皮骨角：修订间差异
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[[File:Sivatherium maurusium ossicone.JPG|thumb|[[西瓦鹿]]的皮骨角化石，外观像鹿角一样]] |
[[File:Sivatherium maurusium ossicone.JPG|thumb|[[西瓦鹿]]的皮骨角化石，外观像鹿角一样]] |
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'''皮骨角'''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=邱占祥 |author2=阎德发 |author3=贾航 |title=山东山旺Palaeomer yx化石的初步研究 |journal=古脊椎动物学报 |date=1985-07 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=173-195 |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200903/W020090813374018653843.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-22}}</ref>（{{lang-en|Ossicones}}）是指长颈鹿、雄性[[㺢㹢狓]]等动物头上 |
'''皮骨角'''<ref>{{cite journal |author1=邱占祥 |author2=阎德发 |author3=贾航 |title=山东山旺Palaeomer yx化石的初步研究 |journal=古脊椎动物学报 |date=1985-07 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=173-195 |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200903/W020090813374018653843.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-22 |archive-date=2020-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517142240/http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200903/W020090813374018653843.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>（{{lang-en|Ossicones}}）是指长颈鹿、雄性[[㺢㹢狓]]等动物头上的[[犄角]]。此外，现已灭绝的[[西瓦鹿]]和[[梯角鹿科]]动物（如[[Climacoceras]]）头部也生有这种结构。<ref>Hadar Picture Gallery. [http://faculty.washington.edu/ggeck/EcksGallery/EckPict13.html An ossicone of the extinct, giant, short-necked giraffe] {{Wayback|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/ggeck/EcksGallery/EckPict13.html |date=20160304002336 }}. ''University of Washington''.</ref>部分学者曾认为这些灭绝种头部的皮骨角并非真正意义上的皮骨角；不过后续的研究表明，这些动物的皮骨角和[[长颈鹿科]]的动物很接近。皮骨角位于背骨、[[额骨]]上，随着年龄的增加会逐渐长到头骨上。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1381645 |jstor=1381645 |title=Prevalence of Ossicones in Giraffidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1988-11_69_4/page/845 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=845–8 |year=1988 |last1=Solounias |first1=N }}</ref> |
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皮骨角和[[ |
皮骨角和[[洞角]]类似，区别在于皮骨角由软骨组织骨化而成，而非由活骨直接形成，<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nashville Zoo at Grassmere – Animals :: Masai Giraffe|publisher=Nashville Zoo at Grassmere|date=2008-06-30|url=http://www.nashvillezoo.org/animals_detail.asp?animalID=12|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20080630033712/http://www.nashvillezoo.org/animals_detail.asp?animalID=12|archivedate=2008-06-30|deadurl=yes}}</ref>而且皮骨角上由皮毛覆盖，而非[[角蛋白]]。 |
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皮骨角一出生起就存在，但刚生下来时皮骨角贴着头部而不是长在头骨上，以防降生时受伤。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://giraffeconservation.org/faqs/|title=FAQs - GiraffeConservation.org|work=GiraffeConservation.org|access-date=2018-04-26|language=en-US}}</ref>雄性动物和雌性动物的皮骨角结构、用途都有不同。雄性的皮骨角更厚，因雄性长颈鹿喜欢[[长颈鹿#脖击|脖击]]而导致皮骨角顶部的骨骼裸露出来。这些皮骨角还会增加长颈鹿头部的重量，使得其脖击时的攻击威力更大，有时甚至能致命。皮骨角的出现也导致了一些其他的进化特征，如动物的外皮更重，真皮层也出现了特化的防御。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1163/156853966x00155 |title=The Evolution of Horn-Like Organs |journal=Behaviour |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=175–214 |year=1966 |last1=Geist |first1=Valerius }}</ref> |
皮骨角一出生起就存在，但刚生下来时皮骨角贴着头部而不是长在头骨上，以防降生时受伤。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://giraffeconservation.org/faqs/|title=FAQs - GiraffeConservation.org|work=GiraffeConservation.org|access-date=2018-04-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112190826/https://giraffeconservation.org/faqs/|dead-url=no}}</ref>雄性动物和雌性动物的皮骨角结构、用途都有不同。雄性的皮骨角更厚，因雄性长颈鹿喜欢[[长颈鹿#脖击|脖击]]而导致皮骨角顶部的骨骼裸露出来。这些皮骨角还会增加长颈鹿头部的重量，使得其脖击时的攻击威力更大，有时甚至能致命。皮骨角的出现也导致了一些其他的进化特征，如动物的外皮更重，真皮层也出现了特化的防御。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1163/156853966x00155 |title=The Evolution of Horn-Like Organs |journal=Behaviour |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=175–214 |year=1966 |last1=Geist |first1=Valerius }}</ref> |
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== 参考资料 == |
== 参考资料 == |
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== 拓展阅读 == |
== 拓展阅读 == |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=Sukuan |first2=Melinda |last2=Danowitz |first3=John |last3=Sammis |first4=Nikos |last4=Solounias |title=Dead ossicones, and other characters describing Palaeotraginae (Giraffidae; Mammalia) based on new material from Gansu, Central China |journal=Zitteliana |year=2014 |volume=32 |pages=91–8 |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22389/ }} |
*{{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=Sukuan |first2=Melinda |last2=Danowitz |first3=John |last3=Sammis |first4=Nikos |last4=Solounias |title=Dead ossicones, and other characters describing Palaeotraginae (Giraffidae; Mammalia) based on new material from Gansu, Central China |journal=Zitteliana |year=2014 |volume=32 |pages=91–8 |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22389/ |access-date=2019-12-22 |archive-date=2020-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213061953/https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22389/ |dead-url=no }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1382004 |jstor=1382004 |title=Evidence for the Presence of Ossicones in Giraffokeryx punjabiensis (Giraffidae, Mammalia) |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=215–7 |year=1991 |last1=Solounias |first1=N |last2=Moelleken |first2=S. M. C }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1382004 |jstor=1382004 |title=Evidence for the Presence of Ossicones in Giraffokeryx punjabiensis (Giraffidae, Mammalia) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1991-02_72_1/page/215 |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=215–7 |year=1991 |last1=Solounias |first1=N |last2=Moelleken |first2=S. M. C }} |
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*{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-8966-8_5 |chapter=Cranial Appendages of Giraffoidea |title=Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers |pages=180–94 |year=1990 |last1=Churcher |first1=Charles S |isbn=978-1-4613-8968-2 }} |
*{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-8966-8_5 |chapter=Cranial Appendages of Giraffoidea |title=Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers |pages=180–94 |year=1990 |last1=Churcher |first1=Charles S |isbn=978-1-4613-8968-2 }} |
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*{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0938 |jstor=41315010 |pmid=21733893 |pmc=3151718 |lay-url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110706093912.htm |laysource=ScienceDaily |laydate=July 10, 2010 |title=Evolution of ruminant headgear: A review |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1720 |pages=2857–65 |year=2011 |last1=Davis |first1=E. B |last2=Brakora |first2=K. A |last3=Lee |first3=A. H }} |
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0938 |jstor=41315010 |pmid=21733893 |pmc=3151718 |lay-url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110706093912.htm |laysource=ScienceDaily |laydate=July 10, 2010 |title=Evolution of ruminant headgear: A review |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1720 |pages=2857–65 |year=2011 |last1=Davis |first1=E. B |last2=Brakora |first2=K. A |last3=Lee |first3=A. H }} |
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[[Category:哺乳动物解剖学]] |
[[Category:哺乳动物解剖学]] |
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[[Category:犄角]] |
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2022年3月4日 (五) 14:04的最新版本
皮骨角[1]（英語：Ossicones）是指长颈鹿、雄性㺢㹢狓等动物头上的犄角。此外，现已灭绝的西瓦鹿和梯角鹿科动物（如Climacoceras）头部也生有这种结构。[2]部分学者曾认为这些灭绝种头部的皮骨角并非真正意义上的皮骨角；不过后续的研究表明，这些动物的皮骨角和长颈鹿科的动物很接近。皮骨角位于背骨、额骨上，随着年龄的增加会逐渐长到头骨上。[3]
皮骨角和洞角类似，区别在于皮骨角由软骨组织骨化而成，而非由活骨直接形成，[4]而且皮骨角上由皮毛覆盖，而非角蛋白。
皮骨角一出生起就存在，但刚生下来时皮骨角贴着头部而不是长在头骨上，以防降生时受伤。[5]雄性动物和雌性动物的皮骨角结构、用途都有不同。雄性的皮骨角更厚，因雄性长颈鹿喜欢脖击而导致皮骨角顶部的骨骼裸露出来。这些皮骨角还会增加长颈鹿头部的重量，使得其脖击时的攻击威力更大，有时甚至能致命。皮骨角的出现也导致了一些其他的进化特征，如动物的外皮更重，真皮层也出现了特化的防御。[6]
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 邱占祥; 阎德发; 贾航. 山东山旺Palaeomer yx化石的初步研究 (PDF). 古脊椎动物学报. 1985-07, 23 (3): 173–195 [2019-12-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-17）.
- ^ Hadar Picture Gallery. An ossicone of the extinct, giant, short-necked giraffe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. University of Washington.
- ^ Solounias, N. Prevalence of Ossicones in Giraffidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Journal of Mammalogy. 1988, 69 (4): 845–8. JSTOR 1381645. doi:10.2307/1381645.
- ^ The Nashville Zoo at Grassmere – Animals :: Masai Giraffe. Nashville Zoo at Grassmere. 2008-06-30. （原始内容存档于2008-06-30）.
- ^ FAQs - GiraffeConservation.org. GiraffeConservation.org. [2018-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-12） （美国英语）.
- ^ Geist, Valerius. The Evolution of Horn-Like Organs. Behaviour. 1966, 27 (1): 175–214. doi:10.1163/156853966x00155.
拓展阅读
[编辑]- Hou, Sukuan; Danowitz, Melinda; Sammis, John; Solounias, Nikos. Dead ossicones, and other characters describing Palaeotraginae (Giraffidae; Mammalia) based on new material from Gansu, Central China. Zitteliana. 2014, 32: 91–8 [2019-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-13）.
- Solounias, N; Moelleken, S. M. C. Evidence for the Presence of Ossicones in Giraffokeryx punjabiensis (Giraffidae, Mammalia). Journal of Mammalogy. 1991, 72 (1): 215–7. JSTOR 1382004. doi:10.2307/1382004.
- Churcher, Charles S. Cranial Appendages of Giraffoidea. Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers. 1990: 180–94. ISBN 978-1-4613-8968-2. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8966-8_5.
- Davis, E. B; Brakora, K. A; Lee, A. H. Evolution of ruminant headgear: A review. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2011, 278 (1720): 2857–65. JSTOR 41315010. PMC 3151718
. PMID 21733893. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0938. 简明摘要 – ScienceDaily (July 10, 2010). - Danowitz, Melinda; Barry, John C; Solounias, Nikos. The earliest ossicone and post-cranial record of Giraffa. PLOS ONE. 2017, 12 (9): e0185139. PMC 5605118 . PMID 28926638. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185139.
- Ríos, María; Sánchez, Israel M; Morales, Jorge. A new giraffid (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Pecora) from the late Miocene of Spain, and the evolution of the sivathere-samothere lineage. PLOS ONE. 2017, 12 (11): e0185378. PMC 5665556 . PMID 29091914. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185378. 简明摘要 – Science (November 2, 2017).