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Fork (文件系统):修订间差异

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在计算机[[文件系统]]领域,'''fork'''是一个文件系统对象相关的数据集。没有fork机制的文件系统只允许内容有单个数据集,而有fork的文件系统允许多个这样的内容。每个非空的文件至少有一个fork,通常默认类型,并取决于文件系统,一个文件可能有一个或多个相关的fork,其可能包含有关该文件主体的数据,或者只是[[元数据|metadata]]. 。不同通常为固定大小的类似的文件系统特性—— ''[[扩展文件属性|extended attributes]]'' a similar file system feature which is typically of fixed size, fork可以为可变大小,甚至可能大于文件的主数据fork。文件的大小是每个fork大小的总和。Fork也称数据'''流(streams'''),由于它们是可变大小(不同于固定大小的元数据), other uses of "[[字串流|stream]]" to mean "data available over time, potentially infinite"{{citation needed span|text=other uses of "[[Stream (computing)|stream]]" to mean "data available over time, potentially infinite"|date=March 2015}}不同。
在计算机[[文件系统]]领域,'''fork'''是一个文件系统对象相关的数据集。没有fork机制的文件系统只允许内容有单个数据集,而有fork的文件系统允许多个内容。每个非空的文件至少有一个fork(通常默认类型);因文件系统而不同,一个文件可能有一个或多个相关fork;fork可能包含有关该文件主体的数据,或者只是[[元数据]]。不同通常为固定大小的一个类似的文件系统特性——[[扩展文件属性]],fork可以为可变大小,甚至可能大于文件的主数据fork。一个文件的大小是其各fork大小的总和。是可变大小(不同于固定大小的元数据),Fork也称为数据'''流'''(streams),其他的“[[字串流|]]”所表现出的“可用性随时间而变动(包括无限期)”不同。


== 方案 ==
== 方案 ==


在没有fork的文件系统上,用户可以使用彼此互相关联的多个单独文件,尤其是用[[sidecar file]]来存储元数据。但是,这些文件间的连接不会由文件系统自动保留,并且每个程序都必须支持按这些文件来工作。另一种选择是[[容器文件]],其将额外数据存储在指定的文件格式或者一个[[archive file]]中,因此允许在一个文件(单个fork)中存储多个文件及元数据。这将要求程序处理容器文件或压缩文件,而不是由操作系统处理fork。这些替代方案均需要处理数据的程序进行额外的处理,但对不支持fork的文件系统的可移植性更佳。
On file systems without forks, one may instead use multiple separate files that are associated with each other, particularly [[sidecar file]]s for metadata. However, the connection between these files is not automatically preserved by the file system, and must instead be handled by each program that works on files. Another alternative is a [[Digital container format|container file]], which stores additional data within a given file format, or an [[archive file]], which allows storing several files and metadata within a file (within a single fork). This requires that programs process the container file or archive file, rather than the file system handling forks. These alternatives require additional work by programs using the data, but benefit from portability to file systems that do not support forks.


== 实现 ==
== 实现 ==


=== 苹果公司 ===
=== 苹果公司 ===
{{see |Resource fork}}
{{see|{{tsl|en|Resource fork|资源fork}}}}
[[蘋果公司]]的[[分层文件系统]](HFS)中fork与文件系统关系密切。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/Files/Files-14.html|title=File Forks|accessdate=2006-11-18|author=Apple|date=1996-07-02|publisher=Apple}}</ref> Apple的 [[分层文件系统|HFS]]原有的  [[Mac系列|Apple Macintosh]] 文件系统  [[Macintosh File System|MFS]]允许一个文件系统对象有多种fork:一个[[Data fork|数据]],一个[[Resource fork|资源]],以及多个命名fork。
[[蘋果公司]]的[[分层文件系统]](HFS)中fork与文件系统关系密切。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/Files/Files-14.html|title=File Forks|accessdate=2006-11-18|author=Apple|date=1996-07-02|publisher=Apple|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724120835/http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/Files/Files-14.html|archivedate=2008-07-24}}</ref>[[分层文件系统|HFS]]原有的[[Mac系列]](麦金塔)的文件系统{{tsl|en|Macintosh File System|麦金塔文件系统}}(MFS)允许一个文件系统对象有多种fork:一个{{tsl|en|Data fork|数据fork}},一个{{tsl|en|Resource fork|资源fork}},以及多个命名fork。


资源fork的设计是为存储被系统的 [[图形用户界面|graphical user interface]] (GUI)使用的非编译数据,例如可本地化文本字符串,由Finder或菜单使用的文件图标,以及应用程序相关的菜单和对话框等。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=The_Grand_Unified_Model.txt|title=The Grand Unified Model (1) - Resources|accessdate=2006-11-18|author=Bruce Horn|publisher=Folklore.org}}</ref>但这个特性非常灵活,因此也出现了额外的用途,例如将文字处理文档处理为内容和表示,然后将个部分存储在单独的资源中。由于编译的软件代码也存储在资源中,所以通常应用程序只包含一个资源分支,而没有数据分支
资源fork的设计是为存储被系统的[[图形用户界面]](GUI)使用的非编译数据,例如可本地化文本字符串,由[[Finder]]或菜单使用的文件图标,以及应用程序相关的菜单和对话框等。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=The_Grand_Unified_Model.txt|title=The Grand Unified Model (1) - Resources|accessdate=2006-11-18|author=Bruce Horn|publisher=Folklore.org|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023221041/http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=The_Grand_Unified_Model.txt|archivedate=2006-10-23}}</ref>但这个特性非常灵活,因此也出现了额外的用途,例如将文字处理文档处理为内容和表示,然后将个部分存储在单独的资源中。由于编译的软件代码也存储在资源中,所以应用程序通常只包含一个资源fork,而没有数据fork


One of [[HFS Plus|HFS+]]'s most obscure features is that a file may have an arbitrary number of custom "named forks" in addition to the traditional data and resource forks. This feature has gone largely unused, as Apple never added support for it under [[Mac OS 8#Mac OS 8.1|Mac OS 8.1]]-[[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3.9]]. Beginning with [[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]], a partial implementation was made to support Apple's [[Extended file attributes|extended inline attributes]].
[[HFS Plus|HFS+]]的一项最晦涩的特性是,一个文件除了传统的数据和资源fork之外,还可以有任意数量的自定义的“命名fork”。此特性很少被使用,因为苹果公司从未在[[Mac OS 8#Mac OS 8.1|Mac OS 8.1]][[Mac OS X v10.3|10.3.9]]上添加对它的支持。从[[Mac OS X v10.4|10.4]]开始,一个部分实现被完成,以支持苹果的[[扩展文件属性|扩展内联属性]]


Until [[Mac OS X v10.4]], users running the legacy [[Unix]] command line utilities (such as [[Tar (file format)|tar]]) included with [[Mac OS X]] would risk data loss, as the utilities were not updated to handle the resource forks of files until v10.4.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://developer.apple.com/macosx/backuponmacosx.html |title=Command-line Backup Solutions on Mac OS X |date=2005-10-29 |publisher=Apple |accessdate=2006-11-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225103633/http://developer.apple.com/macosx/backuponmacosx.html |archivedate=February 25, 2008 }}</ref>
[[Mac OS X v10.4]]之前,用户运行[[Mac OS X]]上所自带的经典的[[Unix]]命令行实用工具(例如[[tar (文件格式)|tar]])可能带来数据丢失风险,因为这些工具未被更新以支持处理文件的资源fork,直到v10.4<ref>{{cite web |url=http://developer.apple.com/macosx/backuponmacosx.html |title=Command-line Backup Solutions on Mac OS X |date=2005-10-29 |publisher=Apple |accessdate=2006-11-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225103633/http://developer.apple.com/macosx/backuponmacosx.html |archivedate=2008-02-25 }}</ref>


=== Novell ===
=== Novell ===
从1985年开始,Novell {{tsl|en|NetWare File System}}(NWFS)及其继任者{{tsl|en|Novell Storage Services}}(NSS)就已从头设计多种存储文件元数据的方法。部分元数据存储在{{tsl|en|Novell Directory Services}}(NDS)中,部分元数据存储在磁盘上的目录结构中,部分存储在文件本身的“多项数据流”中。多项数据流还允许Macintosh客户端附加和使用[[NetWare]]服务器。
Starting in 1985, Novell [[NetWare File System]] (NWFS), and its successor [[Novell Storage Services]] (NSS), were designed from the ground up to use a variety of methods to store a file's metadata. Some metadata resides in [[Novell Directory Services]] (NDS), some is stored in the directory structure on the disk, and some is stored in, as Novell terms it, 'multiple data streams' with the file itself. Multiple data streams also allow Macintosh clients to attach to and use [[NetWare]] servers.


=== 微软 ===
=== 微软===
[[Windows NT 3.1]]引入的[[NTFS]]文件系统支持被称为[[NTFS#可选数据流(ADS)|替代数据流]](ADS)文件系统fork。<ref>{{cite web | url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/fileio/fs/files_and_clusters.asp | title=Files and Clusters | author=Microsoft | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2006-11-18 }}{{Dead link|date=2018年10月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>[[Windows Server 2012]]引入的新文件系统[[ReFS]],最初不支持ADS,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/01/16/building-the-next-generation-file-system-for-windows-refs.aspx |title=Building the next generation file system for Windows: ReFS |work=Building Windows 8 |agency=[[微软开发者网络|MSDN blogs]] |publisher=Microsoft |last=Verma |first=Surendra |editor-first=Steven |editor-last=Sinofsky |editor-link=Steven Sinofsky |date=16 January 2012 |accessdate=20 January 2013 |archive-date=2013-05-15 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GdtFDgcn?url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/01/16/building-the-next-generation-file-system-for-windows-refs.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/microsoft/microsoft-goes-public-with-plans-for-its-new-windows-8-file-system/11666 |title=Microsoft goes public with plans for its new Windows 8 file system |work=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS互動]] |date=16 January 2012 |accessdate=21 January 2013 |first=Mary Jo |last=Foley |archive-date=2013-05-15 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GdtLZrDv?url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/microsoft/microsoft-goes-public-with-plans-for-its-new-windows-8-file-system/11666 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>[http://blogs.technet.com/b/askpfeplat/archive/2013/01/02/windows-server-2012-does-refs-replace-ntfs-when-should-i-use-it.aspx Windows Server 2012: Does ReFS replace NTFS? When should I use it?] {{Wayback|url=http://blogs.technet.com/b/askpfeplat/archive/2013/01/02/windows-server-2012-does-refs-replace-ntfs-when-should-i-use-it.aspx |date=20130602212025 }} - Martin Lucas, ''[[TechNet]]''</ref>,但在[[Windows 8.1]] 64位及Server 2012 R2中已支持ADS,唯其长度最多128K的限制被加入到ReFS<ref>{{cite web|url = http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831724.aspx|title = Resilient File System Overview|date = 29 February 2012|website = [[TechNet|TechNet Library]]|publisher = [[微软]]|accessdate = 25 December 2013|archive-date = 2017-02-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170201111121/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831724.aspx|dead-url = no}}</ref>


ADS最初是为添加与现有的支持fork的操作系统的兼容性。计算机程序可以直接在文件路径的后面添加一个冒号(:)及指定的ADS名称来打开一个ADS。<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ieinternals/archive/2013/09/08/internet-explorer-favicons-png-link-rel-icon-caching.aspx|title = Fun with Favicons|date = 8 September 2013|accessdate = 17 November 2013|website = IEInternals|publisher = [[微软]]|last = Law|first = Eric|archive-date = 2016-01-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160126201234/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ieinternals/archive/2013/09/08/internet-explorer-favicons-png-link-rel-icon-caching.aspx|dead-url = no}}</ref>尽管有此支持,但包括[[檔案總管]]和[[Dir (命令)|DIR]]命令(Windows Vista之前)在内的大多数程序都会忽略ADS。Windows檔案總管会复制ADS并在目标文件系统不支持ADS时发出警告,但只计算主流的大小,并且不会列出文件或文件夹的流。[[Windows Vista]]中的DIR命令支持显示ADS。<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bartdesmet.net/blogs/bart/archive/2006/07/13/4129.aspx | title=Use Vista's DIR command to display alternate data streams | author=Bart De Smet | date=2006-07-13 | work=B# .NET Blog | accessdate=2007-07-07 | archive-date=2009-05-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526113146/http://bartdesmet.net/blogs/bart/archive/2006/07/13/4129.aspx | dead-url=no }}</ref>[[Windows PowerShell]] v3.0及之后的版本支持操作ADS。<ref>{{cite web|url = http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh847764%28v=wps.620%29.aspx|title = FileSystem Provider (Windows PowerShell 3.0)|website = [[TechNet]]|publisher = [[微软]]|date = 9 August 2012|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160624134450/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh847764(v=wps.620).aspx|archivedate = 2016年6月24日|accessdate = 2016年12月20日}}</ref>
=== Microsoft ===
[[NTFS]], the file system introduced with [[Windows NT 3.1]], supports file system forks known as [[NTFS#Alternate data streams (ADS)|Alternate Data Streams]] (ADS).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/fileio/fs/files_and_clusters.asp | title=Files and Clusters | author=Microsoft | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref> [[ReFS]], a new file system introduced with [[Windows Server 2012]], originally did not support ADS,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/01/16/building-the-next-generation-file-system-for-windows-refs.aspx |title=Building the next generation file system for Windows: ReFS |work=Building Windows 8 |agency=[[MSDN#Blogs|MSDN blogs]] |publisher=Microsoft |last=Verma |first=Surendra |editor-first=Steven |editor-last=Sinofsky |editor-link=Steven Sinofsky |date=16 January 2012 |accessdate=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/microsoft/microsoft-goes-public-with-plans-for-its-new-windows-8-file-system/11666 |title=Microsoft goes public with plans for its new Windows 8 file system |work=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=16 January 2012 |accessdate=21 January 2013 |first=Mary Jo |last=Foley}}</ref><ref>[http://blogs.technet.com/b/askpfeplat/archive/2013/01/02/windows-server-2012-does-refs-replace-ntfs-when-should-i-use-it.aspx Windows Server 2012: Does ReFS replace NTFS? When should I use it?] - Martin Lucas, ''[[Microsoft TechNet|TechNet]]''</ref> but In [[Windows 8.1]] 64-bit and Server 2012 R2, support for ADS, with lengths of up to 128K, was added to ReFS.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831724.aspx|title = Resilient File System Overview|date = 29 February 2012|website = [[Microsoft TechNet#Library|TechNet Library]]|publisher = [[Microsoft]]|accessdate = 25 December 2013}}</ref>


====使用====
ADS was originally intended to add compatibility with existing operating systems that support forks. A computer program may be directed to open an ADS by specifying the name of ADS after a colon sign (:) after the file path.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ieinternals/archive/2013/09/08/internet-explorer-favicons-png-link-rel-icon-caching.aspx|title = Fun with Favicons|date = 8 September 2013|accessdate = 17 November 2013|website = IEInternals|publisher = [[Microsoft]]|last = Law|first = Eric}}
</ref> In spite of the support, most programs, including [[Windows Explorer]] and [[Dir (command)|DIR]] command (before Windows Vista) ignore ADS. Windows Explorer copies ADS and warns when the target file system does not support them, but only calculates the main stream's size and does not list a file or folder's streams. DIR command in [[Windows Vista]] supports showing ADS.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bartdesmet.net/blogs/bart/archive/2006/07/13/4129.aspx | title= Use Vista's DIR command to display alternate data streams | author=Bart De Smet | date=2006-07-13 | work=B# .NET Blog | accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> [[Windows PowerShell]] v3.0 and later supports manipulating ADS.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh847764%28v=wps.620%29.aspx|title = FileSystem Provider (Windows PowerShell 3.0)|website = [[Microsoft TechNet|TechNet]]|publisher = [[Microsoft]]|date = 9 August 2012}}
</ref>


[[Windows 2000]]使用ADS以在图像文件中存储[[缩略图]],并且在任何文件中存储摘要信息(诸如标题、作者等),这样不更改主数据流。<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2011/05/27/10168422.aspx|title = Why are custom properties created on Windows 2000 lost when I view the file from newer versions of Windows?|date = 27 May 2011|accessdate = 17 November 2013|website = The Old New Thing|publisher = [[微软]]|last = Chen|first = Raymond|archive-date = 2013-07-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130727212715/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2011/05/27/10168422.aspx|dead-url = no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/319300 | title=Indexing service adds data streams to image files | author=Microsoft | date=2006-10-27 | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2006-11-18 | archive-date=2007-02-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209000533/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/319300 | dead-url=no }}</ref>在[[Windows XP]]中,微软已意识到当文件被移出NTFS卷时,其所含的ADS容易丢失;因此Windows XP为只要文件格式支持,就尽量将数据存储在主数据流中。<ref name=":1" />Windows Vista停止支持添加摘要信息,微软认为用ADS操作它过于敏感。<ref>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2012/05/01/10299322.aspx|title = What happened to the Summary information created on Windows 2000 and Windows XP?|date = 1 May 2012|accessdate = 17 November 2013|website = The Old New Thing|publisher = [[微软]]|last = Chen|first = Raymond|archive-date = 2014-04-13|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413043006/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2012/05/01/10299322.aspx|dead-url = no}}</ref>但是,用于其他目的的ADS没有停止,Windows XP的Service Pack 2引入了附件执行服务,它将已下载文件的原始来源详情存储在一个名为“区域标识符”的ADS中,以努力保护用户免受下载文件所带来的风险。<ref>{{cite web | url=http://community.bartdesmet.net/blogs/bart/archive/2005/08/19/3485.aspx | title=Demo of "Attachment Execution Service internals" in Windows XP SP2 and Windows Server 2003 SP1 | author=Bart De Smet | date=2005-08-19 | publisher=B# .NET Blog | accessdate=2006-11-18 | archive-date=2006-11-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104203911/http://community.bartdesmet.net/blogs/bart/archive/2005/08/19/3485.aspx | dead-url=no }}</ref>[[Internet Explorer]]和Windows 8则是通过[[Microsoft SmartScreen]]执行此功能。<ref>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2013/11/05/10463035.aspx|title = Manipulating the zone identifier to specify where a file was download from|date = 4 November 2013|website = The Old New Thing|publisher = [[微软]]|last = Chen|first = Raymond|accessdate = 2016-12-20|archive-date = 2015-06-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150610220027/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2013/11/05/10463035.aspx|dead-url = no}}</ref>Internet Explorer也使用ADS来在[[書籤 (瀏覽器)|Internet快捷方式]]文件中存储[[Favicon]]。<ref name=":0" />
====Uses====

[[Windows 2000]] uses ADS to store [[thumbnail]]s in image files, and to store summary information (such as title and author) in any file, without changing the main stream.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2011/05/27/10168422.aspx|title = Why are custom properties created on Windows 2000 lost when I view the file from newer versions of Windows?|date = 27 May 2011|accessdate = 17 November 2013|website = The Old New Thing|publisher = [[Microsoft]]|last = Chen|first = Raymond}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/319300 | title=Indexing service adds data streams to image files | author=Microsoft | date=2006-10-27 | publisher=Microsoft | accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref> With [[Windows XP]], Microsoft realized that ADS is susceptible to loss when the files containing them are moved off NTFS volumes; thus Windows XP stores them in the main stream whenever the file format supports it.<ref name=":1" /> Windows Vista discontinued support for adding summary information altogether, as Microsoft decided that they are too sensitive for ADS to handle.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2012/05/01/10299322.aspx|title = What happened to the Summary information created on Windows 2000 and Windows XP?|date = 1 May 2012|accessdate = 17 November 2013|website = The Old New Thing|publisher = [[Microsoft]]|last = Chen|first = Raymond}}
</ref> But the use of ADS for other purposes did not stop. Service Pack 2 for Windows XP introduced the Attachment Execution Service that stores details on the origin of downloaded files in an ADS called ''zone identifier'', in an effort to protect users from downloaded files that may present a risk.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://community.bartdesmet.net/blogs/bart/archive/2005/08/19/3485.aspx | title=Demo of "Attachment Execution Service internals" in Windows XP SP2 and Windows Server 2003 SP1 | author=Bart De Smet | date=2005-08-19 | publisher=B# .NET Blog | accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref> [[Internet Explorer]] and Windows 8 extended this function through [[SmartScreen]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2013/11/05/10463035.aspx|title = Manipulating the zone identifier to specify where a file was download from|date = 4 November 2013|website = The Old New Thing|publisher = [[Microsoft]]|last = Chen|first = Raymond}}
</ref> Internet Explorer also uses ADS to store [[favicon]]s in [[Bookmark (web)|Internet shortcut]] files.<ref name=":0" />


=== Sun ===
=== Sun ===
[[Solaris]]第9版及之后的版本允许文件有“扩展属性”,这实际上就是fork;一个扩展属性的最大大小与文件的最大大小相同,并且读写它们是采用与读写文件相同的方式。在内部,它们实际上像普通文件一样存储和访问,因此其所有权和权限可能与父文件的所有权和权限相异。因为路径会与子目录冲突,因此它们的文件名不能包含“/”字符。
[[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] version 9 and later allows files to have "extended attributes", which are actually forks; the maximum size of an "extended attribute" is the same as the maximum size of a file, and they are read and written in the same fashion as files. Internally, they are actually stored and accessed like normal files, so their ownership and permissions can differ from those of the parent file. Sub-directories are administratively disabled, so their names cannot contain "/" characters.


[[网络文件系统]](NFS)第4版支持扩展文件属性,与Solaris的方式大致相同。
Version 4 of the [[Network File System (protocol)|Network File System]] supports extended attributes in much the same way as Solaris.


== 可能的安全问题和数据丢失风险 ==
== 可能的安全问题和数据丢失风险 ==
在文件系统支持某种或多种fork时,应用程序应该感知它们,以及注意数据和安全风险。允许{{tsl|en|Legacy system|经典软件}}访问无适当[[兼容层]]的数据是发生此类问题的主要原因。{{fact|date=January 2011}}
When a file system supports different forks, the applications should be aware of them, or security risks can arise. Allowing [[Legacy system|legacy software]] to access data without appropriate [[Shim (computing)|shims]] in place is the primary culprit for such problems. {{fact|date=January 2011}}


如果各类系统实用程序(磁盘资源管理器、防病毒软件、压缩归档程序等)未感知fork,可能导致遇到下列问题:
If the different system utilities (disk explorer, antivirus software, archivers, and so on), are not aware of the different forks, the following problems can arise:
* 用户不会得知任何fork的存在,也不知道文件的实际总大小,只能看到文件的主数据流的大小。
* The user will never know the presence of any alternate fork nor the total size of the file, just of the main data fork.
* [[计算机病毒]]可能在Windows上使用替代数据流(ADS)隐藏而逃脱检测,如果防病毒软件未意识到fork的存在。
* [[Computer virus]]es can hide in alternate forks on Windows and never get detected if the antivirus software is not aware of forks.
* 在通过fork不敏感的通道发送文件时,数据可能丢失。这些渠道包括例如[[电子邮件]]、不支持fork的文件系统,并也包括在支持fork的文件系统上使用不支持fork的软件复制或打包(压缩、归档)文件。
* Data can be lost when sending files via fork-unaware channels, such as [[e-mail]], file systems without support for forks, or even when copying files between file systems with forks support if the program that made the copy does not support forks or when compressing files with software that does not support forks.


== 参见 ==
== 参见 ==
第60行: 第53行:


== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa364404 MSDN Library: File Streams]
* [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa364404 MSDN Library: File Streams]{{Wayback|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa364404 |date=20141221023826 }}
* [http://2kevin.net/datastreams.html Alternate Data Streams]
* [http://2kevin.net/datastreams.html Alternate Data Streams]{{Wayback|url=http://2kevin.net/datastreams.html |date=20080703000539 }}
* [http://www.think-techie.com/2010/04/alternate-data-streams.html Alternate Data Streams in Windows]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100413194952/http://www.think-techie.com/2010/04/alternate-data-streams.html Alternate Data Streams in Windows]


{{文件系统}}
{{文件系统}}

2022年8月7日 (日) 09:30的最新版本

在计算机文件系统领域中,fork是一个与文件系统对象相关的数据集。没有fork机制的文件系统只允许内容拥有单个数据集,而有fork的文件系统允许多个内容。每个非空的文件至少有一个fork(通常为默认类型);因文件系统而不同,一个文件可能有一个或多个相关联的fork;fork可能包含有关该文件主体的数据,或者只是元数据。不同于通常为固定大小的一个类似的文件系统特性——扩展文件属性,fork可以为可变大小,甚至可能大于文件的主数据fork。一个文件的大小是其各fork大小的总和。因为其是可变大小(不同于固定大小的元数据),Fork也称为数据(streams),但它与其他的“”所表现出的“可用性随时间而变动(包括无限期)”不同。

方案

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在没有fork的文件系统上,用户可以使用彼此互相关联的多个单独文件,尤其是用sidecar file来存储元数据。但是,这些文件间的连接不会由文件系统自动保留,并且每个程序都必须支持按这些文件来工作。另一种选择是容器文件,其将额外数据存储在指定的文件格式或者一个archive file中,因此允许在一个文件(单个fork)中存储多个文件及元数据。这将要求程序处理容器文件或压缩文件,而不是由操作系统处理fork。这些替代方案均需要处理数据的程序进行额外的处理,但对不支持fork的文件系统的可移植性更佳。

实现

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苹果公司

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蘋果公司分层文件系统(HFS)中fork与文件系统关系密切。[1]HFS与原有的Mac系列(麦金塔)的文件系统麦金塔文件系统英语Macintosh File System(MFS)允许一个文件系统对象有多种fork:一个数据fork英语Data fork,一个资源fork英语Resource fork,以及多个命名fork。

资源fork的设计是为存储被系统的图形用户界面(GUI)使用的非编译数据,例如可本地化文本字符串,由Finder或菜单使用的文件图标,以及应用程序相关的菜单和对话框等。[2]但这个特性非常灵活,因此也出现了额外的用途,例如将文字处理文档处理为内容和表示法,然后将各个部分存储在单独的资源中。由于编译后的软件代码也存储在资源中,所以应用程序通常只包含一个资源fork,而没有数据fork。

HFS+的一项最晦涩的特性是,一个文件除了传统的数据和资源fork之外,还可以有任意数量的自定义的“命名fork”。此特性很少被使用,因为苹果公司从未在Mac OS 8.110.3.9上添加对它的支持。从10.4开始,一个部分实现被完成,以支持苹果的扩展内联属性

Mac OS X v10.4之前,用户运行Mac OS X上所自带的经典的Unix命令行实用工具(例如tar)可能带来数据丢失风险,因为这些工具未被更新以支持处理文件的资源fork,直到v10.4。[3]

Novell

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从1985年开始,Novell NetWare File System英语NetWare File System(NWFS)及其继任者Novell Storage Services英语Novell Storage Services(NSS)就已从头设计多种存储文件元数据的方法。部分元数据存储在Novell Directory Services英语Novell Directory Services(NDS)中,部分元数据存储在磁盘上的目录结构中,部分存储在文件本身的“多项数据流”中。多项数据流还允许Macintosh客户端附加和使用NetWare服务器。

微软

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Windows NT 3.1引入的NTFS文件系统支持被称为替代数据流(ADS)文件系统fork。[4]Windows Server 2012引入的新文件系统ReFS,最初不支持ADS,[5][6][7],但在Windows 8.1 64位及Server 2012 R2中已支持ADS,唯其长度最多128K的限制被加入到ReFS。[8]

ADS最初是为添加与现有的支持fork的操作系统的兼容性。计算机程序可以直接在文件路径的后面添加一个冒号(:)及指定的ADS名称来打开一个ADS。[9]尽管有此支持,但包括檔案總管DIR命令(Windows Vista之前)在内的大多数程序都会忽略ADS。Windows檔案總管会复制ADS并在目标文件系统不支持ADS时发出警告,但只计算主流的大小,并且不会列出文件或文件夹的流。Windows Vista中的DIR命令支持显示ADS。[10]Windows PowerShell v3.0及之后的版本支持操作ADS。[11]

使用

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Windows 2000使用ADS以在图像文件中存储缩略图,并且在任何文件中存储摘要信息(诸如标题、作者等),这样不更改主数据流。[12][13]Windows XP中,微软已意识到当文件被移出NTFS卷时,其所含的ADS容易丢失;因此Windows XP为只要文件格式支持,就尽量将数据存储在主数据流中。[12]Windows Vista停止支持添加摘要信息,微软认为用ADS操作它过于敏感。[14]但是,用于其他目的的ADS没有停止,Windows XP的Service Pack 2引入了附件执行服务,它将已下载文件的原始来源详情存储在一个名为“区域标识符”的ADS中,以努力保护用户免受下载文件所带来的风险。[15]Internet Explorer和Windows 8则是通过Microsoft SmartScreen执行此功能。[16]Internet Explorer也使用ADS来在Internet快捷方式文件中存储Favicon[9]

Sun

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Solaris第9版及之后的版本允许文件有“扩展属性”,这实际上就是fork;一个扩展属性的最大大小与文件的最大大小相同,并且读写它们是采用与读写文件相同的方式。在内部,它们实际上像普通文件一样存储和访问,因此其所有权和权限可能与父文件的所有权和权限相异。因为路径会与子目录冲突,因此它们的文件名不能包含“/”字符。

网络文件系统(NFS)第4版支持扩展文件属性,与Solaris的方式大致相同。

可能的安全问题和数据丢失风险

[编辑]

在文件系统支持某种或多种fork时,应用程序应该感知它们,以及注意数据和安全风险。允许经典软件英语Legacy system访问无适当兼容层的数据是发生此类问题的主要原因。[來源請求]

如果各类系统实用程序(磁盘资源管理器、防病毒软件、压缩归档程序等)未感知fork,可能导致遇到下列问题:

  • 用户不会得知任何fork的存在,也不知道文件的实际总大小,只能看到文件的主数据流的大小。
  • 计算机病毒可能在Windows上使用替代数据流(ADS)隐藏而逃脱检测,如果防病毒软件未意识到fork的存在。
  • 在通过fork不敏感的通道发送文件时,数据可能丢失。这些渠道包括例如电子邮件、不支持fork的文件系统,并也包括在支持fork的文件系统上使用不支持fork的软件复制或打包(压缩、归档)文件。

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Apple. File Forks. Apple. 1996-07-02 [2006-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2008-07-24). 
  2. ^ Bruce Horn. The Grand Unified Model (1) - Resources. Folklore.org. [2006-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2006-10-23). 
  3. ^ Command-line Backup Solutions on Mac OS X. Apple. 2005-10-29 [2006-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-25). 
  4. ^ Microsoft. Files and Clusters. Microsoft. [2006-11-18]. [永久失效連結]
  5. ^ Verma, Surendra. Sinofsky, Steven , 编. Building the next generation file system for Windows: ReFS. Building Windows 8. Microsoft. MSDN blogs. 16 January 2012 [20 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-15). 
  6. ^ Foley, Mary Jo. Microsoft goes public with plans for its new Windows 8 file system. ZDNet. CBS互動. 16 January 2012 [21 January 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-15). 
  7. ^ Windows Server 2012: Does ReFS replace NTFS? When should I use it?页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Martin Lucas, TechNet
  8. ^ Resilient File System Overview. TechNet Library. 微软. 29 February 2012 [25 December 2013]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-01). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Law, Eric. Fun with Favicons. IEInternals. 微软. 8 September 2013 [17 November 2013]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-26). 
  10. ^ Bart De Smet. Use Vista's DIR command to display alternate data streams. B# .NET Blog. 2006-07-13 [2007-07-07]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-26). 
  11. ^ FileSystem Provider (Windows PowerShell 3.0). TechNet. 微软. 9 August 2012 [2016年12月20日]. (原始内容存档于2016年6月24日). 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Chen, Raymond. Why are custom properties created on Windows 2000 lost when I view the file from newer versions of Windows?. The Old New Thing. 微软. 27 May 2011 [17 November 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-27). 
  13. ^ Microsoft. Indexing service adds data streams to image files. Microsoft. 2006-10-27 [2006-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2007-02-09). 
  14. ^ Chen, Raymond. What happened to the Summary information created on Windows 2000 and Windows XP?. The Old New Thing. 微软. 1 May 2012 [17 November 2013]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-13). 
  15. ^ Bart De Smet. Demo of "Attachment Execution Service internals" in Windows XP SP2 and Windows Server 2003 SP1. B# .NET Blog. 2005-08-19 [2006-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2006-11-04). 
  16. ^ Chen, Raymond. Manipulating the zone identifier to specify where a file was download from. The Old New Thing. 微软. 4 November 2013 [2016-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-10). 

外部链接

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