一個整體具有各種各樣的性別表現，而一些人會拒絕所有的性別身份。
基本上性別認同與[[性取向]]或[[浪漫取向]]是分開的，<ref name="glaad_transgender">{{cite web|url=http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender|title=Transgender Glossary of Terms|work=GLAAD Media Reference Guide|publisher=[[Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation]]|accessdate=2011-05-25|archive-date=2010-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105211640/http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender|dead-url=no}}</ref>非二元性別就和[[順性別]]一樣，有各種性取向。<ref>{{cite book|title=Transgender History|last=Stryker|first=Susan|publisher=[[Seal Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-58005-224-5|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|page=|pages=|oclc=183914566|authorlink=Susan Stryker}}</ref>非二元性別與特定的[[性別表現]]（例如，[[雙性性格]]）沒有關連。非二元性別作為一個整體具有各種各樣的性別表現，而一些人會拒絕所有的性別身份。


== 術語 ==
== 術語 ==
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該術語也應用到了[[雙性性格]]的性別。<ref>{{cite book |title=Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men |last=Girshick |first=Lori B. |year=2008 |publisher=[[University Press of New England]] |location=[[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]] |isbn=978-1-58465-645-6 |oclc=183162406 |page= |pages=}}</ref>這是因為雙性性格對應上了社會定義的[[男性表現]]和[[女性表現]]的混合。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's Voices, Feminist Visions|last=Shaw|first=Susan M.|last2=Lee|first2=Janet|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|year=2015|isbn=|edition=6|location=New York, NY|pages=}}</ref>但是，並不是所有的性別酷兒都認為自己是雙性性格。一些性別酷兒認同自己是一個陽剛的女人或陰柔的男人或是X性別與其他的性別結合在一起。<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Walsh|first1=Reuben|date=December 2010|title=More T, vicar? My experiences as a genderqueer person of faith|magazine=All God's Children|publisher=[[Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement]]|volume=2|issue=3|pages=}}</ref>
該術語也應用到了[[雙性性格]]的性別。<ref>{{cite book |title=Transgender Voices: Beyond Women and Men |last=Girshick |first=Lori B. |year=2008 |publisher=[[University Press of New England]] |location=[[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]] |isbn=978-1-58465-645-6 |oclc=183162406 |page= |pages=}}</ref>這是因為雙性性格對應上了社會定義的[[男性表現]]和[[女性表現]]的混合。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's Voices, Feminist Visions|last=Shaw|first=Susan M.|last2=Lee|first2=Janet|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|year=2015|isbn=|edition=6|location=New York, NY|pages=}}</ref>但是，並不是所有的性別酷兒都認為自己是雙性性格。一些性別酷兒認同自己是一個陽剛的女人或陰柔的男人或是X性別與其他的性別結合在一起。<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Walsh|first1=Reuben|date=December 2010|title=More T, vicar? My experiences as a genderqueer person of faith|magazine=All God's Children|publisher=[[Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement]]|volume=2|issue=3|pages=}}</ref>


許多參考文獻中都使用跨性別來包括非二元性別、性別酷兒和X性別。<ref name=Schorn>{{cite web|author1=Johanna Schorn|title=Taking the "Sex" out of Transsexual: Representations of Trans Identities in Popular Media|url=http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf|website=Inter-Disciplinary.Net|publisher=Universität zu Köln|accessdate=23 October 2014|page=1|quote=The term transgender is an umbrella term "and generally refers to any and all kinds of variation from gender norms and expectations" (Stryker 19). Most often, the term transgender is used for someone who feels that the sex assigned to them at birth does not reflect their own gender identity. They may identify as the gender ‘opposite’ to their assigned gender, or they may feel that their gender identity is fluid, or they may reject all gender categorizations and identify as agender or genderqueer.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025012342/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf|archive-date=25 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Marc E. Vargo|title=A Review of " Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism "|journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies|date=30 November 2011|volume=7|issue=5|page=2 (493)|doi=10.1080/1550428X.2011.623982|issn=1550-4298|quote=up to three million U. S. citizens regard themselves as transgender, a term referring to those whose gender identities are at odds with their biological sex. The term is an expansive one, however, and may apply to other individuals as well, from the person whose behavior purposely and dramatically diverges from society's traditional male/female roles to the "agender", "bigender" or "third gender" person whose self-definition lies outside of the male/female binary altogether. In short, those counted under this term constitute a wide array of people who do not conform to, and may actively challenge, conventional gender norms.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kirstin Cronn-Mills|title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices|date=2014|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7|page=24|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24#v=onepage|accessdate=23 October 2014|chapter=IV. Trans*spectrum. Identities|quote=Many different individuals fall under what experts call the trans* spectrum, or the trans* umbrella."I'm trans*" and "I'm transgender" are ways these individuals might refer to themselves. But there are distinctions among different trans* identities. [...] Androgynous individuals may not identify with either side of the gender binary. Other individuals consider themselves agender, and they may feel they have no gender at all.}}</ref>[[人權戰線]]基金會使用非二元性別術語去傳達“比普遍與二元性別體系相關的性別認同和[[性別表現]]方式更廣泛，更靈活的範圍”。<ref>Human Rights Campaign Foundation and Gender Spectrum, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160129072801/http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/Gender-expansive-youth-report-final.pdf Supporting and Caring for our Gender-Expansive Youth], accessed 21 January 2016</ref>
許多參考文獻中都使用跨性別來包括非二元性別、性別酷兒和X性別。<ref name=Schorn>{{cite web|author1=Johanna Schorn|title=Taking the "Sex" out of Transsexual: Representations of Trans Identities in Popular Media|url=http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf|website=Inter-Disciplinary.Net|publisher=Universität zu Köln|accessdate=2014-10-23|page=1|quote=The term transgender is an umbrella term "and generally refers to any and all kinds of variation from gender norms and expectations" (Stryker 19). Most often, the term transgender is used for someone who feels that the sex assigned to them at birth does not reflect their own gender identity. They may identify as the gender ‘opposite’ to their assigned gender, or they may feel that their gender identity is fluid, or they may reject all gender categorizations and identify as agender or genderqueer.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025012342/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/schornglpaper.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Marc E. Vargo|title=A Review of " Please select your gender: From the invention of hysteria to the democratizing of transgenderism "|journal=Journal of GLBT Family Studies|date=2011-11-30|volume=7|issue=5|page=2 (493)|doi=10.1080/1550428X.2011.623982|issn=1550-4298|quote=up to three million U. S. citizens regard themselves as transgender, a term referring to those whose gender identities are at odds with their biological sex. The term is an expansive one, however, and may apply to other individuals as well, from the person whose behavior purposely and dramatically diverges from society's traditional male/female roles to the "agender", "bigender" or "third gender" person whose self-definition lies outside of the male/female binary altogether. In short, those counted under this term constitute a wide array of people who do not conform to, and may actively challenge, conventional gender norms.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kirstin Cronn-Mills|title=Transgender Lives: Complex Stories, Complex Voices|date=2014|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-1-4677-4796-7|page=24|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dOUSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24#v=onepage|accessdate=2014-10-23|chapter=IV. Trans*spectrum. Identities|quote=Many different individuals fall under what experts call the trans* spectrum, or the trans* umbrella."I'm trans*" and "I'm transgender" are ways these individuals might refer to themselves. But there are distinctions among different trans* identities. [...] Androgynous individuals may not identify with either side of the gender binary. Other individuals consider themselves agender, and they may feel they have no gender at all.}}</ref>[[人權戰線]]基金會使用非二元性別術語去傳達“比普遍與二元性別體系相關的性別認同和[[性別表現]]方式更廣泛，更靈活的範圍”。<ref>Human Rights Campaign Foundation and Gender Spectrum, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160129072801/http://hrc-assets.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com//files/assets/resources/Gender-expansive-youth-report-final.pdf Supporting and Caring for our Gender-Expansive Youth], accessed 21 January 2016</ref>


=== 認同 ===
=== 認同 ===
X性別中存在一些不同[[性別認同]]的類別。代表的有四種：混合性別、雙性別、流體性別、無性別。<ref>http://rainbowaction.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-122.html</ref>其中，双性别或流體性別的[[性別認同]]往往是根據時間和場合而變化，流動性較高。當然，沒有人有必要接受這四種類別的約束。
X性別中存在一些不同[[性別認同]]的類別。代表的有四種：混合性別、雙性別、流體性別、無性別。<ref>http://rainbowaction.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-122.html</ref>其中，双性别或流體性別的[[性別認同]]往往是根據時間和場合而變化，流動性較高。當然，沒有人有必要接受這四種類別的約束。


'''混合性別'''（{{Lang|en|Demigender}}）是一個人的性別認同，部分或大部分是一種性別，同時又有另一種性別混合在一起。在這個性別中有數個子類別。例如不討論出生時的[[指定性別]]，一個半男性，至少部分認同自己是個半男性，其餘的部分可能會認同自己是其他的性別（流體性別或無性別）。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gender Diversity and Non-Binary Inclusion in the Workplace: The Essential Guide for Employers|last=Gibson|first=Sarah|last2=Fernandez|first2=J.|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|year=2018|isbn=9781784505233|location=|pages=25}}</ref><ref name="Kenney">{{Cite book|title=The Transgender Teen|last=Brill|first=Stephanie|last2=Kenney|first2=Lisa|publisher=Cleis Press|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>混合性別人士可能認同自己是“泛性别”（{{Lang|en|Pangender}}），认为自己有任何性别，是所有或多种性别特质的混合体。这其中并不一定是传统的二元性别。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#pangender|title=Definition of Terms|work=Gender Equality Source Center of UC Berkeley|accessdate=2015-08-04|archive-date=2015-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729215742/http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#pangender|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/15/the-complete-glossary-of-facebook-s-51-gender-options.html|title=What Each of Facebook’s 51 New Gender Options Means|work=The Daily Beast|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|title=Trans Needs Assessment Report|work=Canadian AIDS Society|accessdate=2015-08-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163119/http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|archivedate=2015年9月23日|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guokr.com/article/438003/|title=Facebook的56个非传统性别，都是啥意思？|work=果壳网|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref>
'''混合性別'''（{{Lang|en|Demigender}}）是一個人的性別認同，部分或大部分是一種性別，同時又有另一種性別混合在一起。在這個性別中有數個子類別。例如不討論出生時的[[指定性別]]，一個半男性，至少部分認同自己是個半男性，其餘的部分可能會認同自己是其他的性別（流體性別或無性別）。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gender Diversity and Non-Binary Inclusion in the Workplace: The Essential Guide for Employers|last=Gibson|first=Sarah|last2=Fernandez|first2=J.|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|year=2018|isbn=9781784505233|location=|pages=25}}</ref><ref name="Kenney">{{Cite book|title=The Transgender Teen|last=Brill|first=Stephanie|last2=Kenney|first2=Lisa|publisher=Cleis Press|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>混合性別人士可能認同自己是“泛性别”（{{Lang|en|Pangender}}），认为自己有任何性别，是所有或多种性别特质的混合体。这其中并不一定是传统的二元性别。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#pangender|title=Definition of Terms|work=Gender Equality Source Center of UC Berkeley|accessdate=2015-08-04|archive-date=2015-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729215742/http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#pangender|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/15/the-complete-glossary-of-facebook-s-51-gender-options.html|title=What Each of Facebook’s 51 New Gender Options Means|work=The Daily Beast|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|title=Trans Needs Assessment Report|work=Canadian AIDS Society|accessdate=2015-08-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163119/http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|archivedate=2015年9月23日}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guokr.com/article/438003/|title=Facebook的56个非传统性别，都是啥意思？|work=果壳网|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref>


'''无性别'''（{{Lang|en|Agender}}）没有发育性别或认为自身不属于任何一种性别，对任何性别认同都没有归属。无性别者认为自身不存在性别这一属性，或认为性别不是自身的核心特质。无性别者有时也使用“沒有性别”（{{Lang|en|genderless}}）或“去性別”（{{Lang|en|ungendered}}）等类似词语表达自己的性别认同，不认同传统二元性别观念的无性别者也会使用“中性”（{{Lang|en|Neutrois}}）一词。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#agender|title=Definition of Terms|work=Gender Equality Source Center of UC Berkeley|accessdate=2015-08-04|archive-date=2015-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729215742/http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#agender|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/15/the-complete-glossary-of-facebook-s-51-gender-options.html|title=What Each of Facebook’s 51 New Gender Options Means|work=The Daily Beast|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|title=Trans Needs Assessment Report|work=Canadian AIDS Society|accessdate=2015-08-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163119/http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|archivedate=2015年9月23日|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guokr.com/article/438003/|title=Facebook的56个非传统性别，都是啥意思？|work=果壳网|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref>無性別沒有特定的人稱代名詞，通常還是使用單數的形式，但不是默認的。<ref>{{cite web|title = What Does "Agender" Mean? 6 Things To Know About People With Non-Binary Identities|url = http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|last=Sojwal|first=Senti|website = [[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|date=16 September 2015|access-date = 22 February 2016}}</ref>
'''无性别'''（{{Lang|en|Agender}}）没有发育性别或认为自身不属于任何一种性别，对任何性别认同都没有归属。无性别者认为自身不存在性别这一属性，或认为性别不是自身的核心特质。无性别者有时也使用“沒有性别”（{{Lang|en|genderless}}）或“去性別”（{{Lang|en|ungendered}}）等类似词语表达自己的性别认同，不认同传统二元性别观念的无性别者也会使用“中性”（{{Lang|en|Neutrois}}）一词。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#agender|title=Definition of Terms|work=Gender Equality Source Center of UC Berkeley|accessdate=2015-08-04|archive-date=2015-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729215742/http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#agender|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/15/the-complete-glossary-of-facebook-s-51-gender-options.html|title=What Each of Facebook’s 51 New Gender Options Means|work=The Daily Beast|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|title=Trans Needs Assessment Report|work=Canadian AIDS Society|accessdate=2015-08-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163119/http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|archivedate=2015年9月23日}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guokr.com/article/438003/|title=Facebook的56个非传统性别，都是啥意思？|work=果壳网|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref>無性別沒有特定的人稱代名詞，通常還是使用單數的形式，但不是默認的。<ref>{{cite web|title = What Does "Agender" Mean? 6 Things To Know About People With Non-Binary Identities|url = http://www.bustle.com/articles/109255-what-does-agender-mean-6-things-to-know-about-people-with-non-binary-identities|last=Sojwal|first=Senti|website = [[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|date=2015-09-16|access-date = 2016-02-22}}</ref>


'''双性别'''（{{Lang|en|Bigender}}）是包含兩種性別身份或性別表現的性別認同。雙性別通常认为自己既是[[男性]]又是[[女性]]，是男女两种性别的结合体，可以同時具有兩個不同的性別認同或在两者之间切换。双性别并不一定是男女各占一半的均匀混合。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#bigender|title=Definition of Terms|work=Gender Equality Source Center of UC Berkeley|accessdate=2015-08-04|archive-date=2015-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729215742/http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#bigender|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/15/the-complete-glossary-of-facebook-s-51-gender-options.html|title=What Each of Facebook’s 51 New Gender Options Means|work=The Daily Beast|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|title=Trans Needs Assessment Report|work=Canadian AIDS Society|accessdate=2015-08-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163119/http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|archivedate=2015年9月23日|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guokr.com/article/438003/|title=Facebook的56个非传统性别，都是啥意思？|work=果壳网|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref>這與認同為流體性別不同，因為那些認同為流體性別的人可能不會在任何固定的性別認同之間來回切換，並且隨著時間的流逝會經歷整個認同範圍或光譜。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid/|title=Billy Dee Williams: What is gender fluid?|date=2019-12-02|website=Monsters and Critics|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary/|title=This is the term for people who aren't exclusively male or female|date=2018-04-26|website=PinkNews - Gay news, reviews and comment from the world's most read lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans news service|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref>
'''双性别'''（{{Lang|en|Bigender}}）是包含兩種性別身份或性別表現的性別認同。雙性別通常认为自己既是[[男性]]又是[[女性]]，是男女两种性别的结合体，可以同時具有兩個不同的性別認同或在两者之间切换。双性别并不一定是男女各占一半的均匀混合。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#bigender|title=Definition of Terms|work=Gender Equality Source Center of UC Berkeley|accessdate=2015-08-04|archive-date=2015-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729215742/http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#bigender|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/15/the-complete-glossary-of-facebook-s-51-gender-options.html|title=What Each of Facebook’s 51 New Gender Options Means|work=The Daily Beast|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|title=Trans Needs Assessment Report|work=Canadian AIDS Society|accessdate=2015-08-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163119/http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Transgender/Educational/TransNeedsAssessmentReport.pdf|archivedate=2015年9月23日}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guokr.com/article/438003/|title=Facebook的56个非传统性别，都是啥意思？|work=果壳网|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref>這與認同為流體性別不同，因為那些認同為流體性別的人可能不會在任何固定的性別認同之間來回切換，並且隨著時間的流逝會經歷整個認同範圍或光譜。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/billy-dee-williams-what-is-gender-fluid/|title=Billy Dee Williams: What is gender fluid?|date=2019-12-02|website=Monsters and Critics|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/04/26/non-binary/|title=This is the term for people who aren't exclusively male or female|date=2018-04-26|website=PinkNews - Gay news, reviews and comment from the world's most read lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans news service|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref>


'''流體性別'''（{{Lang|en|Genderfluid}}）认为自己的性别认同是动态变化的，并非局限于特定的一种，而是在兩者或以上的状态之間流動。这一流动是在连续的[[性别认同]]光谱上变化的，不一定是传统[[性别]]。性别流性人认为自己在连续的[[性别光谱]]上没有确定的位置。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#genderfluid|title=Definition of Terms|work=Gender Equality Source Center of UC Berkeley|accessdate=2015-08-04|archive-date=2015-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729215742/http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#genderfluid|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/15/the-complete-glossary-of-facebook-s-51-gender-options.html|title=What Each of Facebook’s 51 New Gender Options Means|work=The Daily Beast|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guokr.com/article/438003/|title=Facebook的56个非传统性别，都是啥意思？|work=果壳网|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a28865/ruby-rose-oitnb/|title=OITNB'S RUBY ROSE SCHOOLS US ON GENDER FLUIDITY|work=Elle|date=2015-01-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref>流體性別人士可能認同自己是“雙性別”，在男性和女性之間轉換，以及或者是“三性别”（{{Lang|en|Trigender}}）认为自己同时是[[男性]]、[[女性]]和X性別，是这三种性别的混合体，可以在三者之间切换。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icidr.org/jres_vol3no2_august2012/Gender%20Balance%20in%20the%20Light%20of%20Culture%20and%20Scripture.pdf|title=Gender Balance in the Light of Culture and Scripture|work=Department of Religious Studies Babcock University|last=Umahi|first=G. A.|accessdate=2015-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Palgrave Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality and Gender|editor=Christina Richards, Meg John Barker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENW_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false|pages=166|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2015-04-29}}</ref>
'''流體性別'''（{{Lang|en|Genderfluid}}）认为自己的性别认同是动态变化的，并非局限于特定的一种，而是在兩者或以上的状态之間流動。这一流动是在连续的[[性别认同]]光谱上变化的，不一定是传统[[性别]]。性别流性人认为自己在连续的[[性别光谱]]上没有确定的位置。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#genderfluid|title=Definition of Terms|work=Gender Equality Source Center of UC Berkeley|accessdate=2015-08-04|archive-date=2015-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729215742/http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#genderfluid|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/15/the-complete-glossary-of-facebook-s-51-gender-options.html|title=What Each of Facebook’s 51 New Gender Options Means|work=The Daily Beast|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guokr.com/article/438003/|title=Facebook的56个非传统性别，都是啥意思？|work=果壳网|date=2014-02-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a28865/ruby-rose-oitnb/|title=OITNB'S RUBY ROSE SCHOOLS US ON GENDER FLUIDITY|work=Elle|date=2015-01-15|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref>流體性別人士可能認同自己是“雙性別”，在男性和女性之間轉換，以及或者是“三性别”（{{Lang|en|Trigender}}）认为自己同时是[[男性]]、[[女性]]和X性別，是这三种性别的混合体，可以在三者之间切换。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icidr.org/jres_vol3no2_august2012/Gender%20Balance%20in%20the%20Light%20of%20Culture%20and%20Scripture.pdf|title=Gender Balance in the Light of Culture and Scripture|work=Department of Religious Studies Babcock University|last=Umahi|first=G. A.|accessdate=2015-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Palgrave Handbook of the Psychology of Sexuality and Gender|editor=Christina Richards, Meg John Barker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENW_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false|pages=166|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2015-04-29}}</ref>
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{{gallery|mode=nolines|whitebg=y|height=100
|File:Transgender_Pride_flag.svg|[[跨性別旗|跨性別驕傲旗]]，白色的部分代表非二元人士<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/we-have-a-navy-veteran-to-thank-for-the-transgender-pride-flag_us_5978c060e4b0e201d57a711f | title = We Have A Navy Veteran To Thank For The Transgender Pride Flag | first1 = Emma | last1 = Gray | first2 = Alanna | last2 = Vagianos | work = Huffington Post | date = July 27, 2017 | accessdate = 2017-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/bransonlb/the-veteran-who-created-the-trans-pride-flag-reacts-to | title = The Veteran Who Created The Trans Pride Flag Reacts To Trump's Trans Military Ban | first = Branson | last = LB | work = Buzzfeed | date = July 26, 2017 | accessdate = 2018-08-31}}</ref>|alt1=Trans pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of (from top to bottom) light blue, pink, white (which represents nonbinary people), pink and light blue.
|File:Transgender_Pride_flag.svg|[[跨性別旗|跨性別驕傲旗]]，白色的部分代表非二元人士<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/we-have-a-navy-veteran-to-thank-for-the-transgender-pride-flag_us_5978c060e4b0e201d57a711f | title = We Have A Navy Veteran To Thank For The Transgender Pride Flag | first1 = Emma | last1 = Gray | first2 = Alanna | last2 = Vagianos | work = Huffington Post | date = 2017-07-27 | accessdate = 2017-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/bransonlb/the-veteran-who-created-the-trans-pride-flag-reacts-to | title = The Veteran Who Created The Trans Pride Flag Reacts To Trump's Trans Military Ban | first = Branson | last = LB | work = Buzzfeed | date = 2017-07-26 | accessdate = 2018-08-31}}</ref>|alt1=Trans pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of (from top to bottom) light blue, pink, white (which represents nonbinary people), pink and light blue.
|File:Agender pride flag.svg|無性別驕傲旗|alt2=Agender pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, black, grey, white, green, white, grey, and black.
|File:Agender pride flag.svg|無性別驕傲旗|alt2=Agender pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, black, grey, white, green, white, grey, and black.
|File:Genderfluidity Pride-Flag.svg|流體性別驕傲旗|alt3=Genderfluid pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, pink, white, purple, black, and blue.
|File:Genderfluidity Pride-Flag.svg|流體性別驕傲旗|alt3=Genderfluid pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, pink, white, purple, black, and blue.

於 2021年6月25日 (五) 23:24 的修訂

系列條目
跨性別專題
     
性別認同
保健和醫藥
權益問題
社群和文化
理論和概念
參見
LGBT主題
跨性別主題

非二元性別（英語：Non-binary gender）、性別酷兒（英語：genderqueer）和X性別（日語：Xジェンダー）是指一系列不完全是男性或女性的性別認同，這些身份在男性或女性的分類以外。[1]非二元性別可以歸類在跨性別的傘式術語之下，因為許多非二元性別人士的性別認同與其指定性別不同，[2]可稱為「MtX」或「FtX」。然而，並不是所有的雙性人的性別認同為X性別，或認定自己是跨性別X性別人士。[3]

非二元性別可能介於傳統定義上男性和女性表現之間（中性），認同兩者兼具或兩者以上的性別（雙性別、三性別、泛性別），[4][5]認為自己沒有性別（無性別、去性別），在兩者或以上的性別認同之間流動（流體性別），[6]其他跨性別相關情況、其他無法定義、或自己不去定義等。[7]

基本上性別認同與性取向或浪漫取向是分開的，[8]非二元性別就和順性別一樣，有各種性取向。[9]非二元性別與特定的性別表現（例如，雙性性格）沒有關連。非二元性別作為一個整體具有各種各樣的性別表現，而一些人會拒絕所有的性別身份。

術語

定義

術語性別酷兒一詞起源於1980年代的酷兒雜誌，是非二元性別一詞的前身。[10]除了作為傘式術語之外，在西方國家中酷兒是指奇怪、變態的意思，作為違反性別規範界限的人。[11]挑戰性別的二元社會結構的人經常使用性別酷兒作為自我認同。[12]

該術語也應用到了雙性性格的性別。[13]這是因為雙性性格對應上了社會定義的男性表現和女性表現的混合。[14]但是，並不是所有的性別酷兒都認為自己是雙性性格。一些性別酷兒認同自己是一個陽剛的女人或陰柔的男人或是X性別與其他的性別結合在一起。[15]

許多參考文獻中都使用跨性別來包括非二元性別、性別酷兒和X性別。[16][17][18]人權戰線基金會使用非二元性別術語去傳達「比普遍與二元性別體系相關的性別認同和性別表現方式更廣泛，更靈活的範圍」。[19]

認同

X性別中存在一些不同性別認同的類別。代表的有四種：混合性別、雙性別、流體性別、無性別。[20]其中，雙性別或流體性別的性別認同往往是根據時間和場合而變化，流動性較高。當然，沒有人有必要接受這四種類別的約束。

混合性別（Demigender）是一個人的性別認同，部分或大部分是一種性別，同時又有另一種性別混合在一起。在這個性別中有數個子類別。例如不討論出生時的指定性別，一個半男性，至少部分認同自己是個半男性，其餘的部分可能會認同自己是其他的性別（流體性別或無性別）。[21][22]混合性別人士可能認同自己是「泛性別」（Pangender），認為自己有任何性別，是所有或多種性別特質的混合體。這其中並不一定是傳統的二元性別。[23][24][25][26]

無性別（Agender）沒有發育性別或認為自身不屬於任何一種性別，對任何性別認同都沒有歸屬。無性別者認為自身不存在性別這一屬性，或認為性別不是自身的核心特質。無性別者有時也使用「沒有性別」（genderless）或「去性別」（ungendered）等類似詞語表達自己的性別認同，不認同傳統二元性別觀念的無性別者也會使用「中性」（Neutrois）一詞。[27][28][29][30]無性別沒有特定的人稱代名詞，通常還是使用單數的形式，但不是默認的。[31]

雙性別（Bigender）是包含兩種性別身份或性別表現的性別認同。雙性別通常認為自己既是男性又是女性，是男女兩種性別的結合體，可以同時具有兩個不同的性別認同或在兩者之間切換。雙性別並不一定是男女各佔一半的均勻混合。[32][33][34][35]這與認同為流體性別不同，因為那些認同為流體性別的人可能不會在任何固定的性別認同之間來回切換，並且隨着時間的流逝會經歷整個認同範圍或光譜。[36][37]

流體性別（Genderfluid）認為自己的性別認同是動態變化的，並非局限於特定的一種，而是在兩者或以上的狀態之間流動。這一流動是在連續的性別認同光譜上變化的，不一定是傳統性別。性別流性人認為自己在連續的性別光譜上沒有確定的位置。[38][39][40][41]流體性別人士可能認同自己是「雙性別」，在男性和女性之間轉換，以及或者是「三性別」（Trigender）認為自己同時是男性、女性和X性別，是這三種性別的混合體，可以在三者之間切換。[42][43]

性傾向

X性別認同的人可自認為是泛性戀、無性戀、性單戀等非傳統性傾向。因為為社會上普遍沒有對雙性人建立性別角色，所以沒有雙性人同性戀，也不一定會將一位男性或女性與一位X性別的戀愛當作異性戀。儘管他們的性別認同是X性別，但他們常常面臨根據指定性別的異性戀、男同性戀、女同性戀的性傾向指定。換句話說，對於性別認同不是男或女的X性別來說，性取向意味着理論上不太會認同自己是異性戀或同性戀。

符號 

主條目：LGBT符號
  • Trans pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of (from top to bottom) light blue, pink, white (which represents nonbinary people), pink and light blue.
    跨性別驕傲旗，白色的部分代表非二元人士[44][45]
  • Agender pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, black, grey, white, green, white, grey, and black.
    無性別驕傲旗
  • Genderfluid pride flag, made up of horizontal stripes of, from top to bottom, pink, white, purple, black, and blue.
    流體性別驕傲旗
  • Genderqueer pride flag, made up of three horizontal stripes, which are, from top to bottom, purple, white, and green.
    性別酷兒驕傲旗
  • Non-binary pride flag, made up of four horizontal stripes, which are, from top to bottom, yellow, white, purple, and black.
    非二元驕傲旗
  • Upside down female symbol with an x instead of a cross.
    非二元性別符號

參考文獻

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取自 "https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=非二元性別&oldid=66272474"