粉頭鴨:修订间差异
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{{Translating |time=2008-11-14T12:10:18+00:00 }}<!-- 本调用由 {{subst:Translating/auto}} 自动产生。 --> |
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{{Taxobox |
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| color = pink |
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| name = 粉頭鴨 |
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| status = CR |
| status = CR |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| image= Netta_caryophyllacea.jpg |
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| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|id=22680344 |title=''Rhodonessa caryophyllacea'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref> |
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| image_width = 250px |
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| image= Taxidermied Rhodonessa caryophyllacea.JPG |
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| regnum = [[動物界]] Animalia |
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| phylum = [[脊索動物門]] Chordata |
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| classis = [[鳥綱]] Aves |
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| ordo = [[Anseriformes]] |
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| genus = ''[[Netta]]'' |
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| species = '''粉頭鴨 ''N. caryophyllacea''''' |
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| binomial_authority = ([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1790)<ref>Latham, John (1790): ''Index ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c.''. London: Leigh & Sotheby.</ref> |
| binomial_authority = ([[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1790)<ref>Latham, John (1790): ''Index ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c.''. London: Leigh & Sotheby.</ref> |
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| synonyms = |
| synonyms = |
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''Anas caryophyllacea'' |
* ''Anas caryophyllacea'' |
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'' |
* ''Netta caryophyllacea'' |
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}} |
}} |
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'''粉頭鴨''' |
'''粉頭鴨'''(''Rhodonessa caryophyllacea'')是一種大型的[[潛水鴨]]。[[系統發生學]]研究發現牠們是[[赤嘴潛鴨]]的近親<ref>{{Cite journal en|author=Livezey, B. C.|year=1998|title=A phylogenetic analysis of modern pochards (Anatidae: Aythini)|journal=Auk|volume=113|pages=74-93|url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v113n01/p0074-p0093.pdf|access-date=2008-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604160022/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v113n01/p0074-p0093.pdf|archive-date=2010-06-04|dead-url=yes}}</ref>,但目前這研究並未被得到廣泛接受,因此仍分類內[[狹嘴潛鴨屬]]內。<ref>Collar, N. J.; Andreev, A. V.; Chan, S.; Crosby, M. J.; Subramanya, S. & Tobias, J. A. (editors) (2001): Pink-headed Duck. ''In'': ''Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book'', 489-501. BirdLife International. ISBN 0-946888-44-2 [http://www.rdb.or.id/view_html.php?id=73&op=rhodcary HTML fulltext] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311095312/http://www.rdb.or.id/view_html.php?id=73&op=rhodcary |date=2007-03-11 }}</ref>目前有關其分類地位等仍然備受爭議<ref>{{cite book en|author=Collar, N. J.; Andreev, A. V.; Chan, S.; Crosby, M. J.; Subramanya, S. & Tobias, J. A. (editors)|year=2001|chapter=Pink-headed Duck|title=Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book|pages=489-501|publisher=BirdLife International|id=ISBN 0-946888-44-2|url=http://www.rdb.or.id/view_html.php?id=73&op=rhodcary|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311095312/http://www.rdb.or.id/view_html.php?id=73&op=rhodcary|archivedate=2007-03-11}}</ref>。 |
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粉頭鴨長60厘米,有長的身體及[[頸部]]。雄鴨的身體呈[[朱古力]]色,頸部及頭部都呈深粉紅色。雌鴨及幼鴨則呈較深色,彷彿一隻頭上染了粉紅色的雌性[[赤嘴潛鴨]]。由於赤嘴潛鴨的頭部呈紅色,這很易令人誤會粉頭鴨就是赤嘴潛鴨。另外,[[斑嘴鴨]]飛行時亦很像雌性的粉頭鴨,從後面看更會以為是一頭雄性粉頭鴨。 |
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The 60 cm long Pink-headed Duck is unmistakable. It is long-bodied and long-necked, with a slightly tufted head in the male, and a peculiar, stiff-necked posture. The adult male has a chocolate-coloured body and a deep pink head and hindneck. The female and juvenile are duller, appearing much like a dark female Red-crested Pochard with a pinkish tinge to the head. Confusion with male [[Red-crested Pochard]]s stems mainly from observations of swimming birds, as the latter species also has a conspicuous red head (although the color is actually very different from the Pink-headed Duck). [[Spot-billed Duck]]s, on the other hand, look similar to female Pink-headed Ducks when in flight and seen from a distance, and if seen from behind, they could be mistaken for males too. The upper side of the wing is distinguishing, with dark green [[remiges|secondaries]] (speculum) and prominent white [[remiges|tertiaries]] in the Spot-billed Duck and a pinkish-beige speculum, much lighter than its surroundings, in the Pink-headed Duck. If the upper part of the wings cannot be reliably seen, they are all but indistinguishable except for expert observers in good visibility conditions. |
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粉頭鴨生活在長草森林的低沼地及池中。牠們的巢是以草造成。牠們是群居的,每群約有30隻或以上的粉頭鴨。牠們主要吃水中[[植物]]。 |
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Its breeding habitat is lowland [[marsh]]es and pools in tall-grass jungle. The nest is built amongst grass. They are gregarious birds, and form flocks of 30 or more. Pink-headed Ducks eat aquatic plants, and, like ''[[Netta]]'' species, typically up-end for food much more than other diving ducks. |
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== 保育狀況 == |
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==Conservation status== |
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粉頭鴨以往分佈在東[[印度]]、[[孟加拉國]]及北[[緬甸]],但現時很有可能已經[[滅絕]]。牠們非常罕有,對上一次於1935年被觀察到,1960年代有幾次未證實的報告。於1988年,有指在[[雅魯藏布江]]發現粉頭鴨的蹤跡<ref>{{Cite book en|author=Nugent, Rory|title=The Search for the Pink-Headed Duck: A Journey Into the Himalayas and Down the Brahmaputra|url=https://archive.org/details/searchforpinkhea00nuge|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1991}}</ref>,但卻不足以將牠們從滅絕的行列上除名。以往亦有報告指在[[邁立開江]]及[[親敦江]]發現粉頭鴨,但卻未被證實。另外,在[[胡岡谷]]的研究指粉頭鴨仍然生存在[[克欽邦]]<ref name=nguyen>{{Cite journal en|author=Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Ha|year=2003|title=Pink-headed Duck survey in the Hukaung Valley, Myanmar|journal=Babbler|volume=8|pages=6-7|url=http://www.birdlifeindochina.org/report_pdfs/babbler_8.pdf}}</ref>,但在[[克甘馬因]]附近卻找不到牠們。<ref>{{Cite journal en|author=Dang, Nguyen Hong Hanh|year=2005|title=Latest search fails to locate Pink-headed Duck|journal=Babbler|volume=16|pages=21-22|url=http://www.birdlifeindochina.org/report_pdfs/babbler_16.pdf|access-date=2008-11-14|archive-date=2007-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007023128/http://www.birdlifeindochina.org/report_pdfs/babbler_16.pdf}}</ref> |
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This [[duck]] formerly occurred in eastern [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and northern [[Myanmar]], but is now probably [[extinct birds|extinct]]. It was always rare, and the last confirmed sighting was in 1935, although unconfirmed reports from India persisted until the early 1960s. In 1988, Rory Nugent, an American birder, and Shankar Barua of [[Delhi]], reported spotting the elusive bird on the banks of the [[Brahmaputra]]. The pair started their quest for the bird at Saikhoa ghat on the north-eastern end of the river on the Indian side of the border. After 29 days of sailing, Nugent said that he saw the pink-headed duck amidst a flock of other waterbirds. However, Nugent's and Barua's claimed sighting has not been enough to remove this duck from the list of extinct birds. Reports of pink-headed ducks were for decades received from the largely unexplored [[Mali Hka]] and [[Chindwin Myit]] drainages in Northern Myanmar, and apparently still continue. While the area is not very well surveyed by scientists, searches have been inconclusive and confusion with the [[Red-crested Pochard]] and the [[Spot-billed Duck]] has been a common source of supposed Pink-headed Duck sightings. A report on a survey in the [[Hu Kaung]] valley in November 2003<ref name=nguyen>Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Ha (editor) (2003): Pink-headed Duck survey in the Hukaung Valley, Myanmar. ''[[Babbler (journal)|Babbler]]'' '''8''': 6-7 [http://www.birdlifeindochina.org/report_pdfs/babbler_8.pdf PDF fulltext]</ref> concluded that there is sufficient reason to believe that Pink-headed ducks may still exist in Northern Myanmar's [[Kachin State]], but a thorough survey of the [[Nat Kaung]] river between [[Kamaing]] and [[Shadusup]] in October 2005 failed to find this species;<ref>Dang, Nguyen Hong Hanh (editor) (2005): Latest search fails to locate Pink-headed Duck. ''[[Babbler (journal)|Babbler]]'' '''16''': 21-22. [http://www.birdlifeindochina.org/report_pdfs/babbler_16.pdf PDF]</ref> a number of interesting ducks were observed, but they turned out to be [[Spot-Billed Ducks]] or [[White-winged Wood Ducks]].<ref name=nguyen /> |
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粉頭鴨的消失可能是因棲息地的破壞。牠們長久以來都很罕有的原因不明,但相信其棲息地經常有獵人出沒。粉頭鴨很多時被捕獵為觀賞鳥,但不怎麼美味。最近的標本是於1935年被獵殺的,並存放於印度南部[[金奈]]的[[博物館]]內。另外,一批粉頭鴨曾於[[加爾各答]]被飼養及存活至1945年,但不知為何沒有繁殖下來。 |
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The reason for its disappearance was probably habitat destruction. It is not known why it was always considered rare, but the rarity is believed to be genuine (and not an artifact of insufficient fieldwork) as its erstwhile habitat was frequently scoured by hunters in Colonial times. The Pink-headed Duck was much sought after by hunters and later as an ornamental bird, mainly because of its unusual plumage. Like most diving ducks, it was not considered good eating, which should facilitate the survival of any remnant birds. The last specimen was shot in 1935 in [[Darbhanga]], [[Bihar]], India, by [[Charles M. Inglis|C. M. Inglis]], who did not even know what he had killed, till his dog, a retriever, brought the bird to him. The specimen later re-surfaced in the Government Museum in [[Madras]] in southern India, nearly 1000 miles away from where it had met its end. There it was on display at least until the 1980s. Sir [[David Ezra]], a European living in what was then [[British India]], kept some of these ducks in his aviary in [[Calcutta]] until 1945, and they were also kept in [[Clères]], [[France]], and [[Foxwarren Park]], [[England]] earlier. Thus, captive flocks survived until at least 1945, but never bred for reasons unknown. |
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==參考== |
== 參考 == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== 外部連結 == |
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* Baskaran, S. Theodore: "Yet Another Rediscovery". ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sunday Supplement, August 27, 1989. |
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* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2006|id=19675|title=Rhodonessa caryophyllacea|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered. |
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{{雁形目|A2.}} |
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* Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1988): ''Wildfowl - an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world''. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1 |
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{{Taxonbar}} |
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* Narayan, Sundar: ''Visit to the Government Museum''. Madras. <!-- Can anyone trace the date & printer of this ref.? --> |
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*Nugent, Rory: ''The Search for the Pink-Headed Duck: A Journey Into the Himalayas and Down the Brahmaputra.'' Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1991. |
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[[Category:1790年描述的鸟类|F]] |
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==外部連結== |
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[[Category:Extinct birds]] |
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[[Category:Netta]] |
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[[Category:Extinct animals of India]] |
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[[Category:Extinct animals of Asia]] |
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[[cs:Kachna růžovohlavá]] |
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[[de:Rosenkopfente]] |
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[[en:Pink-headed Duck]] |
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[[es:Netta caryophyllacea]] |
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[[fr:Nette à cou rose]] |
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[[it:Netta caryophyllacea]] |
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[[hu:Rózsásfejű réce]] |
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[[nl:Rozekopeend]] |
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[[ja:バライロガモ]] |
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[[pt:Pato-de-cabeça-rosa]] |
2022年7月12日 (二) 03:36的最新版本
粉頭鴨 | |
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科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 鸟纲 Aves |
目: | 雁形目 Anseriformes |
科: | 鴨科 Anatidae |
属: | 狭嘴潜鸭属 Rhodonessa |
种: | 粉頭鴨 R. caryophyllacea
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二名法 | |
Rhodonessa caryophyllacea | |
異名 | |
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粉頭鴨(Rhodonessa caryophyllacea)是一種大型的潛水鴨。系統發生學研究發現牠們是赤嘴潛鴨的近親[3],但目前這研究並未被得到廣泛接受,因此仍分類內狹嘴潛鴨屬內。[4]目前有關其分類地位等仍然備受爭議[5]。
粉頭鴨長60厘米,有長的身體及頸部。雄鴨的身體呈朱古力色,頸部及頭部都呈深粉紅色。雌鴨及幼鴨則呈較深色,彷彿一隻頭上染了粉紅色的雌性赤嘴潛鴨。由於赤嘴潛鴨的頭部呈紅色,這很易令人誤會粉頭鴨就是赤嘴潛鴨。另外,斑嘴鴨飛行時亦很像雌性的粉頭鴨,從後面看更會以為是一頭雄性粉頭鴨。
粉頭鴨生活在長草森林的低沼地及池中。牠們的巢是以草造成。牠們是群居的,每群約有30隻或以上的粉頭鴨。牠們主要吃水中植物。
保育狀況
[编辑]粉頭鴨以往分佈在東印度、孟加拉國及北緬甸,但現時很有可能已經滅絕。牠們非常罕有,對上一次於1935年被觀察到,1960年代有幾次未證實的報告。於1988年,有指在雅魯藏布江發現粉頭鴨的蹤跡[6],但卻不足以將牠們從滅絕的行列上除名。以往亦有報告指在邁立開江及親敦江發現粉頭鴨,但卻未被證實。另外,在胡岡谷的研究指粉頭鴨仍然生存在克欽邦[7],但在克甘馬因附近卻找不到牠們。[8]
粉頭鴨的消失可能是因棲息地的破壞。牠們長久以來都很罕有的原因不明,但相信其棲息地經常有獵人出沒。粉頭鴨很多時被捕獵為觀賞鳥,但不怎麼美味。最近的標本是於1935年被獵殺的,並存放於印度南部金奈的博物館內。另外,一批粉頭鴨曾於加爾各答被飼養及存活至1945年,但不知為何沒有繁殖下來。
參考
[编辑]- ^ BirdLife International. Rhodonessa caryophyllacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013].
- ^ Latham, John (1790): Index ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiae; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c.. London: Leigh & Sotheby.
- ^ Livezey, B. C. A phylogenetic analysis of modern pochards (Anatidae: Aythini) (PDF). Auk. 1998, 113: 74–93 [2008-11-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-06-04).
- ^ Collar, N. J.; Andreev, A. V.; Chan, S.; Crosby, M. J.; Subramanya, S. & Tobias, J. A. (editors) (2001): Pink-headed Duck. In: Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book, 489-501. BirdLife International. ISBN 0-946888-44-2 HTML fulltext 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-03-11.
- ^ Collar, N. J.; Andreev, A. V.; Chan, S.; Crosby, M. J.; Subramanya, S. & Tobias, J. A. (editors). Pink-headed Duck. Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International. 2001: 489–501. ISBN 0-946888-44-2. (原始内容存档于2007-03-11).
- ^ Nugent, Rory. The Search for the Pink-Headed Duck: A Journey Into the Himalayas and Down the Brahmaputra. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1991.
- ^ Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Ha. Pink-headed Duck survey in the Hukaung Valley, Myanmar (PDF). Babbler. 2003, 8: 6–7.
- ^ Dang, Nguyen Hong Hanh. Latest search fails to locate Pink-headed Duck (PDF). Babbler. 2005, 16: 21–22 [2008-11-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-10-07).
外部連結
[编辑]- BirdLife International Species Factsheet (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 3D view of specimen RMNH 110.082, Naturalis, Leiden - requires QuickTime browser plugin