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人巨细胞病毒：修订间差异

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| species = Human cytomegalovirus
| species = Human cytomegalovirus
| synonyms = *''人类疱疹病毒第五型<br>Human herpesvirus 5''
| synonyms = *''人类疱疹病毒第五型<br>Human herpesvirus 5''
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="2015.010aD">{{cite web |last1=Davison |first1=Andrew |title=Rename species in the family ''Herpesviridae'' to incorporate a subfamily designation |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2015.010aD.A.v2.Herpesvirales_spren.pdf |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |accessdate=13 March 2019 |language=en |date=27 January 2016}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="2015.010aD">{{cite web |last1=Davison |first1=Andrew |title=Rename species in the family ''Herpesviridae'' to incorporate a subfamily designation |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2015.010aD.A.v2.Herpesvirales_spren.pdf |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |accessdate=13 March 2019 |language=en |date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=2017-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116185029/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ICTV/proposals/2015.010aD.A.v2.Herpesvirales_spren.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
}}
}}
'''人巨细胞病毒'''（{{lang-en|Human cytomegalovirus}}，'''HCMV'''）或称'''人类疱疹病毒第五型'''（{{lang-en|Human betaherpesvirus 5}}，'''HHV-5'''），属于β疱疹病毒亚科，是巨细胞病毒（CMV）中以人类为宿主的一种DNA病毒。<ref name="书1">{{cite book |author1=Kenneth J. Ryan |author2=C. George Ray |title=Sherris medical microbiology |date=2014 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-181826-1 |edition=Sixth Edition |page=246-259}}</ref>HCMV因其细胞病变效应而得名，感染后可引发核周和细胞质包涵体的产生以及细胞肿胀。在人类疱疹病毒（HHV）中，HCMV具有最大的基因组长度，约240kbp。<ref name="会议1">{{cite journal |author1=M. S. Chee |author2=A. T. Bankier |author3=S. Beck |author4=R. Bohni |author5=C. M. Brown |author6=R. Cerny |author7=T. Horsnell |author8=C. A. Hutchison III |author9=T. Kouzarides |author10=J. A. Martignetti |author11=E. Preddie |author12=S. C. Satchwell |author13=P. Tomlinson |author14=K. M. Weston |author15=B. G. Barrell |title=Analysis of the Protein-Coding Content of the Sequence of Human Cytomegalovirus Strain AD169 |journal=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |date=1990 |volume=154 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-74980-3_6 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-74980-3_6}}</ref>尽管HCMV的增殖周期较慢，它的基因表达调控类似于α疱疹病毒，会产生IE、E和L等基因产物呈序列性出现。<ref name="期刊1">{{cite journal |last1=Beltran |first1=Pierre M. Jean |last2=Cristea |first2=Ileana M. |title=The life cycle and pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus infection: lessons from proteomics |journal=Expert Review of Proteomics |date=2014 |volume=11 |issue=6 |doi=10.1586/14789450.2014.971116 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14789450.2014.971116 |issn=1478-9450}}</ref>若基于病毒的基因组或表型进行分析，HCMV中可含有无数独特的毒株。利用限制性酶切分析，可从流行病学角度上区分亚型。在实验室环境中培养的毒株一般会损失10-15kbp的基因，因此对病毒屈性有一定限制作用。<ref name="书1"/>
'''人巨细胞病毒'''（{{lang-en|Human cytomegalovirus}}，'''HCMV'''）或称'''人类疱疹病毒第五型'''（{{lang-en|Human betaherpesvirus 5}}，'''HHV-5'''），属于β疱疹病毒亚科，是[[巨细胞病毒]]（CMV）中以人类为宿主的一种[[病毒#DNA病毒|DNA病毒]]。<ref name="书1">{{cite book |author1=Kenneth J. Ryan |author2=C. George Ray |title=Sherris medical microbiology |date=2014 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=978-0-07-181826-1 |edition=Sixth Edition |page=246-259}}</ref>HCMV因其细胞病变效应而得名，感染后可引发[[细胞核|核周]]和[[细胞质]]包涵体的产生以及细胞肿胀。在人类疱疹病毒（HHV）中，HCMV具有最大的基因组长度，约240kbp。<ref name="会议1">{{cite journal |author1=M. S. Chee |author2=A. T. Bankier |author3=S. Beck |author4=R. Bohni |author5=C. M. Brown |author6=R. Cerny |author7=T. Horsnell |author8=C. A. Hutchison III |author9=T. Kouzarides |author10=J. A. Martignetti |author11=E. Preddie |author12=S. C. Satchwell |author13=P. Tomlinson |author14=K. M. Weston |author15=B. G. Barrell |title=Analysis of the Protein-Coding Content of the Sequence of Human Cytomegalovirus Strain AD169 |journal=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |date=1990 |volume=154 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-74980-3_6 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-74980-3_6 |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627141035/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-74980-3_6 |dead-url=no }}</ref>尽管HCMV的增殖周期较慢，它的基因表达调控类似于α疱疹病毒，会产生IE、E和L等[[基因产物|基因产物]]呈序列性出现。<ref name="期刊1">{{cite journal |last1=Beltran |first1=Pierre M. Jean |last2=Cristea |first2=Ileana M. |title=The life cycle and pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus infection: lessons from proteomics |journal=Expert Review of Proteomics |date=2014 |volume=11 |issue=6 |doi=10.1586/14789450.2014.971116 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14789450.2014.971116 |issn=1478-9450}}</ref>若基于病毒的基因组或表型进行分析，HCMV中可含有无数独特的毒株。利用[[内切酶|限制性酶切分析]]，可从流行病学角度上区分亚型。在实验室环境中培养的毒株一般会损失10-15kbp的基因，因此对病毒屈性有一定限制作用。<ref name="书1"/>


==病毒学==
==病毒学==
HCMV属于疱疹病毒中的一种，是现今被发现的最大的DNA病毒和蛋白嵌合体，蛋白种类繁多。<ref name="学位1">{{cite book |author1=周玉峰 |title=先天性巨细胞病毒感染致脑发育异常及其机制研究 |date=2006 |publisher=华中科技大学 |url=https://kns.cnki.net/kns/detail/detail.aspx?QueryID=1&CurRec=1&recid=&FileName=2007080119.nh&DbName=CDFD9908&DbCode=CDFD&yx=&pr=&URLID=&bsm= }}{{Dead link|date=2020年7月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>1956年，HCMV病毒首次从人体样本中分离而出。<ref name="期刊5">{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=P. Row |last2=Janet |first2=W. Hartley |last3=Samuel |first3=Waterman |last4=Horace |first4=C. Turner |last5=Robert |first5=J. Huebner |title=Cytopathogenic Agent Resembling Human Salivary Gland Virus Recovered from Tissue Cultures of Human Adenoids |journal=Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=1956 |volume=92 |issue=2 |doi=10.3181/00379727-92-22497 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-92-22497 |language=en |issn=0037-9727 |access-date=2020-05-01 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308103645/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-92-22497 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="期刊6">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Margaret G. |title=Propagation in Tissue Cultures of a Cytopathogenic Virus from Human Salivary Gland Virus (SGV) Disease. |journal=Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=1956 |volume=92 |issue=2 |doi=10.3181/00379727-92-22498 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-92-22498 |language=en |issn=0037-9727}}</ref>其DNA由线状双链分子组成，长度可达240kbp。其病毒颗粒一般直径为150-200nm，有单层或双层的类脂蛋白套膜。<ref name="会议1"/><ref name="期刊2">{{cite journal |author1=王敏 |author2=毛建平 |title=人巨细胞病毒检测技术 |journal=中国生物工程杂志 |date=2007 |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.13523/j.cb.20070220 |url=https://kns.cnki.net/kns/detail/detail.aspx?QueryID=3&CurRec=45&recid=&FileName=SWGJ200702019&DbName=CJFD2007&DbCode=CJFQ&yx=&pr=&URLID=&bsm=QK0101; }}{{Dead link|date=2020年6月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>在脂质层外有多种糖蛋白，负责对宿主细胞的粘附与入侵。<ref name="期刊18">{{cite journal |author1=李敬 |author2=刘新泳 |author3=展鹏 |title=人巨细胞病毒抑制剂研究进展 |journal=药学学报 |date=2020 |volume=55 |issue=4 |doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0729 |url=http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2163.R.20200310.1833.034.html}}</ref>HCMV病毒至少具有165种编码蛋白，不同的毒株内可能会有更多开放阅读框。<ref name="期刊16">{{cite journal |last1=Dolan |first1=Aidan |last2=Cunningham |first2=Charles |last3=Hector |first3=Ralph D. |last4=Hassan-Walker |first4=Aycan F. |last5=Lee |first5=Lydia |last6=Addison |first6=Clare |last7=Dargan |first7=Derrick J. |last8=McGeoch |first8=Duncan J. |last9=Gatherer |first9=Derek |last10=Emery |first10=Vincent C. |last11=Griffiths |first11=Paul D. |last12=Sinzger |first12=Christian |last13=McSharry |first13=Brian P. |last14=Wilkinson |first14=Gavin W. G. |last15=Davison |first15=Andrew J. |title=Genetic content of wild-type human cytomegalovirus |journal=Journal of General Virology, |date=2004 |volume=85 |issue=5 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.79888-0 |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.79888-0#tab2 |issn=0022-1317 |access-date=2020-05-11 |archive-date=2020-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715102745/https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.79888-0#tab2 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="期刊17">{{cite journal |last1=Gatherer |first1=Derek |last2=Seirafian |first2=Sepehr |last3=Cunningham |first3=Charles |last4=Holton |first4=Mary |last5=Dargan |first5=Derrick J. |last6=Baluchova |first6=Katarina |last7=Hector |first7=Ralph D. |last8=Galbraith |first8=Julie |last9=Herzyk |first9=Pawel |last10=Wilkinson |first10=Gavin W. G. |last11=Davison |first11=Andrew J. |title=High-resolution human cytomegalovirus transcriptome |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2011 |volume=108 |issue=49 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1115861108 |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/108/49/19755 |language=en |issn=0027-8424 |access-date=2020-05-11 |archive-date=2018-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603194157/http://www.pnas.org/content/108/49/19755 |dead-url=no }}</ref>这些编码蛋白绝大部分是高度保守的，分布在病毒的衣壳、被膜以及包膜中。<ref name="期刊19">{{cite journal |last1=Büscher |first1=Nicole |last2=Paulus |first2=Christina |last3=Nevels |first3=Michael |last4=Tenzer |first4=Stefan |last5=Plachter |first5=Bodo |title=The proteome of human cytomegalovirus virions and dense bodies is conserved across different strains |journal=Medical Microbiology and Immunology |date=2015 |volume=204 |issue=3 |doi=10.1007/s00430-015-0397-y |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00430-015-0397-y |language=en |issn=1432-1831 |access-date=2020-05-13 |archive-date=2018-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605145808/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00430-015-0397-y |dead-url=no }}</ref>其基因表达因而非常复杂，其中包括蛋白转录、非编码RNA和asRNA的多腺苷酸化等，且现有研究对HCMV绝大多数转录本的功能依旧不了解。<ref name="期刊9">{{cite journal |last1=Van Damme |first1=Ellen |last2=Van Loock |first2=Marnix |title=Functional annotation of human cytomegalovirus gene products: an update |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=2014 |volume=5 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00218 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00218/abstract |language=en |issn=1664-302X}}</ref>
HCMV属于疱疹病毒中的一种，DNA由线状双链分子组成，长度可达240kbp。其病毒颗粒一般直径为150-200mm，有单层或双层的类脂蛋白套膜。<ref name="会议1"/><ref name="期刊2">{{cite journal |author1=王敏 |author2=毛建平 |title=人巨细胞病毒检测技术 |journal=中国生物工程杂志 |date=2007 |volume=27 |issue=2 |doi=10.13523/j.cb.20070220 |url=https://kns.cnki.net/kns/detail/detail.aspx?QueryID=3&CurRec=45&recid=&FileName=SWGJ200702019&DbName=CJFD2007&DbCode=CJFQ&yx=&pr=&URLID=&bsm=QK0101;}}</ref>HCMV被发现感染人类的血管内皮细胞以及白细胞，但只有在前者中会呈现独特的细胞核包涵体，一般会俗称为“猫头鹰眼睛”。<ref name="书1"/><ref name="期刊3">{{cite journal |last1=DuRose |first1=Jenny B. |last2=Li |first2=Julie |last3=Chien |first3=Shu |last4=Spector |first4=Deborah H. |title=Infection of Vascular Endothelial Cells with Human Cytomegalovirus under Fluid Shear Stress Reveals Preferential Entry and Spread of Virus in Flow Conditions Simulating Atheroprone Regions of the Artery |journal=Journal of Virology |date=2012 |volume=86 |issue=24 |doi=10.1128/JVI.02244-12 |url=https://jvi.asm.org/content/86/24/13745 |language=en |issn=0022-538X}}</ref>

受HCMV感染的细胞种类包括[[成纤维细胞]]、[[内皮|内皮细胞]]、[[上皮细胞]]和[[髓细胞]]，不同的细胞种类决定了HCMV进入宿主细胞是基于膜融合或[[内吞作用|pH介导的胞吞作用]]。<ref name="期刊10">{{cite journal |last1=Bayer |first1=Carina |last2=Varani |first2=Stefania |last3=Wang |first3=Li |last4=Walther |first4=Paul |last5=Zhou |first5=Shaoxia |last6=Straschewski |first6=Sarah |last7=Bachem |first7=Max |last8=Söderberg-Naucler |first8=Cecilia |last9=Mertens |first9=Thomas |last10=Frascaroli |first10=Giada |title=Human Cytomegalovirus Infection of M1 and M2 Macrophages Triggers Inflammation and Autologous T-Cell Proliferation |journal=Journal of Virology |date=2013 |volume=87 |issue=1 |doi=10.1128/JVI.01585-12 |url=https://jvi.asm.org/content/87/1/67.long |language=en |issn=0022-538X}}</ref><ref name="期刊11">{{cite journal |last1=O'Connor |first1=Christine M. |last2=Shenk |first2=Thomas |title=Human Cytomegalovirus pUL78 G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homologue Is Required for Timely Cell Entry in Epithelial Cells but Not Fibroblasts |journal=Journal of Virology |date=2012 |volume=86 |issue=21 |doi=10.1128/JVI.05900-11 |url=https://jvi.asm.org/content/86/21/11425.long |language=en |issn=0022-538X}}</ref>其中，膜融合适用于成纤维细胞，这一过程由gH/gL/gO蛋白复合体介导。另一种方式则常见于内皮及上皮细胞，需要利用一种由gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131组成的五聚体来介导。<ref name="期刊12">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Dai |last2=Shenk |first2=Thomas |title=Human Cytomegalovirus UL131 Open Reading Frame Is Required for Epithelial Cell Tropism |journal=Journal of Virology |date=2005 |volume=79 |issue=16 |doi=10.1128/JVI.79.16.10330-10338.2005 |url=https://jvi.asm.org/content/79/16/10330.short |language=en |issn=0022-538X}}</ref><ref name="期刊13">{{cite journal |last1=Ryckman |first1=Brent J. |last2=Chase |first2=Marie C. |last3=Johnson |first3=David C. |title=HCMV gH/gL/UL128–131 interferes with virus entry into epithelial cells: Evidence for cell type-specific receptors |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2008 |volume=105 |issue=37 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0804365105 |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/105/37/14118 |language=en |issn=0027-8424 |access-date=2020-05-11 |archive-date=2018-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602184122/http://www.pnas.org/content/105/37/14118 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

==流行病学==
HCMV属于一种流行普遍的病毒，但它具有种属特异性，只会感染人类群体。<ref name="期刊4">{{cite journal |last1=Weller |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Cytomegaloviruses: Ubiquitous Agents with Protean Clinical Manifestations |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=1971 |volume=285 |issue=4 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197107222850406 |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM197107222850406 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref>HCMV的主要宿主细胞是人类[[内皮|血管内皮细胞]]以及[[白血球|白细胞]]，但只有在前者中会呈现独特的细胞核包涵体，一般会俗称为“猫头鹰眼睛”。<ref name="书1"/><ref name="期刊3">{{cite journal |last1=DuRose |first1=Jenny B. |last2=Li |first2=Julie |last3=Chien |first3=Shu |last4=Spector |first4=Deborah H. |title=Infection of Vascular Endothelial Cells with Human Cytomegalovirus under Fluid Shear Stress Reveals Preferential Entry and Spread of Virus in Flow Conditions Simulating Atheroprone Regions of the Artery |journal=Journal of Virology |date=2012 |volume=86 |issue=24 |doi=10.1128/JVI.02244-12 |url=https://jvi.asm.org/content/86/24/13745 |language=en |issn=0022-538X |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=2018-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602043854/http://jvi.asm.org/content/86/24/13745 |dead-url=no }}</ref>在全世界范围内有至少50%以上的人群体内存在相应的抗体，一些较落后地区的感染率更高。<ref name="书1"/>受HCMV感染后的主要特征是会抑制宿主的[[免疫系统|免疫应答]]，这导致它成为艾滋病人最常具有的伺机性感染。<ref name="期刊7">{{cite journal |last1=Gallant |first1=Joel E. |last2=Moore |first2=Richard D. |last3=Richman |first3=Douglas D. |last4=Keruly |first4=Jeanne |last5=Chaisson |first5=Richard E. |title=Incidence and Natural History of Cytomegalovirus Disease in Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Treated with Zidovudine |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |date=1992 |volume=166 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/infdis/166.6.1223 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/166/6/1223/963673?redirectedFrom=fulltext |language=en |issn=0022-1899 |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2018-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603035433/https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/166/6/1223/963673?redirectedFrom=fulltext |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="期刊8">{{cite journal |last1=Spector |first1=Stephen A. |last2=Hsia |first2=Karen |last3=Crager |first3=Michael |last4=Pilcher |first4=Marshall |last5=Cabral |first5=Sheila |last6=Stempien |first6=Mary Jean |title=Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA Load Is an Independent Predictor of CMV Disease and Survival in Advanced AIDS |journal=Journal of Virology |date=1999 |volume=73 |issue=8 |url=https://jvi.asm.org/content/73/8/7027.long |language=en |issn=0022-538X}}</ref>

对HCMV的传播模式至今没有准确的定论，现今的共识为它可通过感染者的体液进行传染，包括常规的体液交换、性行为、输血以及器官移植等多种方式。<ref name="期刊14">{{cite journal |last1=Reynolds |first1=David W. |last2=Stagno |first2=Sergio |last3=Hosty |first3=Thomas S. |last4=Tiller |first4=Mary |last5=Alford |first5=Charles A. |title=Maternal Cytomegalovirus Excretion and Perinatal Infection |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=1973 |volume=289 |issue=1 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197307052890101 |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM197307052890101 |access-date=2020-05-11 |archive-date=2022-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120124341/http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM197307052890101 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="期刊15">{{cite journal |last1=Cannon |first1=Michael J. |last2=Hyde |first2=Terri B. |last3=Schmid |first3=D. Scott |title=Review of cytomegalovirus shedding in bodily fluids and relevance to congenital cytomegalovirus infection |journal=Reviews in Medical Virology |date=2011 |volume=21 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/rmv.695 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/rmv.695 |language=en |issn=1099-1654 |access-date=2020-05-11 |archive-date=2020-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607091915/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/rmv.695 |dead-url=no }}</ref>


==参考文献==
==参考文献==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}


== 外部链接 ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* {{En}}[https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/ Cytomegalovirus (CMV)] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/ |date=20210214043429 }} US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC). 22 May 2009
* {{En}}[http://www.informatik.uni-ulm.de/ni/mitarbeiter/HKestler/hcmv HCMV drug resistance mutations tool] {{Wayback|url=http://www.informatik.uni-ulm.de/ni/mitarbeiter/HKestler/hcmv |date=20160109224036 }}
* {{En}}{{cite web |title=''Human herpesvirus 5'' |work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=10359 |id=10359 |accessdate=2020-05-12 |archive-date=2017-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831201209/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=10359 |dead-url=no }}

{{Medical resources
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|25||b|25}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|078.5}}
| MeshID = D003586
}}
{{病毒性非局部疾病}}
{{病毒性非局部疾病}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6929|from2=Q24808725}}

[[Category:DNA病毒]]
[[Category:DNA病毒]]
[[Category:皰疹病毒科]]
[[Category:皰疹病毒科]]

2022年2月18日 (五) 07:48的最新版本

人巨细胞病毒
图为被HCMV感染的肺细胞
病毒分類 编辑
（未分级）： 病毒 Virus
域： 雙鏈DNA病毒域 Duplodnaviria
界： 香港病毒界 Heunggongvirae
门： 衣殼病毒門 Peploviricota
纲： 疱疹病毒綱 Herviviricetes
目： 疱疹病毒目 Herpesvirales
科： 疱疹病毒科 Herpesviridae
种：
人巨细胞病毒 Human cytomegalovirus
異名[1]
  • 人类疱疹病毒第五型
    Human herpesvirus 5

人巨细胞病毒（英語：Human cytomegalovirus，HCMV）或称人类疱疹病毒第五型（英語：Human betaherpesvirus 5，HHV-5），属于β疱疹病毒亚科，是巨细胞病毒（CMV）中以人类为宿主的一种DNA病毒。[2]HCMV因其细胞病变效应而得名，感染后可引发核周和细胞质包涵体的产生以及细胞肿胀。在人类疱疹病毒（HHV）中，HCMV具有最大的基因组长度，约240kbp。[3]尽管HCMV的增殖周期较慢，它的基因表达调控类似于α疱疹病毒，会产生IE、E和L等基因产物呈序列性出现。[4]若基于病毒的基因组或表型进行分析，HCMV中可含有无数独特的毒株。利用限制性酶切分析，可从流行病学角度上区分亚型。在实验室环境中培养的毒株一般会损失10-15kbp的基因，因此对病毒屈性有一定限制作用。[2]

病毒学

[编辑]

HCMV属于疱疹病毒中的一种，是现今被发现的最大的DNA病毒和蛋白嵌合体，蛋白种类繁多。[5]1956年，HCMV病毒首次从人体样本中分离而出。[6][7]其DNA由线状双链分子组成，长度可达240kbp。其病毒颗粒一般直径为150-200nm，有单层或双层的类脂蛋白套膜。[3][8]在脂质层外有多种糖蛋白，负责对宿主细胞的粘附与入侵。[9]HCMV病毒至少具有165种编码蛋白，不同的毒株内可能会有更多开放阅读框。[10][11]这些编码蛋白绝大部分是高度保守的，分布在病毒的衣壳、被膜以及包膜中。[12]其基因表达因而非常复杂，其中包括蛋白转录、非编码RNA和asRNA的多腺苷酸化等，且现有研究对HCMV绝大多数转录本的功能依旧不了解。[13]

受HCMV感染的细胞种类包括成纤维细胞、内皮细胞、上皮细胞和髓细胞，不同的细胞种类决定了HCMV进入宿主细胞是基于膜融合或pH介导的胞吞作用。[14][15]其中，膜融合适用于成纤维细胞，这一过程由gH/gL/gO蛋白复合体介导。另一种方式则常见于内皮及上皮细胞，需要利用一种由gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131组成的五聚体来介导。[16][17]

流行病学

[编辑]

HCMV属于一种流行普遍的病毒，但它具有种属特异性，只会感染人类群体。[18]HCMV的主要宿主细胞是人类血管内皮细胞以及白细胞，但只有在前者中会呈现独特的细胞核包涵体，一般会俗称为“猫头鹰眼睛”。[2][19]在全世界范围内有至少50%以上的人群体内存在相应的抗体，一些较落后地区的感染率更高。[2]受HCMV感染后的主要特征是会抑制宿主的免疫应答，这导致它成为艾滋病人最常具有的伺机性感染。[20][21]

对HCMV的传播模式至今没有准确的定论，现今的共识为它可通过感染者的体液进行传染，包括常规的体液交换、性行为、输血以及器官移植等多种方式。[22][23]

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Davison, Andrew. Rename species in the family Herpesviridae to incorporate a subfamily designation (PDF). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). 27 January 2016 [13 March 2019]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-11-16） （英语）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Kenneth J. Ryan; C. George Ray. Sherris medical microbiology Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. 2014: 246-259. ISBN 978-0-07-181826-1. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 M. S. Chee; A. T. Bankier; S. Beck; R. Bohni; C. M. Brown; R. Cerny; T. Horsnell; C. A. Hutchison III; T. Kouzarides; J. A. Martignetti; E. Preddie; S. C. Satchwell; P. Tomlinson; K. M. Weston; B. G. Barrell. Analysis of the Protein-Coding Content of the Sequence of Human Cytomegalovirus Strain AD169. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 1990, 154 [2020-04-28]. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74980-3_6. （原始内容存档于2020-06-27）. 
  4. ^ Beltran, Pierre M. Jean; Cristea, Ileana M. The life cycle and pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus infection: lessons from proteomics. Expert Review of Proteomics. 2014, 11 (6). ISSN 1478-9450. doi:10.1586/14789450.2014.971116. 
  5. ^ 周玉峰. 先天性巨细胞病毒感染致脑发育异常及其机制研究. 华中科技大学. 2006. [永久失效連結]
  6. ^ Wallace, P. Row; Janet, W. Hartley; Samuel, Waterman; Horace, C. Turner; Robert, J. Huebner. Cytopathogenic Agent Resembling Human Salivary Gland Virus Recovered from Tissue Cultures of Human Adenoids. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1956, 92 (2) [2020-05-01]. ISSN 0037-9727. doi:10.3181/00379727-92-22497. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08） （英语）. 
  7. ^ Smith, Margaret G. Propagation in Tissue Cultures of a Cytopathogenic Virus from Human Salivary Gland Virus (SGV) Disease.. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1956, 92 (2). ISSN 0037-9727. doi:10.3181/00379727-92-22498 （英语）. 
  8. ^ 王敏; 毛建平. 人巨细胞病毒检测技术. 中国生物工程杂志. 2007, 27 (2). doi:10.13523/j.cb.20070220. [永久失效連結]
  9. ^ 李敬; 刘新泳; 展鹏. 人巨细胞病毒抑制剂研究进展. 药学学报. 2020, 55 (4). doi:10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0729. 
  10. ^ Dolan, Aidan; Cunningham, Charles; Hector, Ralph D.; Hassan-Walker, Aycan F.; Lee, Lydia; Addison, Clare; Dargan, Derrick J.; McGeoch, Duncan J.; Gatherer, Derek; Emery, Vincent C.; Griffiths, Paul D.; Sinzger, Christian; McSharry, Brian P.; Wilkinson, Gavin W. G.; Davison, Andrew J. Genetic content of wild-type human cytomegalovirus. Journal of General Virology,. 2004, 85 (5) [2020-05-11]. ISSN 0022-1317. doi:10.1099/vir.0.79888-0. （原始内容存档于2020-07-15）. 
  11. ^ Gatherer, Derek; Seirafian, Sepehr; Cunningham, Charles; Holton, Mary; Dargan, Derrick J.; Baluchova, Katarina; Hector, Ralph D.; Galbraith, Julie; Herzyk, Pawel; Wilkinson, Gavin W. G.; Davison, Andrew J. High-resolution human cytomegalovirus transcriptome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011, 108 (49) [2020-05-11]. ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1115861108. （原始内容存档于2018-06-03） （英语）. 
  12. ^ Büscher, Nicole; Paulus, Christina; Nevels, Michael; Tenzer, Stefan; Plachter, Bodo. The proteome of human cytomegalovirus virions and dense bodies is conserved across different strains. Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 2015, 204 (3) [2020-05-13]. ISSN 1432-1831. doi:10.1007/s00430-015-0397-y. （原始内容存档于2018-06-05） （英语）. 
  13. ^ Van Damme, Ellen; Van Loock, Marnix. Functional annotation of human cytomegalovirus gene products: an update. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2014, 5. ISSN 1664-302X. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00218 （英语）. 
  14. ^ Bayer, Carina; Varani, Stefania; Wang, Li; Walther, Paul; Zhou, Shaoxia; Straschewski, Sarah; Bachem, Max; Söderberg-Naucler, Cecilia; Mertens, Thomas; Frascaroli, Giada. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection of M1 and M2 Macrophages Triggers Inflammation and Autologous T-Cell Proliferation. Journal of Virology. 2013, 87 (1). ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.01585-12 （英语）. 
  15. ^ O'Connor, Christine M.; Shenk, Thomas. Human Cytomegalovirus pUL78 G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homologue Is Required for Timely Cell Entry in Epithelial Cells but Not Fibroblasts. Journal of Virology. 2012, 86 (21). ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.05900-11 （英语）. 
  16. ^ Wang, Dai; Shenk, Thomas. Human Cytomegalovirus UL131 Open Reading Frame Is Required for Epithelial Cell Tropism. Journal of Virology. 2005, 79 (16). ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.16.10330-10338.2005 （英语）. 
  17. ^ Ryckman, Brent J.; Chase, Marie C.; Johnson, David C. HCMV gH/gL/UL128–131 interferes with virus entry into epithelial cells: Evidence for cell type-specific receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008, 105 (37) [2020-05-11]. ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804365105. （原始内容存档于2018-06-02） （英语）. 
  18. ^ Weller, Thomas H. The Cytomegaloviruses: Ubiquitous Agents with Protean Clinical Manifestations. New England Journal of Medicine. 1971, 285 (4). ISSN 0028-4793. doi:10.1056/NEJM197107222850406. 
  19. ^ DuRose, Jenny B.; Li, Julie; Chien, Shu; Spector, Deborah H. Infection of Vascular Endothelial Cells with Human Cytomegalovirus under Fluid Shear Stress Reveals Preferential Entry and Spread of Virus in Flow Conditions Simulating Atheroprone Regions of the Artery. Journal of Virology. 2012, 86 (24) [2020-04-28]. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.02244-12. （原始内容存档于2018-06-02） （英语）. 
  20. ^ Gallant, Joel E.; Moore, Richard D.; Richman, Douglas D.; Keruly, Jeanne; Chaisson, Richard E. Incidence and Natural History of Cytomegalovirus Disease in Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Treated with Zidovudine. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1992, 166 (6) [2020-05-03]. ISSN 0022-1899. doi:10.1093/infdis/166.6.1223. （原始内容存档于2018-06-03） （英语）. 
  21. ^ Spector, Stephen A.; Hsia, Karen; Crager, Michael; Pilcher, Marshall; Cabral, Sheila; Stempien, Mary Jean. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA Load Is an Independent Predictor of CMV Disease and Survival in Advanced AIDS. Journal of Virology. 1999, 73 (8). ISSN 0022-538X （英语）. 
  22. ^ Reynolds, David W.; Stagno, Sergio; Hosty, Thomas S.; Tiller, Mary; Alford, Charles A. Maternal Cytomegalovirus Excretion and Perinatal Infection. New England Journal of Medicine. 1973, 289 (1) [2020-05-11]. doi:10.1056/NEJM197307052890101. （原始内容存档于2022-01-20）. 
  23. ^ Cannon, Michael J.; Hyde, Terri B.; Schmid, D. Scott. Review of cytomegalovirus shedding in bodily fluids and relevance to congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Reviews in Medical Virology. 2011, 21 (4) [2020-05-11]. ISSN 1099-1654. doi:10.1002/rmv.695. （原始内容存档于2020-06-07） （英语）. 

外部链接

[编辑]
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：人巨细胞病毒
維基物種上的相關信息：人巨细胞病毒
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