LIDA (認知架構)：修订间差异

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2022年6月24日 (五) 16:16的最新版本

LIDA （ 学习型智能分配代理 ）認知架構是一个整合的人工认知系统，试图对生物系统中「廣效的认知」進行建模，範圍涵蓋低等的知覺動作到高等的推理。 LIDA架构以认知科学和认知神经科学為經驗基礎，主要开发者為孟菲斯大学的斯坦·富蘭克林（Stan Franklin）與其同事。除了提供假設來指導進一步的研究之外，該架構也支援软件代理與机器人的控制结构。 LIDA概念模型为许多认知过程提供了合理的解释，同時也是思考心智如何運作的工具。

LIDA架構及其對應的概念模型有兩個假設：

人類的許多認知功能藉著「認知循環」，即在意識內容、各种記憶系統和動作選擇之間頻繁迭代（~ 10hz）的交互作用所實現。
這些認知循環就像認知的“原子”，構成了更高等的認知歷程。

綜述

LIDA既不是符號方法，也不是严格的联結主义，而是一种混合架構，采用了多种计算机制，而这些计算机制是根据其心理合理性而选择的。LIDA認知循環是由採用這些机制的模塊和歷程所組成。

计算机制

LIDA架構采用了數個從“ New AI”中提取計算机制並進行設計的模块，这些模块包括各种Copycat架構、^[1]^[2] 稀疏分布式記憶、^[3]^[4]基模机制、^[5]^[6] 行為網路， ^[7]^[8]和包容式架构。 ^[9]

心理学和神经生物学基础

作为一种綜合性的概念计算认知架构，LIDA架构打算为人类大部分的認知功能建模。 ^[10]^[11]LIDA架構由各式各樣的認知模組和歷程所组成，試圖實現和具體化一些心理學和神經心理學理論，包括全局工作空间理论、^[12] 情境認知、^[13]知覺符號系統、^[14] 工作记忆、^[15]按能供性的记忆、^[16]^[17]长期工作记忆^[16]和H-CogAff架構。 ^[18]

LIDA的認知循環

LIDA认知循環可分为三个阶段：「理解阶段」、「注意（意识）阶段」以及「动作选择和学习阶段」。首先是從「理解阶段」開始，輸入的刺激會激活感觉记忆中的低级特征检测器，輸出則涉及到知覺聯想記憶，使得更加抽象的實體被輸入到其高級特征檢測器，如目標、類別、動作、事件等。由此產生的知覺會被移至工作空間，並在那里插入暫態的情節記憶和陳述性記憶以產生局部關聯，而這些局部關聯會與知覺相結合，生成當前的情境模型，這也就是代理對當前所發生事情的理解。「注意阶段」始于当前情境模型中最显着部分之結合，這樣的結合會去競爭一個當前意識內容中的「注意力」。接著，這些有意識的內容會被全域廣播，並進入「學習和動作選擇階段」。當有意識的廣播到達各种形式的記憶（知覺、情節和程序）時，新實體、新關聯以及對舊實體、關聯的強化就會出現。在進行這些學習以及使用意識內容的同時，合适的動作基模會從程序記憶中被實例化，并發送到動作選擇中，並在那里競相追求成為這個認知循環所選擇的行為。而所選定的行為會觸發感覺-運動記憶，以產生適合其執行的演算法，從而完成認知循環。

历史

Virtual Mattie（V-Mattie）是一个软件代理^[19] ，可以从從研討會組織者那里收集資訊，并撰写下週研討會的公告，每週還會定期将其邮寄到持續更新的列表中，而无需人工监督。 ^[20] V-Mattie使用了多項前述的计算机制。

巴爾斯（Baars）的全局工作空间理论（GWT）啟發了V-Mattie，使其演變成Conscious Mattie。Conscious Mattie有著一樣的领域和任务，在架构上納入了GWT的意识机制。 Conscious Mattie是第一个在功能上（尽管不是很明显）具有意识的软件代理。Conscious Mattie後來催生了IDA。

IDA（智能分配代理）由美国海军 ^[21]^[22]^[23]所開發，用于完成被稱為「人事调配军官」的人力資源任务。在每个水手的任务结束时，将會被分配到一个新的营舍。此分配过程称为分发。海軍僱傭了近300名全職的人事调配军官來執行這些新任務。 IDA的任务是透過對人事调配军官的角色的自动化来促进此过程。 IDA经过前人事调配军官的测试，并被海军接受。各种海軍机构為IDA項目提供了大約150万美元的資助。

LIDA（學習型IDA）架構最初是透過添加几种学习风格和模式^[24]^[25]^[10]从IDA衍生而来的，但此后已发展成为一个更大、更通用的软件框架。 ^[26]^[27]

脚注

^ Hofstadter, D. (1995). Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought. New York: Basic Books.
^ Marshall, J. (2002). Metacat: A self-watching cognitive architecture for analogy-making （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In W. D. Gray & C. D. Schunn (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 631-636. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
^ Kanerva, P. (1988). Sparse Distributed Memory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press
^ Rao, R. P. N., & Fuentes, O. (1998). Hierarchical Learning of Navigational Behaviors in an Autonomous Robot using a Predictive Sparse Distributed Memory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Machine Learning, 31, 87-113
^ Drescher, G.L. (1991). Made-up minds: A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence
^ Chaput, H. H., Kuipers, B., & Miikkulainen, R. (2003). Constructivist Learning: A Neural Implementation of the Schema Mechanism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Paper presented at the Proceedings of WSOM '03: Workshop for Self-Organizing Maps, Kitakyushu, Japan
^ Maes, P. 1989. How to do the right thing. Connection Science 1:291-323
^ Tyrrell, T. (1994). An Evaluation of Maes's Bottom-Up Mechanism for Behavior Selection （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Adaptive Behavior, 2, 307-348
^ Brooks, R.A. Intelligence without Representation. Artificial intelligence, 1991. Elsevier
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Franklin, S., & Patterson, F. G. J. (2006). The LIDA Architecture: Adding New Modes of Learning to an Intelligent, Autonomous, Software Agent （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） IDPT-2006 Proceedings (Integrated Design and Process Technology): Society for Design and Process Science
^ Franklin, S., Ramamurthy, U., D'Mello, S., McCauley, L., Negatu, A., Silva R., & Datla, V. (2007). LIDA: A computational model of global workspace theory and developmental learning （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In AAAI Fall Symposium on AI and Consciousness: Theoretical Foundations and Current Approaches. Arlington, VA: AAAI
^ Baars, B. J. (1988). A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
^ Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press
^ Barsalou, L. W. 1999. Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:577–609. MA: The MIT Press
^ Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press
^ ^16.0 ^16.1 Ericsson, K. A., and W. Kintsch. 1995. Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 102:21–245
^ Glenberg, A. M. 1997. What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20:1–19
^ Sloman, A. 1999. What Sort of Architecture is Required for a Human-like Agent? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In Foundations of Rational Agency, ed. M. Wooldridge, and A. Rao. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers
^ Franklin, S., & Graesser, A., 1997. Is it an Agent, or just a Program?: A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages, published as Intelligent Agents III, Springer-Verlag, 1997, 21-35
^ Franklin, S., Graesser, A., Olde, B., Song, H., & Negatu, A. (1996, Nov). Virtual Mattie—an Intelligent Clerical Agent. Paper presented at the Symposium on Embodied Cognition and Action: AAAI, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
^ Franklin, S., Kelemen, A., & McCauley, L. (1998). IDA: A Cognitive Agent Architecture IEEE Conf on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (pp. 2646–2651 ): IEEE Press
^ Franklin, S. (2003). IDA: A Conscious Artifact? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10, 47–66
^ Franklin, S., & McCauley, L. (2003). Interacting with IDA. In H. Hexmoor, C. Castelfranchi & R. Falcone (Eds.), Agent Autonomy (pp. 159–186 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer
^ D'Mello, Sidney K., Ramamurthy, U., Negatu, A., & Franklin, S. (2006). A Procedural Learning Mechanism for Novel Skill Acquisition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In T. Kovacs & James A. R. Marshall (Eds.), Proceeding of Adaptation in Artificial and Biological Systems, AISB'06 (Vol. 1, pp. 184–185). Bristol, England: Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour
^ Franklin, S. (2005, March 21–23, 2005). Perceptual Memory and Learning: Recognizing, Categorizing, and Relating （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Paper presented at the Symposium on Developmental Robotics: American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Stanford University, Palo Alto CA, USA
^ Franklin, S., & McCauley, L. (2004). Feelings and Emotions as Motivators and Learning Facilitators （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Architectures for Modeling Emotion: Cross-Disciplinary Foundations, AAAI 2004 Spring Symposium Series (Vol. Technical Report SS-04-02 pp. 48–51). Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence
^ Negatu, A., D'Mello, Sidney K., & Franklin, S. (2007). Cognitively Inspired Anticipation and Anticipatory Learning Mechanisms for Autonomous Agents （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In M. V. Butz, O. Sigaud, G. Pezzulo & G. O. Baldassarre (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems (ABiALS 2006) (pp. 108-127). Rome, Italy: Springer Verlag

外部链接

LIDA architecture Cognitive Computing Research Group（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Memphis University
database of possible neural correlates（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） of LIDA modules and processes
How Minds Work" tutorial（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
mention of LIDA in Bot shows signs of consciousness （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Celeste Biever, New Scientist 1 April 2011

[1] Hofstadter, D. (1995). Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought. New York: Basic Books.

[2] Marshall, J. (2002). Metacat: A self-watching cognitive architecture for analogy-making （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In W. D. Gray & C. D. Schunn (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 631-636. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

[3] Kanerva, P. (1988). Sparse Distributed Memory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press

[4] Rao, R. P. N., & Fuentes, O. (1998). Hierarchical Learning of Navigational Behaviors in an Autonomous Robot using a Predictive Sparse Distributed Memory （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Machine Learning, 31, 87-113

[5] Drescher, G.L. (1991). Made-up minds: A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence

[6] Chaput, H. H., Kuipers, B., & Miikkulainen, R. (2003). Constructivist Learning: A Neural Implementation of the Schema Mechanism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Paper presented at the Proceedings of WSOM '03: Workshop for Self-Organizing Maps, Kitakyushu, Japan

[7] Maes, P. 1989. How to do the right thing. Connection Science 1:291-323

[8] Tyrrell, T. (1994). An Evaluation of Maes's Bottom-Up Mechanism for Behavior Selection （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Adaptive Behavior, 2, 307-348

[9] Brooks, R.A. Intelligence without Representation. Artificial intelligence, 1991. Elsevier

[#1-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Franklin, S., & Patterson, F. G. J. (2006). The LIDA Architecture: Adding New Modes of Learning to an Intelligent, Autonomous, Software Agent （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） IDPT-2006 Proceedings (Integrated Design and Process Technology): Society for Design and Process Science

[11] Franklin, S., Ramamurthy, U., D'Mello, S., McCauley, L., Negatu, A., Silva R., & Datla, V. (2007). LIDA: A computational model of global workspace theory and developmental learning （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In AAAI Fall Symposium on AI and Consciousness: Theoretical Foundations and Current Approaches. Arlington, VA: AAAI

[12] Baars, B. J. (1988). A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

[13] Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press

[14] Barsalou, L. W. 1999. Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:577–609. MA: The MIT Press

[15] Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press

[#2-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Ericsson, K. A., and W. Kintsch. 1995. Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 102:21–245

[17] Glenberg, A. M. 1997. What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20:1–19

[18] Sloman, A. 1999. What Sort of Architecture is Required for a Human-like Agent? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In Foundations of Rational Agency, ed. M. Wooldridge, and A. Rao. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

[19] Franklin, S., & Graesser, A., 1997. Is it an Agent, or just a Program?: A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages, published as Intelligent Agents III, Springer-Verlag, 1997, 21-35

[20] Franklin, S., Graesser, A., Olde, B., Song, H., & Negatu, A. (1996, Nov). Virtual Mattie—an Intelligent Clerical Agent. Paper presented at the Symposium on Embodied Cognition and Action: AAAI, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

[21] Franklin, S., Kelemen, A., & McCauley, L. (1998). IDA: A Cognitive Agent Architecture IEEE Conf on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (pp. 2646–2651 ): IEEE Press

[22] Franklin, S. (2003). IDA: A Conscious Artifact? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10, 47–66

[23] Franklin, S., & McCauley, L. (2003). Interacting with IDA. In H. Hexmoor, C. Castelfranchi & R. Falcone (Eds.), Agent Autonomy (pp. 159–186 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer

[24] D'Mello, Sidney K., Ramamurthy, U., Negatu, A., & Franklin, S. (2006). A Procedural Learning Mechanism for Novel Skill Acquisition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In T. Kovacs & James A. R. Marshall (Eds.), Proceeding of Adaptation in Artificial and Biological Systems, AISB'06 (Vol. 1, pp. 184–185). Bristol, England: Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour

[25] Franklin, S. (2005, March 21–23, 2005). Perceptual Memory and Learning: Recognizing, Categorizing, and Relating （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Paper presented at the Symposium on Developmental Robotics: American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Stanford University, Palo Alto CA, USA

[26] Franklin, S., & McCauley, L. (2004). Feelings and Emotions as Motivators and Learning Facilitators （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Architectures for Modeling Emotion: Cross-Disciplinary Foundations, AAAI 2004 Spring Symposium Series (Vol. Technical Report SS-04-02 pp. 48–51). Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence

[27] Negatu, A., D'Mello, Sidney K., & Franklin, S. (2007). Cognitively Inspired Anticipation and Anticipatory Learning Mechanisms for Autonomous Agents （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In M. V. Butz, O. Sigaud, G. Pezzulo & G. O. Baldassarre (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems (ABiALS 2006) (pp. 108-127). Rome, Italy: Springer Verlag

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@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
-'''LIDA''' （ '''学习型智能分配代理''' ） [[認知架構]]是一个整合的人工[[人工智能|认知系统]] ，试图对生物系统中「廣效的[[認知|认知]]」進行建模，範圍涵蓋低層次的知覺動作到高層次的推理。 LIDA架构以[[认知科学]]和[[認知神經科學|认知神经科学]]為經驗基礎，主要由孟菲斯大学的斯坦·富蘭克林(Stan Franklin)與其同事所开发。除了提供假設來指導進一步的研究之外，該架構也支持[[軟體代理|软件代理]]與机器人的控制结构。 LIDA概念模型为许多认知过程提供了合理的解释，同時也作为思考心智如何運作的工具。
+'''LIDA''' （ '''学习型智能分配代理''' ） [[認知架構]]是一个整合的人工[[人工智能|认知系统]] ，试图对生物系统中「廣效的[[認知|认知]]」進行建模，範圍涵蓋低等的知覺動作到高等的推理。 LIDA架构以[[认知科学]]和[[認知神經科學|认知神经科学]]為經驗基礎，主要开发者為孟菲斯大学的斯坦·富蘭克林（Stan Franklin）與其同事。除了提供假設來指導進一步的研究之外，該架構也支援[[軟體代理|软件代理]]與机器人的控制结构。 LIDA概念模型为许多认知过程提供了合理的解释，同時也是思考心智如何運作的工具。
 LIDA架構及其對應的概念模型有兩個假設：
-(1)人類的許多認知功能藉著「認知循環」，即在意識內容、各种記憶系統和[[行動選擇|動作選擇]]之間頻繁迭代(~ 10hz)的交互作用所實現。
+# 人類的許多認知功能藉著「認知循環」，即在意識內容、各种記憶系統和[[行動選擇|動作選擇]]之間頻繁迭代（~ 10hz）的交互作用所實現。
+# 這些認知循環就像認知的“原子”，構成了更高等的認知歷程。
-(2)這些認知循環就像認知的“原子”，構成了更高層次的認知歷程。
 == 綜述 ==
@@ 第12行： / 第11行： @@
 === 计算机制 ===
-LIDA架構采用了數個從“ New AI”中提取計算机制並進行設計的模块，这些模块包括各种[[模仿者（软件） |Copycat架構]] 、<ref>Hofstadter, D. (1995). Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought. New York: Basic Books.</ref><ref>Marshall, J. (2002). [http://science.slc.edu/~jmarshall/metacat/dissertation.pdf Metacat: A self-watching cognitive architecture for analogy-making]. In W. D. Gray & C. D. Schunn (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 631-636. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates</ref> [[稀疏分布式存储器|稀疏分布式内存]]、<ref>Kanerva, P. (1988). [https://www.cs.hmc.edu/~jpadgett/nnfinal/NNPrsntnJP1.pdf Sparse Distributed Memory]. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press</ref><ref>Rao, R. P. N., & Fuentes, O. (1998). [http://www.cs.utep.edu/ofuentes/raoML98.pdf Hierarchical Learning of Navigational Behaviors in an Autonomous Robot using a Predictive Sparse Distributed Memory] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cs.utep.edu/ofuentes/raoML98.pdf |date=20170810103354 }}. Machine Learning, 31, 87-113</ref>基模机制、<ref>Drescher, G.L. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYsEzeKHLNUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Made-up minds: A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence]</ref><ref>Chaput, H. H., Kuipers, B., & Miikkulainen, R. (2003). [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/ai-lab/pubs/chaput.wsom03.pdf Constructivist Learning: A Neural Implementation of the Schema Mechanism]. Paper presented at the Proceedings of WSOM '03: Workshop for Self-Organizing Maps, Kitakyushu, Japan</ref> 行為網路， <ref>Maes, P. 1989. How to do the right thing. Connection Science 1:291-323</ref><ref>Tyrrell, T. (1994). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/105971239400200401 An Evaluation of Maes's Bottom-Up Mechanism for Behavior Selection]. Adaptive Behavior, 2, 307-348</ref>和[[包容體系結構|包容式架构]] 。 <ref>Brooks, R.A. Intelligence without Representation. Artificial intelligence, 1991. Elsevier</ref>
+LIDA架構采用了數個從“ New AI”中提取計算机制並進行設計的模块，这些模块包括各种[[模仿者（软件） |Copycat架構]] 、<ref>Hofstadter, D. (1995). Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought. New York: Basic Books.</ref><ref>Marshall, J. (2002). [http://science.slc.edu/~jmarshall/metacat/dissertation.pdf Metacat: A self-watching cognitive architecture for analogy-making] {{Wayback|url=http://science.slc.edu/~jmarshall/metacat/dissertation.pdf |date=20190829175841 }}. In W. D. Gray & C. D. Schunn (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 631-636. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates</ref> [[稀疏分布式存储器|稀疏分布式記憶]]、<ref>Kanerva, P. (1988). [https://www.cs.hmc.edu/~jpadgett/nnfinal/NNPrsntnJP1.pdf Sparse Distributed Memory] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.hmc.edu/~jpadgett/nnfinal/NNPrsntnJP1.pdf |date=20170808044438 }}. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press</ref><ref>Rao, R. P. N., & Fuentes, O. (1998). [http://www.cs.utep.edu/ofuentes/raoML98.pdf Hierarchical Learning of Navigational Behaviors in an Autonomous Robot using a Predictive Sparse Distributed Memory] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cs.utep.edu/ofuentes/raoML98.pdf |date=20170810103354 }}. Machine Learning, 31, 87-113</ref>基模机制、<ref>Drescher, G.L. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYsEzeKHLNUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Made-up minds: A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence]</ref><ref>Chaput, H. H., Kuipers, B., & Miikkulainen, R. (2003). [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/ai-lab/pubs/chaput.wsom03.pdf Constructivist Learning: A Neural Implementation of the Schema Mechanism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/ai-lab/pubs/chaput.wsom03.pdf |date=20220121001506 }}. Paper presented at the Proceedings of WSOM '03: Workshop for Self-Organizing Maps, Kitakyushu, Japan</ref> 行為網路， <ref>Maes, P. 1989. How to do the right thing. Connection Science 1:291-323</ref><ref>Tyrrell, T. (1994). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/105971239400200401 An Evaluation of Maes's Bottom-Up Mechanism for Behavior Selection] {{Wayback|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/105971239400200401 |date=20181223124605 }}. Adaptive Behavior, 2, 307-348</ref>和[[包容體系結構|包容式架构]] 。 <ref>Brooks, R.A. Intelligence without Representation. Artificial intelligence, 1991. Elsevier</ref>
 === 心理学和神经生物学基础 ===
-作为一种綜合性的概念计算认知架构，LIDA架构打算为人类大部分的認知功能建模。 <ref>Franklin, S., & Patterson, F. G. J. (2006). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stan_Franklin/publication/210304626_The_LIDA_architecture_Adding_new_modes_of_learning_to_an_intelligent_autonomous_software_agent/links/00463521d049be955e000000/The-LIDA-architecture-Adding-new-modes-of-learning-to-an-intelligent-autonomous-software-agent.pdf The LIDA Architecture: Adding New Modes of Learning to an Intelligent, Autonomous, Software Agent] IDPT-2006 Proceedings (Integrated Design and Process Technology): Society for Design and Process Science</ref><ref>Franklin, S., Ramamurthy, U., D'Mello, S., McCauley, L., Negatu, A., Silva R., & Datla, V. (2007). [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/assets/papers/LIDA%20paper%20Fall%20AI%20Symposium%20Final.pdf LIDA: A computational model of global workspace theory and developmental learning]. In AAAI Fall Symposium on AI and Consciousness: Theoretical Foundations and Current Approaches. Arlington, VA: AAAI</ref>LIDA架構由各式各樣的認知模組和歷程所组成，試圖實現和具體化一些心理學和神經心理學理論，包括[[全局工作空间理论|全球工作空间理论]] 、<ref>Baars, B. J. (1988). A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</ref> [[情境認知]] 、<ref>Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press</ref>知覺符號系統、<ref>Barsalou, L. W. 1999. Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:577–609. MA: The MIT Press</ref> [[工作记忆]]、<ref>Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press</ref>按[[承擔特質|能供性]]的记忆、<ref>Ericsson, K. A., and W. Kintsch. 1995. Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 102:21–245</ref><ref>Glenberg, A. M. 1997. What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20:1–19</ref>长期工作记忆<ref>Ericsson, K. A., and W. Kintsch. 1995. Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 102:21–245</ref>和H-CogAff架構。 <ref>Sloman, A. 1999. [http://cogprints.org/700/2/Sloman.what.arch.ps What Sort of Architecture is Required for a Human-like Agent?] In Foundations of Rational Agency, ed. M. Wooldridge, and A. Rao. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers</ref>
+作为一种綜合性的概念计算认知架构，LIDA架构打算为人类大部分的認知功能建模。 <ref name="#1">Franklin, S., & Patterson, F. G. J. (2006). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stan_Franklin/publication/210304626_The_LIDA_architecture_Adding_new_modes_of_learning_to_an_intelligent_autonomous_software_agent/links/00463521d049be955e000000/The-LIDA-architecture-Adding-new-modes-of-learning-to-an-intelligent-autonomous-software-agent.pdf The LIDA Architecture: Adding New Modes of Learning to an Intelligent, Autonomous, Software Agent] {{Wayback|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stan_Franklin/publication/210304626_The_LIDA_architecture_Adding_new_modes_of_learning_to_an_intelligent_autonomous_software_agent/links/00463521d049be955e000000/The-LIDA-architecture-Adding-new-modes-of-learning-to-an-intelligent-autonomous-software-agent.pdf |date=20200912061735 }} IDPT-2006 Proceedings (Integrated Design and Process Technology): Society for Design and Process Science</ref><ref>Franklin, S., Ramamurthy, U., D'Mello, S., McCauley, L., Negatu, A., Silva R., & Datla, V. (2007). [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/assets/papers/LIDA%20paper%20Fall%20AI%20Symposium%20Final.pdf LIDA: A computational model of global workspace theory and developmental learning] {{Wayback|url=http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/assets/papers/LIDA%20paper%20Fall%20AI%20Symposium%20Final.pdf |date=20160109001144 }}. In AAAI Fall Symposium on AI and Consciousness: Theoretical Foundations and Current Approaches. Arlington, VA: AAAI</ref>LIDA架構由各式各樣的認知模組和歷程所组成，試圖實現和具體化一些心理學和神經心理學理論，包括[[全局工作空间理论]] 、<ref>Baars, B. J. (1988). A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</ref> [[情境認知]] 、<ref>Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press</ref>知覺符號系統、<ref>Barsalou, L. W. 1999. Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:577–609. MA: The MIT Press</ref> [[工作记忆]]、<ref>Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press</ref>按[[承擔特質|能供性]]的记忆、<ref name="#2">Ericsson, K. A., and W. Kintsch. 1995. Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 102:21–245</ref><ref>Glenberg, A. M. 1997. What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20:1–19</ref>长期工作记忆<ref name="#2"/>和H-CogAff架構。 <ref>Sloman, A. 1999. [http://cogprints.org/700/2/Sloman.what.arch.ps What Sort of Architecture is Required for a Human-like Agent?] {{Wayback|url=http://cogprints.org/700/2/Sloman.what.arch.ps |date=20121126152143 }} In Foundations of Rational Agency, ed. M. Wooldridge, and A. Rao. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers</ref>
 == LIDA的認知循環 ==
-LIDA认知循環可分为三个阶段：「理解阶段」、「注意（意识）阶段」以及「动作选择和学习阶段」。首先是從「理解阶段」開始，輸入的刺激會激活感觉记忆中的低级特征检测器，輸出則涉及到知覺聯想記憶，使得更加抽象的實體被輸入到其高級特征檢測器，如目標、類別、動作、事件等。由此產生的知覺會被移至工作空間，並在那里插入暫態的情節記憶和陳述性記憶以產生局部關聯，而這些局部關聯會與知覺相結合，生成當前的情境模型，這也就是代理對當前所發生事情的理解。「注意阶段」始于当前情境模型中最显着部分之結合，這樣的結合會去競爭一個當前意識內容中的地方「注意力」。接著，這些有意識的內容會被全域廣播，並進入「學習和動作選擇階段」。當有意識的廣播到達各种形式的記憶(知覺、情節和程序)時，新實體、新關聯以及對舊實體、關聯的強化就會出現。在進行這些學習以及使用意識內容的同時，合适的動作基模會從程序記憶中被實例化，并發送到動作選擇中，並在那里競相追求成為這個認知循環所選擇的行為。而所選定的行為會觸發感覺-運動記憶，以產生適合其執行的算法，從而完成認知循環。
+LIDA认知循環可分为三个阶段：「理解阶段」、「注意（意识）阶段」以及「动作选择和学习阶段」。首先是從「理解阶段」開始，輸入的刺激會激活感觉记忆中的低级特征检测器，輸出則涉及到知覺聯想記憶，使得更加抽象的實體被輸入到其高級特征檢測器，如目標、類別、動作、事件等。由此產生的知覺會被移至工作空間，並在那里插入暫態的情節記憶和陳述性記憶以產生局部關聯，而這些局部關聯會與知覺相結合，生成當前的情境模型，這也就是代理對當前所發生事情的理解。「注意阶段」始于当前情境模型中最显着部分之結合，這樣的結合會去競爭一個當前意識內容中的「注意力」。接著，這些有意識的內容會被全域廣播，並進入「學習和動作選擇階段」。當有意識的廣播到達各种形式的記憶（知覺、情節和程序）時，新實體、新關聯以及對舊實體、關聯的強化就會出現。在進行這些學習以及使用意識內容的同時，合适的動作基模會從程序記憶中被實例化，并發送到動作選擇中，並在那里競相追求成為這個認知循環所選擇的行為。而所選定的行為會觸發感覺-運動記憶，以產生適合其執行的演算法，從而完成認知循環。
 == 历史 ==
-Virtual Mattie（V-Mattie）是一个[[軟體代理|软件代理]]<ref>Franklin, S., & Graesser, A., 1997. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/288d/7952b6648749fcbdcedabedf8f43cf7fda52.pdf Is it an Agent, or just a Program?: A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents]. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages, published as Intelligent Agents III, Springer-Verlag, 1997, 21-35</ref> ，可以从從研討會組織者那里收集信息，撰写下週研討會的公告，并且每週定期将其邮寄到持續更新的列表中，而无需人工监督。 <ref>Franklin, S., Graesser, A., Olde, B., Song, H., & Negatu, A. (1996, Nov). Virtual Mattie—an Intelligent Clerical Agent. Paper presented at the Symposium on Embodied Cognition and Action: AAAI, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</ref> V-Mattie使用了多項前述的计算机制。
+Virtual Mattie（V-Mattie）是一个[[軟體代理|软件代理]]<ref>Franklin, S., & Graesser, A., 1997. [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/288d/7952b6648749fcbdcedabedf8f43cf7fda52.pdf Is it an Agent, or just a Program?: A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents] {{Wayback|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/288d/7952b6648749fcbdcedabedf8f43cf7fda52.pdf |date=20181223120905 }}. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages, published as Intelligent Agents III, Springer-Verlag, 1997, 21-35</ref> ，可以从從研討會組織者那里收集資訊，并撰写下週研討會的公告，每週還會定期将其邮寄到持續更新的列表中，而无需人工监督。 <ref>Franklin, S., Graesser, A., Olde, B., Song, H., & Negatu, A. (1996, Nov). Virtual Mattie—an Intelligent Clerical Agent. Paper presented at the Symposium on Embodied Cognition and Action: AAAI, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</ref> V-Mattie使用了多項前述的计算机制。
-[[伯纳德·巴尔（Bernard Baars） |巴爾斯]] (Baars)的[[全局工作空间理论|全球工作空间理论]] （GWT）激发了V-Mattie，使其轉換成Conscious Mattie，Conscious Mattie是具有相同领域和任务的软件代理，其架构包括GWT意识机制。 Conscious Mattie是第一个在功能上（尽管不是很明显）具有意识的软件代理。Conscious Mattie促成了IDA。
+[[伯纳德·巴尔（Bernard Baars） |巴爾斯]]（Baars）的[[全局工作空间理论]] （GWT）啟發了V-Mattie，使其演變成Conscious Mattie。Conscious Mattie有著一樣的领域和任务，在架构上納入了GWT的意识机制。 Conscious Mattie是第一个在功能上（尽管不是很明显）具有意识的软件代理。Conscious Mattie後來催生了IDA。
-IDA（智能分配代理）由[[美國海軍|美国海军]] <ref>Franklin, S., Kelemen, A., & McCauley, L. (1998). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stan_Franklin/publication/2906150_IDA_A_Cognitive_Agent_Architecture/links/09e4150be4b5624009000000.pdf IDA: A Cognitive Agent Architecture] IEEE Conf on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (pp. 2646–2651 ): IEEE Press</ref><ref>Franklin, S. (2003). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stan_Franklin/publication/233597270_IDA_A_conscious_artifact/links/0f317530ba440aabe1000000/IDA-A-conscious-artifact IDA: A Conscious Artifact?] Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10, 47–66</ref><ref>Franklin, S., & McCauley, L. (2003). Interacting with IDA. In H. Hexmoor, C. Castelfranchi & R. Falcone (Eds.), Agent Autonomy (pp. 159–186 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer</ref>所開發，用于完成被稱為「人事调配军官」的人力資源任务。在每个水手的任务结束时，将會被分配到一个新的营舍。此分配过程称为分发。海軍僱傭了近300名全職的人事调配军官來執行這些新任務。 IDA的任务是通过對人事调配军官的角色的自动化来促进此过程。 IDA经过前人事调配军官的测试，并被海军接受。各种海軍机构為IDA項目提供了大約150万美元的資助。
+IDA（智能分配代理）由[[美國海軍|美国海军]] <ref>Franklin, S., Kelemen, A., & McCauley, L. (1998). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stan_Franklin/publication/2906150_IDA_A_Cognitive_Agent_Architecture/links/09e4150be4b5624009000000.pdf IDA: A Cognitive Agent Architecture] IEEE Conf on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (pp. 2646–2651 ): IEEE Press</ref><ref>Franklin, S. (2003). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stan_Franklin/publication/233597270_IDA_A_conscious_artifact/links/0f317530ba440aabe1000000/IDA-A-conscious-artifact IDA: A Conscious Artifact?] {{Wayback|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stan_Franklin/publication/233597270_IDA_A_conscious_artifact/links/0f317530ba440aabe1000000/IDA-A-conscious-artifact |date=20201222101600 }} Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10, 47–66</ref><ref>Franklin, S., & McCauley, L. (2003). Interacting with IDA. In H. Hexmoor, C. Castelfranchi & R. Falcone (Eds.), Agent Autonomy (pp. 159–186 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer</ref>所開發，用于完成被稱為「人事调配军官」的人力資源任务。在每个水手的任务结束时，将會被分配到一个新的营舍。此分配过程称为分发。海軍僱傭了近300名全職的人事调配军官來執行這些新任務。 IDA的任务是透過對人事调配军官的角色的自动化来促进此过程。 IDA经过前人事调配军官的测试，并被海军接受。各种海軍机构為IDA項目提供了大約150万美元的資助。
-LIDA（學習型IDA）架構最初是通过添加几种学习风格和模式<ref>D'Mello, Sidney K., Ramamurthy, U., Negatu, A., & Franklin, S. (2006). [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/assets/papers/dmello_aisb_wmd_06.pdf A Procedural Learning Mechanism for Novel Skill Acquisition]. In T. Kovacs & James A. R. Marshall (Eds.), Proceeding of Adaptation in Artificial and Biological Systems, AISB'06 (Vol. 1, pp. 184–185). Bristol, England: Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour</ref><ref>Franklin, S. (2005, March 21–23, 2005). [https://cs.brynmawr.edu/DevRob05/schedule/papers/franklin.pdf Perceptual Memory and Learning: Recognizing, Categorizing, and Relating]. Paper presented at the Symposium on Developmental Robotics: American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Stanford University, Palo Alto CA, USA</ref><ref>Franklin, S., & Patterson, F. G. J. (2006). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stan_Franklin/publication/210304626_The_LIDA_architecture_Adding_new_modes_of_learning_to_an_intelligent_autonomous_software_agent/links/00463521d049be955e000000/The-LIDA-architecture-Adding-new-modes-of-learning-to-an-intelligent-autonomous-software-agent.pdf The LIDA Architecture: Adding New Modes of Learning to an Intelligent, Autonomous, Software Agent] IDPT-2006 Proceedings (Integrated Design and Process Technology): Society for Design and Process Science</ref>从IDA衍生而来的，但此后已发展成为一个更大、更通用的软件框架。 <ref>Franklin, S., & McCauley, L. (2004). [http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2004/SS-04-02/SS04-02-009.pdf Feelings and Emotions as Motivators and Learning Facilitators] Architectures for Modeling Emotion: Cross-Disciplinary Foundations, AAAI 2004 Spring Symposium Series (Vol. Technical Report SS-04-02 pp. 48–51). Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence</ref><ref>Negatu, A., D'Mello, Sidney K., & Franklin, S. (2007). [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/assets/papers/NegatuABiALS2006.pdf Cognitively Inspired Anticipation and Anticipatory Learning Mechanisms for Autonomous Agents]. In M. V. Butz, O. Sigaud, G. Pezzulo & G. O. Baldassarre (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems (ABiALS 2006) (pp. 108-127). Rome, Italy: Springer Verlag</ref>
+LIDA（學習型IDA）架構最初是透過添加几种学习风格和模式<ref>D'Mello, Sidney K., Ramamurthy, U., Negatu, A., & Franklin, S. (2006). [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/assets/papers/dmello_aisb_wmd_06.pdf A Procedural Learning Mechanism for Novel Skill Acquisition] {{Wayback|url=http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/assets/papers/dmello_aisb_wmd_06.pdf |date=20160304023425 }}. In T. Kovacs & James A. R. Marshall (Eds.), Proceeding of Adaptation in Artificial and Biological Systems, AISB'06 (Vol. 1, pp. 184–185). Bristol, England: Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour</ref><ref>Franklin, S. (2005, March 21–23, 2005). [https://cs.brynmawr.edu/DevRob05/schedule/papers/franklin.pdf Perceptual Memory and Learning: Recognizing, Categorizing, and Relating] {{Wayback|url=https://cs.brynmawr.edu/DevRob05/schedule/papers/franklin.pdf |date=20110307025704 }}. Paper presented at the Symposium on Developmental Robotics: American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Stanford University, Palo Alto CA, USA</ref><ref name="#1"/>从IDA衍生而来的，但此后已发展成为一个更大、更通用的软件框架。 <ref>Franklin, S., & McCauley, L. (2004). [http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2004/SS-04-02/SS04-02-009.pdf Feelings and Emotions as Motivators and Learning Facilitators] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2004/SS-04-02/SS04-02-009.pdf |date=20181223120902 }} Architectures for Modeling Emotion: Cross-Disciplinary Foundations, AAAI 2004 Spring Symposium Series (Vol. Technical Report SS-04-02 pp. 48–51). Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence</ref><ref>Negatu, A., D'Mello, Sidney K., & Franklin, S. (2007). [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/assets/papers/NegatuABiALS2006.pdf Cognitively Inspired Anticipation and Anticipatory Learning Mechanisms for Autonomous Agents] {{Wayback|url=http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/assets/papers/NegatuABiALS2006.pdf |date=20160304053450 }}. In M. V. Butz, O. Sigaud, G. Pezzulo & G. O. Baldassarre (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems (ABiALS 2006) (pp. 108-127). Rome, Italy: Springer Verlag</ref>
 == 脚注 ==
@@ 第34行： / 第33行： @@
 == 外部链接 ==
-* LIDA architecture [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/ Cognitive Computing Research Group], Memphis University
+* LIDA architecture [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/ Cognitive Computing Research Group]{{Wayback|url=http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/ |date=20060901063219 }}, Memphis University
-* database of [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/tutorial/correlates.html possible neural correlates] of LIDA modules and processes
+* database of [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/tutorial/correlates.html possible neural correlates]{{Wayback|url=http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/tutorial/correlates.html |date=20100405222028 }} of LIDA modules and processes
-* How Minds Work" [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/tutorial/tutorial.html tutorial]
+* How Minds Work" [http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/tutorial/tutorial.html tutorial]{{Wayback|url=http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/tutorial/tutorial.html |date=20100407074755 }}
-* mention of LIDA in [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028063.400-bot-shows-signs-of-consciousness.html?full=true Bot shows signs of consciousness] by Celeste Biever, New Scientist 1 April 2011
+* mention of LIDA in [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028063.400-bot-shows-signs-of-consciousness.html?full=true Bot shows signs of consciousness] {{Wayback|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21028063.400-bot-shows-signs-of-consciousness.html?full=true |date=20121022194658 }} by Celeste Biever, New Scientist 1 April 2011
 [[Category:人工智能]]