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小塔螺科：修订间差异

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{{notmandarin|time=2017-11-26T06:18:51+00:00}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Turbonilla acutissima.png
| image = Turbonilla acutissima.png
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| image2 = Pyramidella maculosa - D'Orbigny.jpg
| image2 = Pyramidella maculosa - D'Orbigny.jpg
| image2_caption = Apertural view of a [[gastropod shell|shell]] of ''[[Pyramidella acus]]''
| image2_caption = Apertural view of a [[gastropod shell|shell]] of ''[[Pyramidella acus]]''
| taxon = Pyramidellidae
| taxon = Pyramidellidae | display_parents = 5
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1840<ref>{{cite book|last = Gray|first = J. E.|title = Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, 42nd edition|publisher = London|year = 1840|isbn = |page = 370 pp}}</ref>
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1840<ref name="Gray 1840">{{cite book|last = Gray|first = J. E.|title = Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, 42nd edition|publisher = London|year = 1840|isbn = |page = 370 pp}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''小塔螺科'''{{r|qdhys}}（學名：{{lang|la|Pyramidellidae}}），亦作'''尖塔螺科'''或簡單只叫'''[[塔螺科]]'''，是[[軟體動物門]][[腹足綱]]下的一個[[科 (生物)|科]]。舊屬[[腸紐目]]（Heterostropha，又譯[[異旋目]]）{{r|qdhys}}，成員主要是營[[寄生]]生活的小型[[海螺]]。
'''小塔螺科'''（學名：{{lang|la|Pyramidellidae}}）, [[common name]] the '''pyram family''', or '''pyramid shells''', is a voluminous [[taxonomic]] [[family (biology)|family]] of mostly small and minute [[ectoparasite|ectoparasitic]] [[sea snail]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[Heterobranchia|heterobranch]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusc]]s. The great majority of species of pyrams are [[micromollusc]]s.


小塔螺科分佈於整個世界，有超過六千個不同的物種，合組成超過350個屬與亞屬{{r|Odostomiinae}}。由於本科物種皆屬於{{link-en|微小貝類|micromollusk}}，相關研究都比較少，而這些物種間的{{link-en|支序親緣關係|phylogenetic}}都未有好好處理。
小塔螺科的物種分佈於整個世界，有超過六千個不同的物種，合組成超過350個屬與亞屬{{r|Odostomiinae}}。由於本科物種皆屬於[[微小貝]]，相關研究少，物種間{{link-en|支序親緣關係|phylogenetic}}並不十分清楚，大眾對於各物種的歸屬也沒有共識。舉例說：單單是 Schander (1999) 就列出了超過300個屬級以上的分類單元命名，並將這些分類單元整理{{r|Schander etal 2011}}。由於近年本科在世界各地各個屬的分類未再有可一般化的修訂，這個科內各個分類單元仍然保持是[[多系群]]，也就是說這些分類的混亂還有一段時間。然而，從整個科來看仍然是個[[單系群]]{{r|Dinapoli 2010}}。
There is an absence of a general consensus regarding which species belong to a specific genus or subgenus, contributing to much confusion. Schander (1999) names more than 300 supraspecific names.<ref name="Schander etal 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Schander|first1=Christoffer|last2=Hori|first2=Shigeo|last3=Lundberg|first3=Joakim|title=Anatomy, phylogeny and biology of ''Odostomella'' and ''Herviera'', with the description of a new species of ''Odostomella'' (Mollusca, Heterostropha, Pyramidellidae) |journal=Ophelia |date=2011 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=39–76 |doi=10.1080/00785326.1999.10409399}}</ref> As there has been no serious generic revision of the genera worldwide, generic [[polyphyly]] can be expected to be rampant throughout the family. However, the family itself is deemed monophyletic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dinapoli|first1=A.|last2=Zinssmeister|first2=C.|last3=Klussmann-Kolb|first3=A.|title=New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda)|journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies |date=2010 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1093/mollus/eyq027}}</ref>


==分類==
本科物種主要分為11個亞科（[[Winston Ponder|Ponder]] & [[David R. Lindberg|Lindberg]] 1997）<ref name="Ponder 1997"/>。An alternative interpretation is that the family Pyramidellidae is but one of six families within the superfamily [[Pyramidelloidea]] ([[Christoffer Schander|Schander]], van Aartsen & Corgan 1999).<ref name="Schander1999"/> Many species are rare or infrequently recorded.
本科物種主要分為11個亞科（[[Winston Ponder|Ponder]] & [[David R. Lindberg|Lindberg]] 1997）<ref name="Ponder 1997"/>。An alternative interpretation is that the family Pyramidellidae is but one of six families within the superfamily [[Pyramidelloidea]] ([[Christoffer Schander|Schander]], van Aartsen & Corgan 1999).<ref name="Schander1999"/>
當中有不少罕見或不常紀錄的物種。


==亞科==
本科之下的亞科在不同年代刊行的分類學文獻都有所不同，當中最為普遍的分類是[[布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)|2005年的布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類]]{{r|Bouchet 2005}}。以下詳列自1997年以來多個分類間的差異。
本科之下的亞科在不同年代刊行的分類學文獻都有所不同，當中最為普遍的分類是[[布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)|2005年的布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類]]{{r|Bouchet 2005}}。以下詳列自1997年以來多個分類間的差異。


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===1999年分類===
===1999年分類===
Taxonomy of Pyramidellidae by [[Christoffer Schander|Schander]], Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999):<ref name="Schander1999">{{cite journal
Taxonomy of Pyramidellidae by [[Christoffer Schander|Schander]], Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999):<ref name="Schander1999">{{cite journal
|last1 = Schander
| author = Schander, C. | author2 = van Aartsen, J.J. | author3 = Corgan, J. X.
|first1 = C.
| author-link = Christoffer Schander
|authorlink1 = Christoffer Schander
⚫
| year = 1999 |orig-year= 1998
|last2 = van Aartsen
⚫
| title = Families and genera of the Pyramidelloidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
|first2 = J.J.
⚫
| journal = Bollettino Malacologico
| volume = 34
|last3 = Corgan
| issue = 9-12
|first3 = J. X.
|year = 1999
⚫
| pages = 145–166
⚫
|orig-year = 1998
⚫
| url = http://www.societaitalianadimalacologia.it/Bollettino/Bollettino%201998/Boll.%20Mal.%201998%20145-166.pdf
⚫
|title = Families and genera of the Pyramidelloidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
| doi =
⚫
|journal = Bollettino Malacologico
⚫
}}</ref>
|volume = 34
|issue = 9-12
⚫
|pages = 145–166
⚫
|url = http://www.societaitalianadimalacologia.it/Bollettino/Bollettino%201998/Boll.%20Mal.%201998%20145-166.pdf
|doi =
|access-date = 2017-11-25
|archive-date = 2017-02-11
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170211085148/http://www.societaitalianadimalacologia.it/Bollettino/Bollettino%201998/Boll.%20Mal.%201998%20145-166.pdf
|dead-url = no
⚫
}}</ref>
*Superfamily [[Pyramidelloidea]] Gray, 1840
*Superfamily [[Pyramidelloidea]] Gray, 1840
**Family [[Amathinidae]] [[Winston Ponder|Ponder]], 1987
**Family [[Amathinidae]] [[Winston Ponder|Ponder]], 1987
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===2005年分類===
===2005年分類===
本科在[[布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)]]的分類如下{{r|Bouchet 2005}}：
在2005年《[[布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)|布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類]]》，原來小塔螺總科之下的各科均被降級成為新的小塔螺科的亞科；而各科之下的亞科亦變成了各個亞科之下的族。這些變更總結如下{{r|Bouchet 2005}}：
*Subfamily [[Pyramidellinae]] Gray, 1840
*Subfamily [[Pyramidellinae]] Gray, 1840
**Tribe Pyramidellini Gray, 1840 - synonyms: Obeliscidae [[Arthur Adams (zoologist)|A. Adams]], 1863 (inv.); Plotiidae Focart, 1951 (inv.)
**Tribe Pyramidellini Gray, 1840 - synonyms: Obeliscidae [[Arthur Adams (zoologist)|A. Adams]], 1863 (inv.); Plotiidae Focart, 1951 (inv.)
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2010年，本科得到確認為[[單系群]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dinapoli|first=Angela |author2=Carmen Zinnsmeister |author3=Annette Klussmann-Kolb|title=New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda)|journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies|date=10 September 2010|volume=77|issue=1|pages=1–7|doi=10.1093/mollus/eyq027|url=http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/77/1/1.abstract|accessdate=2011-10-25}}</ref>。
2010年，本科得到確認為[[單系群]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dinapoli|first=Angela |author2=Carmen Zinnsmeister |author3=Annette Klussmann-Kolb|title=New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda)|journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies|date=10 September 2010|volume=77|issue=1|pages=1–7|doi=10.1093/mollus/eyq027|url=http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/77/1/1.abstract|accessdate=2011-10-25}}</ref>。


2017年，the genus ''[[Helodiamea]]'' <small>Peñas & Rolán, 2017</small> of deep-water Pyramidelloidea from the Central and South Pacific, was recognized.<ref> Bouchet, P. (2017). Helodiamea Peñas & Rolán, 2017. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=955936 on 2017-09-10 </ref>。
2017年，棲息於[[中太平洋|中]][[南太平洋]]深海的[[塔螺總科]]新屬''[[Helodiamea]]''屬 <small>Peñas & Rolán, 2017</small>得到確認<ref name="WoRMS_955936">Bouchet, P. (2017). Helodiamea Peñas & Rolán, 2017. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=955936 {{Wayback|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=955936 |date=20170910220430 }} on 2017-09-10</ref>。

{{as of|2018|7|9}}，[[WoRMS]]紀錄小塔螺科包括下列各亞科與族{{r|WoRMS_162}}：
* Subfamily [[Cyclostremellinae]] {{small|D. R. Moore, 1966}}
* Subfamily Odostomiinae Pelseneer, 1928
** Tribe Chrysallidini Saurin, 1958
** Tribe Cyclostremellini D. R. Moore, 1966
** Tribe Odostomiini Pelseneer, 1928
* Subfamily Pyramidellinae
** Tribe Pyramidellini Gray, 1840
** Tribe Sayellini Wise, 1996
* Subfamily Syrnolinae Saurin, 1958
** Tribe Syrnolini Saurin, 1958
** Tribe Tiberiini Saurin, 1958
* Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849


===有問題的分類元===
==Problematic taxa==
The following genera are currently difficult to place within existing [[Taxon|subtaxa]] of the Pyramidellidae.
The following genera are currently difficult to place within existing [[Taxon|subtaxa]] of the Pyramidellidae.
* ''[[Charilda]]'' Iredale, 1929
* ''[[Charilda]]'' Iredale, 1929
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* ''[[Eulimotibera]]'' Nomura, 1939{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
* ''[[Eulimotibera]]'' Nomura, 1939{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
* ''[[Morrisonetta]]'' Brandt, 1968{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
* ''[[Morrisonetta]]'' Brandt, 1968{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
* ''[[Peristichia]]'' Dall, 1889<ref>WoRMS (2010). ''Peristichia''. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415795 on 2011-03-15</ref>
* ''[[Peristichia]]'' Dall, 1889<ref>WoRMS (2010). ''Peristichia''. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415795 {{Wayback|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415795 |date=20121105154454 }} on 2011-03-15</ref>
* ''[[Ulfa]]'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
* ''[[Ulfa]]'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
* ''[[Vagna]]'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
* ''[[Vagna]]'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
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* ''[[Epigrus insularis|"Epigrus" insularis]]'' [[Walter Oliver|Oliver]], 1915
* ''[[Epigrus insularis|"Epigrus" insularis]]'' [[Walter Oliver|Oliver]], 1915


==異名==
===異名===
下列為本科分類單元的異名：
The following genera have become synonyms (but some species in this genera have not yet been reassigned) :
* ''Actaeopyramis'' P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''[[Monotigma]]'' G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
* ''Actaeopyramis'' P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''[[Monotigma]]'' G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
* ''Amaura'' Møller, 1842: synonym of ''[[Aartsenia]]'' Warén, 1991
* ''Amaura'' Møller, 1842: synonym of ''[[Aartsenia]]'' Warén, 1991
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* ''Tropeas'' [sic] accepted as ''[[Tropaeas]]'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904
* ''Tropeas'' [sic] accepted as ''[[Tropaeas]]'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904


==Distribution==
==分佈==
⚫
本物種有世界性分佈，但當中不少物種都只在相當細小範圍內分佈。在[[佛得角]]的各物種均為當地的[[特有種]]<ref name="Aartsen">{{cite book |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/44074 |first1=J.J. |last1=van Aartsen |first2=E. |last2=Gittenberger |first3=J. |last3=Goud |title=Pyramidellidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) collected during the Dutch CANCAP and MAURITANIA expeditions in the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean (part 2) |language=en |access-date=2017-11-25 |archive-date=2015-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409035328/http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/44074 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
This family is found worldwide, but many species are only found in relatively small geographical ranges. The species found at the [[Cape Verdes]] are mainly [[Endemism|endemic]] species.
⚫
<ref name="Aartsen">[http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/44074 J.J. van Aartsen, E. Gittenberger & J. Goud, Pyramidellidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) collected during the Dutch CANCAP and MAURITANIA expeditions in the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean (part 2)]</ref>


==型態描述==
==Shell description==
The length of the slender, elongated (turreted or conical) shells varies between 0.5&nbsp;mm and 3.5&nbsp;cm, but most species in the family have shells which are smaller than 13&nbsp;mm.
The length of the slender, elongated (turreted or conical) shells varies between 0.5&nbsp;mm and 3.5&nbsp;cm, but most species in the family have shells which are smaller than 13&nbsp;mm.


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The [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]] is ovoid and paucispiral, with the apex anterior, a thread-like arcuate ridge on the proximal side, the inner margin notched in harmony with the plaits of the pillar when prominent.
The [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]] is ovoid and paucispiral, with the apex anterior, a thread-like arcuate ridge on the proximal side, the inner margin notched in harmony with the plaits of the pillar when prominent.


==Life habits==
==習性==
The Pyramidellidae are [[ectoparasite]]s, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid [[worm]]s, but some are known to feed on [[Sipuncula|peanut worms]] and [[crustacean]]s.<ref>{{cite journal
The Pyramidellidae are [[ectoparasite]]s, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid [[worm]]s, but some are known to feed on [[Sipuncula|peanut worms]] and [[crustacean]]s.<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Sneli, J.-A.
| author = Sneli, J.-A.
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| year = 1979
| year = 1979
| title = The ectoparasitism of ''Boonea'' and ''Fargoa'' (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae)
| title = The ectoparasitism of ''Boonea'' and ''Fargoa'' (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae)
| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-bulletin_1979-10_157_2/page/320
| journal = Biological Bulletin
| journal = Biological Bulletin
| volume = 157
| volume = 157
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| jstor = 1541058
| jstor = 1541058
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
A few species in the family Pyramidellidae, such as ''[[Otopleura mitralis]]'', are [[symbiotic]] with [[sea anemone]]s, such as ''[[Neoaiptasia morbilla]]''.<ref>[http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/pdf/goodwill%20et%20al.2009%20symbiosis.pdf Roger H. Goodwill ''et. al.'' (2009), ''A sea anemone symbiotic with gastropods of eight species in the Mariana Islands''; Micronesica 41(1): 117–130, 2009]</ref>
A few species in the family Pyramidellidae, such as ''[[Otopleura mitralis]]'', are [[symbiotic]] with [[sea anemone]]s, such as ''[[Neoaiptasia morbilla]]''.<ref>[http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/pdf/goodwill%20et%20al.2009%20symbiosis.pdf Roger H. Goodwill ''et. al.'' (2009), ''A sea anemone symbiotic with gastropods of eight species in the Mariana Islands''; Micronesica 41(1): 117–130, 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618154901/http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/pdf/goodwill%20et%20al.2009%20symbiosis.pdf |date=2010-06-18 }}</ref>


They do not have a [[radula]]. Instead their long [[proboscis]] is used to pierce the skin of its prey and suck up its fluids and soft tissues. The eyes on the grooved tentacles are situated toward the base of the tentacles. These tentacles have a concave surface. Between the head and the propodium (the foremost division of the foot), a lobed process called the [[mentum]] (= thin projection) is visible. This mentum is slightly indented in midline.
They do not have a [[radula]]. Instead their long [[proboscis]] is used to pierce the skin of its prey and suck up its fluids and soft tissues. The eyes on the grooved tentacles are situated toward the base of the tentacles. These tentacles have a concave surface. Between the head and the propodium (the foremost division of the foot), a lobed process called the [[mentum]] (= thin projection) is visible. This mentum is slightly indented in midline.
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>


==語源==
==Name derived from shape==
本科的學名源於[[金字塔]]的英語''pyramid''，而這亦是這些物種普遍的外型{{r|Tenney et al 1875}}。
The name of this taxonomic family comes from the shape of the shell, which is like a [[pyramid]].<ref>Tenney, Sanborn and Tenney, Abby. ''[https://archive.org/details/naturalhistorya04tenngoog Natural history of animals; Containing brief descriptions of the animals figured on Tenney's Natural history tablets, but complete without the tablets]'', p. 202 (Scribner, Armstrong & Co., 1875): "The Pyramid-Shells are so named from their shape"</ref> More specifically, the shape is like a right circular [[cone]],<ref>Step, Edward. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CfQLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA250 Shell Life: An Introduction to the British Mollusca]'', p. 250 (F. Warne & Company, 1901).</ref> which is equivalent to a [[pyramid (geometry)|right pyramid]] whose base has many sides.<ref>Robbins, Edward. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0vtCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA349 Plane and Solid Geometry]'', p. 349 (American Book Company, 1907).</ref>
準確點說：這些物種都呈[[正圓錐體]]的模樣{{r|Step 1901}}，又或是正多邊形的[[錐體]]{{r|Robbins 1907}}。


==參考文獻==
==參考文獻==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Bouchet 2005">{{Bouchet 2005}}</ref>
<ref name="Bouchet 2005">{{Bouchet 2005}}</ref>
<ref name="Dinapoli 2010">{{cite journal
⚫
<ref name="Odostomiinae">{{cite journal|last1=Schander|first1=Christoffer|last2=Halanych|first2=Kenneth M.|last3=Dahlgren|first3=Thomas|last4=Sundberg|first4=Per|title=Test of the monophyly of Odostomiinae and Turbonilliinae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Pyramidellidae) based on 16S mtDNA sequences|journal=Zoologica Scripta|date=2003|volume=32|issue=3|pages=243–254|doi=10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00112.x | url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/zsc/2003/00000032/00000003/art00003 |author-link=Christoffer Schander}}</ref>
|last1=Dinapoli|first1=A.
|last2=Zinssmeister|first2=C.
|last3=Klussmann-Kolb|first3=A.
|title=New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda)
|journal=''[[Journal of Molluscan Studies]]''
|date=2010
|volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=1–7
|doi=10.1093/mollus/eyq027}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Odostomiinae">{{cite journal|last1=Schander|first1=Christoffer|last2=Halanych|first2=Kenneth M.|last3=Dahlgren|first3=Thomas|last4=Sundberg|first4=Per|title=Test of the monophyly of Odostomiinae and Turbonilliinae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Pyramidellidae) based on 16S mtDNA sequences|journal=Zoologica Scripta|date=2003|volume=32|issue=3|pages=243–254|doi=10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00112.x|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/zsc/2003/00000032/00000003/art00003|author-link=Christoffer Schander|access-date=2017-11-25|archive-date=2005-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219094836/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/zsc/2003/00000032/00000003/art00003|dead-url=no}}</ref>
<ref name="Ponder 1997">{{Ponder 1997}}</ref>
<ref name="Ponder 1997">{{Ponder 1997}}</ref>
<ref name="qdhys">{{cite journal
<ref name="qdhys">{{cite journal
|url=http://qdhys.ijournal.cn/hykx/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20111022
|url=http://qdhys.ijournal.cn/hykx/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20111022
|author1=[[陈志云 (动物学家)]] |author2=[[张素萍]]
|author1=[[陈志云 (动物学家)|陈志云]] |author2=[[张素萍]]
|year=2011
|year=2011
|title=小塔螺科系统分类学研究现状与展望
|title=小塔螺科系统分类学研究现状与展望
|journal=Marine Sciences |volume=35 |issue=10
|journal=Marine Sciences |volume=35 |issue=10
| language=zh-hans }}</ref>
|language=zh-hans }}</ref>
<ref name="Robbins 1907">{{cite book |last1=Robbins |first1=Edward |url={{google books |id=0vtCAAAAIAAJ |pg=PA349}} |title=Plane and Solid Geometry |page=349 |publisher=American Book Company |year=1907 |language=en }}</ref>
<ref name="Schander etal 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Schander|first1=Christoffer|last2=Hori|first2=Shigeo|last3=Lundberg|first3=Joakim|title=Anatomy, phylogeny and biology of ''Odostomella'' and ''Herviera'', with the description of a new species of ''Odostomella'' (Mollusca, Heterostropha, Pyramidellidae) |journal=Ophelia |date=2011 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=39–76 |doi=10.1080/00785326.1999.10409399}}</ref>
<ref name="Step 1901">{{cite book |last1=Step |first1=Edward |url={{google books |plainurl=yes |id=CfQLAQAAIAAJ |pg=PA250}} |title=Shell Life: An Introduction to the British Mollusca |page=250 |publisher=F. War ne & Company |year=1901 |language=en }}</ref>
<ref name="Tenney et al 1875">{{cite book
|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistorya04tenngoog
|last1=Tenney |first1=Sanborn
|last2=Tenney |first2=Abby
|title=Natural history of animals; Containing brief descriptions of the animals figured on Tenney's Natural history tablets, but complete without the tablets
|page=p. 202 |publisher=Scribner, Armstrong & Co. |year=1875 |language=en
|quote=The Pyramid-Shells are so named from their shape }}</ref>
<ref name="WoRMS_162">{{WoRMS |id=162
|title=Pyramidellidae Gray, 1840 |db=MolluscaBase
|access-date=2018-07-14 }}</ref>
}}
}}


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{{taxonbar}}
{{taxonbar}}
[[Category:Pyramidellidae| ]]
[[Category:小塔螺科| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]
[[Category:Gastropod families]]

2021年11月17日 (三) 19:58的最新版本

小塔螺科
live Turbonilla acutissima
Apertural view of a shell of Pyramidella acus
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 軟體動物門 Mollusca
纲： 腹足纲 Gastropoda
亚纲： 異鰓亞綱 Heterobranchia
下纲： 直神經下綱 Euthyneura
群： 脊側群 Tectipleura
总目： Pylopulmonata Pylopulmonata
总科： 塔螺總科 Pyramidelloidea
科： 小塔螺科 Pyramidellidae
J. E. Gray, 1840[1]

小塔螺科[2]（學名：Pyramidellidae），亦作尖塔螺科或簡單只叫塔螺科，是軟體動物門腹足綱下的一個科。舊屬腸紐目（Heterostropha，又譯異旋目）[2]，成員主要是營寄生生活的小型海螺。

小塔螺科的物種分佈於整個世界，有超過六千個不同的物種，合組成超過350個屬與亞屬[3]。由於本科物種皆屬於微小貝，相關研究少，物種間支序親緣關係（英语：phylogenetic）並不十分清楚，大眾對於各物種的歸屬也沒有共識。舉例說：單單是 Schander (1999) 就列出了超過300個屬級以上的分類單元命名，並將這些分類單元整理[4]。由於近年本科在世界各地各個屬的分類未再有可一般化的修訂，這個科內各個分類單元仍然保持是多系群，也就是說這些分類的混亂還有一段時間。然而，從整個科來看仍然是個單系群[5]。

分類

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本科物種主要分為11個亞科（Ponder & Lindberg 1997）[6]。An alternative interpretation is that the family Pyramidellidae is but one of six families within the superfamily Pyramidelloidea (Schander, van Aartsen & Corgan 1999).[7] 當中有不少罕見或不常紀錄的物種。

本科之下的亞科在不同年代刊行的分類學文獻都有所不同，當中最為普遍的分類是2005年的布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類[8]。以下詳列自1997年以來多個分類間的差異。

1997年分類

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在1997年的旁得和林德伯格的腹足類分類，本科的分類如下[6]：

1999年分類

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Taxonomy of Pyramidellidae by Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999):[7]

2005年分類

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在2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，原來小塔螺總科之下的各科均被降級成為新的小塔螺科的亞科；而各科之下的亞科亦變成了各個亞科之下的族。這些變更總結如下[8]：

  • Subfamily Pyramidellinae Gray, 1840
    • Tribe Pyramidellini Gray, 1840 - synonyms: Obeliscidae A. Adams, 1863 (inv.); Plotiidae Focart, 1951 (inv.)
    • Tribe Sayellini Wise, 1996 - formerly subfamily Sayellinae
  • Subfamily Odostomiinae Pelseneer, 1928
    • Tribe Odostomiini Pelseneer, 1928 - synonyms: Ptychostomonidae Locard, 1886; Liostomiini Schander, Halanych, Dahlgren & Sundberg, 2003 (n.a.)
    • Tribe Chrysallidini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Chrysallidinae, synonyms: Menesthinae Saurin, 1958; Pyrgulininae Saurin, 1959
    • Tribe Cyclostremellini D. R. Moore, 1966 - formerly subfamily Cyclostremellinae
    • Tribe Odostomellini Saurin, 1959 - formerly subfamily Odostomellinae
  • Subfamily Syrnolinae Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Syrnolinae
    • Tribe Syrnolini Saurin, 1958
    • Tribe Tiberiini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Tiberiinae
  • Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849
    • Tribe Turbonillini Bronn, 1849 - synonym: Chemnitziinae Stoliczka, 1868
    • Tribe Cingulinini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Cingulininae
    • Tribe Eulimellini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Eulimellinae
  • Pyramidellidae incertae sedis

往後分類的轉變

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2010年，本科得到確認為單系群[9]。

2017年，棲息於中南太平洋深海的塔螺總科新屬Helodiamea屬 Peñas & Rolán, 2017得到確認[10]。

截至2018年7月9日 (2018-07-09)，WoRMS紀錄小塔螺科包括下列各亞科與族[11]：

  • Subfamily Cyclostremellinae D. R. Moore, 1966
  • Subfamily Odostomiinae Pelseneer, 1928
    • Tribe Chrysallidini Saurin, 1958
    • Tribe Cyclostremellini D. R. Moore, 1966
    • Tribe Odostomiini Pelseneer, 1928
  • Subfamily Pyramidellinae
    • Tribe Pyramidellini Gray, 1840
    • Tribe Sayellini Wise, 1996
  • Subfamily Syrnolinae Saurin, 1958
    • Tribe Syrnolini Saurin, 1958
    • Tribe Tiberiini Saurin, 1958
  • Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849

有問題的分類元

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The following genera are currently difficult to place within existing subtaxa of the Pyramidellidae.

The following species is of uncertain placement within Pyramidellidae.

異名

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下列為本科分類單元的異名：

  • Actaeopyramis P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Monotigma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
  • Amaura Møller, 1842: synonym of Aartsenia Warén, 1991
  • Auriculina Gray, 1847 accepted as Ondina de Folin, 1870
  • Besla Dall & Bartsch, 1904 accepted as Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883
  • Brachystomia Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Odostomia Fleming, 1813
  • Chemnitzia d'Orbigny, 1839: synonym of Turbonilla Risso, 1826
  • Elusa A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Tropaeas Dall & Bartsch, 1904
  • Folinella Dall & Bartsch, 1904: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Iole A. Adams, 1860: synonym of Iolaea A. Adams, 1867
  • Iolina Baily, 1948: synonym of Iolaea A. Adams, 1867
  • Ividella Dall & Bartsch, 1909 accepted as Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Lonchaeus : synonym of Longchaeus Mörch, 1875
  • Moerchiella Thiele, 1924 : synonym of Moerchia A. Adams, 1860
  • Moerchinella Thiele, 1931 accepted as Moerchia A. Adams, 1860
  • Monoptygma: synonym of Monotigma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
  • Monotygma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839: synonym of Monotigma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
  • Noemia de Folin, 1870: synonym of Noemiamea de Folin, 1886
  • Obeliscus Gray, 1847: synonym of Pyramidella Lamarck, 1799
  • Obex Laws, 1940 accepted as Obexomia Laws, 1941
  • Odontostoma Philippi, 1853: synonym of Odostomia Fleming, 1813
  • Odontostomia G.B. Sowerby I, 1839: synonym of Odostomia Fleming, 1813
  • Parthenia Lowe, 1840: synonym of Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883
  • Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Partulida Schaufuss, 1869: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Planipyrgiscus [sic] accepted as Planpyrgiscus Laws, 1937
  • Plotia Röding, 1798: synonym of Pyramidella Lamarck, 1799
  • Ptychostomon Locard, 1886 accepted as Odostomia Fleming, 1813
  • Pyrgulina A. Adams, 1864: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Raoulostraca Oliver, 1915 accepted as Eulimella Forbes & M'Andrew, 1846
  • Tragula Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Tropeas [sic] accepted as Tropaeas Dall & Bartsch, 1904

分佈

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本物種有世界性分佈，但當中不少物種都只在相當細小範圍內分佈。在佛得角的各物種均為當地的特有種[13]。

型態描述

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The length of the slender, elongated (turreted or conical) shells varies between 0.5 mm and 3.5 cm, but most species in the family have shells which are smaller than 13 mm.

The texture of these shells is smooth or sculptured in various forms such as ribs and spirals. Their color is mostly white, cream or yellowish, sometimes with red or brown lines.

The shell of these snails has a blunt, heterostrophic (i.e. whorls appear to be coiled in the opposite direction to those of the teleoconch) protoconch, which is often pointed sideways or wrapped up. The teleoconch is dextrally coiled, but the larval shells are sinistral. This results in a sinistrally coiled protoconch.

The columella has usually one, but sometimes several, spiral folds. The aperture is closed by an operculum.

The operculum is ovoid and paucispiral, with the apex anterior, a thread-like arcuate ridge on the proximal side, the inner margin notched in harmony with the plaits of the pillar when prominent.

習性

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The Pyramidellidae are ectoparasites, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid worms, but some are known to feed on peanut worms and crustaceans.[14][15] A few species in the family Pyramidellidae, such as Otopleura mitralis, are symbiotic with sea anemones, such as Neoaiptasia morbilla.[16]

They do not have a radula. Instead their long proboscis is used to pierce the skin of its prey and suck up its fluids and soft tissues. The eyes on the grooved tentacles are situated toward the base of the tentacles. These tentacles have a concave surface. Between the head and the propodium (the foremost division of the foot), a lobed process called the mentum (= thin projection) is visible. This mentum is slightly indented in midline.

These gastropods are hermaphrodites, laying eggs in jelly-like masses on the shell of its host. Some species have spermatophores.[4][17][18]

語源

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本科的學名源於金字塔的英語pyramid，而這亦是這些物種普遍的外型[19]。 準確點說：這些物種都呈正圓錐體的模樣[20]，又或是正多邊形的錐體[21]。

參考文獻

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  1. ^ Gray, J. E. Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, 42nd edition. London. 1840: 370 pp. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 陈志云; 张素萍. 小塔螺科系统分类学研究现状与展望. Marine Sciences. 2011, 35 (10) （中文（简体））. 
  3. ^ Schander, Christoffer; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Dahlgren, Thomas; Sundberg, Per. Test of the monophyly of Odostomiinae and Turbonilliinae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Pyramidellidae) based on 16S mtDNA sequences. Zoologica Scripta. 2003, 32 (3): 243–254 [2017-11-25]. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00112.x. （原始内容存档于2005-02-19）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Schander, Christoffer; Hori, Shigeo; Lundberg, Joakim. Anatomy, phylogeny and biology of Odostomella and Herviera, with the description of a new species of Odostomella (Mollusca, Heterostropha, Pyramidellidae). Ophelia. 2011, 51 (1): 39–76. doi:10.1080/00785326.1999.10409399. 
  5. ^ Dinapoli, A.; Zinssmeister, C.; Klussmann-Kolb, A. New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 2010, 77 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq027. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Ponder, Winston; Lindberg, David R. Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs; an analysis using morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1997, 119 (2): 83–265. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00137.x （英语）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Schander, C.; van Aartsen, J.J.; Corgan, J. X. Families and genera of the Pyramidelloidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda) (PDF). Bollettino Malacologico. 1999, 34 (9-12): 145–166 [1998] [2017-11-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-02-11）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814. 
  9. ^ Dinapoli, Angela; Carmen Zinnsmeister; Annette Klussmann-Kolb. New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 10 September 2010, 77 (1): 1–7 [2011-10-25]. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq027. 
  10. ^ Bouchet, P. (2017). Helodiamea Peñas & Rolán, 2017. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=955936 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on 2017-09-10
  11. ^ Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (编). Pyramidellidae Gray, 1840. MolluscaBase. [2018-07-14] –通过WoRMS. 
  12. ^ WoRMS (2010). Peristichia. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415795 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on 2011-03-15
  13. ^ van Aartsen, J.J.; Gittenberger, E.; Goud, J. Pyramidellidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) collected during the Dutch CANCAP and MAURITANIA expeditions in the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean (part 2). [2017-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-09） （英语）. 
  14. ^ Sneli, J.-A. Odostomia turrita found on Hommarus gammarus. Nautilus. 1972, 86 (1): 23–24. 
  15. ^ Robertson, R.; Mau-Lastovicka, Terry. The ectoparasitism of Boonea and Fargoa (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae). Biological Bulletin (Marine Biological Laboratory). 1979, 157 (2): 320–333. JSTOR 1541058. doi:10.2307/1541058. 
  16. ^ Roger H. Goodwill et. al. (2009), A sea anemone symbiotic with gastropods of eight species in the Mariana Islands; Micronesica 41(1): 117–130, 2009 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-06-18.
  17. ^ Høisæter, T. Spermatophores in Chrysallida obtusa (Brown) (Opisthobranchia, Pyramidellidae). Sarsia. 1965, 18: 63–68. 
  18. ^ Robertson, R. The life history of Odostomia bisuturalis and Odostomia spermatophores (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae). American Philosophical Society Yearbook. 1967, 1967: 368–370. 
  19. ^ Tenney, Sanborn; Tenney, Abby. Natural history of animals; Containing brief descriptions of the animals figured on Tenney's Natural history tablets, but complete without the tablets. Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1875: p. 202 （英语）. The Pyramid-Shells are so named from their shape 
  20. ^ Step, Edward. Shell Life: An Introduction to the British Mollusca. F. War ne & Company. 1901: 250 （英语）. 
  21. ^ Robbins, Edward. [小塔螺科載於Google圖書 Plane and Solid Geometry] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). American Book Company. 1907: 349 （英语）. 

延伸閱讀

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外部連結

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维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：小塔螺科
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=小塔螺科&oldid=68701729”