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睪酮 (藥物)：修订间差异

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{{medical}}
⚫
{{Drugbox| Watchedfields = changed
{{Drugbox
| drug_name = 睪固酮
⚫
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 649778658
| verifiedrevid = 649778658
| drug_name = Testosterone<br />([[International Nonproprietary Name|INN]], [[United States Adopted Name|USAN]], [[British Approved Name|BAN]], [[Japanese Accepted Name|JAN]])
| IUPAC_name = (8''R'',9''S'',10''R'',13''S'',14''S'',17''S'')- 17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl- 1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17- dodecahydrocyclopenta[''a'']phenanthren-3-one
| IUPAC_name = (8''R'',9''S'',10''R'',13''S'',14''S'',17''S'')- 17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl- 1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17- dodecahydrocyclopenta[''a'']phenanthren-3-one
| image = Testosteron.svg
| image = Testosteron.svg
| width = 250px
| image2 = Testosterone-from-xtal-3D-balls.png
| image2 = Testosterone-from-xtal-3D-balls.png
| width2 = 250px


<!--Clinical data-->
<!--Clinical data-->
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|t|ɛ|ˈ|s|t|ɒ|s|t|ə|r|oʊ|n}} {{respell|tess|TOSS|tə-rohn}}<ref name="FordRoach2013">{{cite book | first1 = Susan M. | last1 = Ford | first2 = Sally S. | last2 = Roach | name-list-format = vanc | title=Roach's Introductory Clinical Pharmacology | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LwOaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|date=7 October 2013|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4698-3214-2|pages=502–}}</ref>
| tradename = Androderm, others
| tradename = Androgel、Testim、Testogel及[[#Brand names|其他]]
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|testosterone}}
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|testosterone}}
| MedlinePlus = a614041
| MedlinePlus = a614041
| pregnancy_US = X
| pregnancy_US = X
| pregnancy_category = [[Contraindication|Contraindicated]] due to [[teratogen]]ic effects
| pregnancy_category = 禁用([[畸形學|致畸胎]])
| legal_US = Schedule III
| legal_US = Schedule III
| legal_CA = Schedule IV
| legal_CA = Schedule IV
| licence_US = Testosterone
| licence_US = Testosterone
| licence_EU = Intrinsa
| licence_EU = yes
| legal_status = Rx-only
| legal_status = Rx-only
| routes_of_administration = {{le|經皮|Transdermal}} ([[凝膠]], [[霜 (醫藥)|霜]], [[外用藥物|外用液]], [[外用藥物|藥布]]), [[口服給藥|口服]] ({{le|十一酸睾酮|testosterone undecanoate}}), {{le|口頰投藥|Buccal administration}}, [[鼻腔給藥]] (凝膠), [[肌肉注射]] ({{le|雄激素酯|Androgen ester}}), {{le|皮下植入|Subdermal implant}}
| routes_of_administration = Intramuscular injection, transdermal (cream, gel, or patch), sub-Q pellet


<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability = Low (due to extensive [[first pass effect|first pass metabolism]])
| bioavailability = 低(因為[[首過效應]])
| metabolism = [[Liver]], [[testis]] and [[prostate]]
| metabolism = [[肝]], [[睪丸]]和[[攝護腺]]
| elimination_half-life = 2–4&nbsp;hours
| elimination_half-life = 2–4小時
| excretion = [[Urine]] (90%), feces (6%)
| excretion = [[尿液]] (90%), 糞便 (6%)


<!--Identifiers-->
<!--Identifiers-->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number = 58-22-0
| CAS_number = 58-22-0
| CAS_number2 = 57-85-2
| CAS_supplemental = <br/>{{CAS|57-85-2}} (propionate ester) <!-- Also CAS verified -->
| CAS_number2_comment = propionate ester <!-- Also CAS verified -->
| ATC_prefix = G03
| ATC_prefix = G03
| ATC_suffix = BA03
| ATC_suffix = BA03
第61行： 第67行：


<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
[[睪酮]]是一種[[藥品]]且自然常見的[[類固醇激素]]。<ref name=AHFS2016/>醫藥上用來治療男性[[性腺功能低下症]]以及特定類型的[[乳癌]]，<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> -->也用以增強[[體能鍛煉|運動能力]]。<ref name=AHFS2016/>目前尚不清楚在[[更年期#.E7.94.B7.E6.80.A7.E6.9B.B4.E5.B9.B4.E6.9C.9F|男性更年期]]使用睪酮會帶來好處或是壞處。<ref name=FDA2015>{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Testosterone Products: Drug Safety Communication – FDA Cautions About Using Testosterone Products for Low Testosterone Due to Aging; Requires Labeling Change to Inform of Possible Increased Risk of Heart Attack And Stroke |url=http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm436280.htm |date=3 March 2015 |work=[[FDA]] |accessdate=5 March 2015 }}</ref>睪酮可以皮膚塗抹、注射入肌肉或是放在臉頰上使用。<ref name=AHFS2016/>
[[睪酮]]是一種[[藥品]]，也是自然常見的[[類固醇激素]]。<ref name=AHFS2016/>醫藥上用來治療男性[[性腺功能低下症]]以及特定類型的[[乳癌]]，<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> -->也用以增強[[體能鍛煉|運動能力]]。<ref name=AHFS2016/>目前尚不清楚在[[更年期#.E7.94.B7.E6.80.A7.E6.9B.B4.E5.B9.B4.E6.9C.9F|男性更年期]]使用睪酮會帶來好處或是壞處。<ref name=FDA2015>{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Testosterone Products: Drug Safety Communication – FDA Cautions About Using Testosterone Products for Low Testosterone Due to Aging; Requires Labeling Change to Inform of Possible Increased Risk of Heart Attack And Stroke |url=http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm436280.htm |date=3 March 2015 |work=[[美国食品药品监督管理局|FDA]] |accessdate=5 March 2015 |archive-date=2015-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305015556/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm436280.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>睪酮可以於皮膚塗抹、注射入肌肉或是放在臉頰上使用。<ref name=AHFS2016/>


<!-- Side effects -->
<!-- Side effects -->
常見的副作用包括[[痤疮]]、腫脹和[[男性乳房发育症|男性的乳房脹大]]，<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> -->嚴重的副作用可能包含[[肝毒性]]、[[心血管疾病]]和行為上的轉變，<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> -->女性與幼兒暴露在睪酮可能引發[[男性化]]，<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> -->那些患有[[前列腺癌]]不推薦使用此藥物，<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> -->[[妊娠]]或[[母乳哺育|哺乳]]期間可能會造成危害。<ref name=AHFS2016/>
常見的副作用包括[[痤疮]]、腫脹和[[男性乳房发育症|男性的乳房脹大]]，<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> -->嚴重的副作用可能包含{{le|肝毒性|Hepatotoxicity}}、[[心血管疾病]]和行為上的轉變，<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> -->女性與幼兒暴露在睪酮可能引發[[男性化]]，<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> -->那些患有[[前列腺癌]]不推薦使用此藥物，<!-- <ref name=AHFS2016/> -->[[妊娠]]或[[母乳哺育|哺乳]]期間可能會造成危害。<ref name=AHFS2016/>


<!-- Physiological effects -->
<!-- Physiological effects -->
睪酮主要由[[雄性]]的[[睪丸]]所製造，<!-- <ref name=Pur2014/> -->少部分在[[腎上腺]]和[[雌性]]的[[卵巢]]。<ref name=Pur2014>{{cite book|last1=Puri|first1=Dinesh|title=Textbook of Medical Biochemistry|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9788131238059|page=631|edition=3|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NijbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA631|language=en}}</ref>它是雄性主要的[[性类固醇]]並且在[[男性生殖系統]]的發育中扮演重要的角色，<!-- <ref name=Hef2010/> -->在成年男性中它促使[[第二性徵]]包括[[肌肉]]和體毛的增長。<ref name=Hef2010>{{cite book|last1=Heffner|first1=Linda J.|last2=Schust|first2=Danny J.|title=The Reproductive System at a Glance|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781405194525|page=17|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=_2yd2b8ybNoC&pg=PA17|language=en}}</ref>普遍來說成年男性的睪酮濃度會高於女性五倍。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burtis|first1=Carl A.|last2=Ashwood|first2=Edward R.|last3=Bruns|first3=David E.|title=Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=1455759422|page=1975|edition=5|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=BBLRUI4aHhkC&pg=PA1975|language=en}}</ref>
睪酮主要由[[雄性]]的[[睪丸]]所製造，<!-- <ref name=Pur2014/> -->少部分在[[腎上腺]]和[[雌性]]的[[卵巢]]。<ref name=Pur2014>{{cite book|last1=Puri|first1=Dinesh|title=Textbook of Medical Biochemistry|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9788131238059|page=631|edition=3|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NijbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA631|language=en|access-date=2017-08-26|archive-date=2019-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922063502/https://books.google.ca/books?id=NijbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA631|dead-url=no}}</ref>它是雄性主要的[[性类固醇]]並且在[[男性生殖系統]]的發育中扮演重要的角色，<!-- <ref name=Hef2010/> -->在成年男性中它促使[[第二性徵]]包括[[肌肉]]和體毛的增長。<ref name=Hef2010>{{cite book|last1=Heffner|first1=Linda J.|last2=Schust|first2=Danny J.|title=The Reproductive System at a Glance|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781405194525|page=17|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=_2yd2b8ybNoC&pg=PA17|language=en|access-date=2017-08-26|archive-date=2019-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928080035/https://books.google.ca/books?id=_2yd2b8ybNoC&pg=PA17|dead-url=no}}</ref>普遍來說成年男性的睪酮濃度會高於女性五倍。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burtis|first1=Carl A.|last2=Ashwood|first2=Edward R.|last3=Bruns|first3=David E.|title=Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=1455759422|page=1975|edition=5|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=BBLRUI4aHhkC&pg=PA1975|language=en|access-date=2017-08-26|archive-date=2019-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916093916/https://books.google.ca/books?id=BBLRUI4aHhkC&pg=PA1975|dead-url=no}}</ref>


<!-- History, society and culture -->
<!-- History, society and culture -->
睪酮於 1935 年被分離出來，<ref>{{cite book|last1=N. Taylor|first1=William|title=Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete, 2d ed.|date=2002|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786411283|page=180|edition=2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=OGcQ0Tp2AFcC&pg=PA180|language=en}}</ref>在美國的使用率於 2001 年至 2011 年間成長為三倍。<ref name=Des2016>{{cite journal|last1=Desroches|first1=B|last2=Kohn|first2=TP|last3=Welliver|first3=C|last4=Pastuszak|first4=AW|title=Testosterone therapy in the new era of Food and Drug Administration oversight.|journal=Translational andrology and urology|date=April 2016|volume=5|issue=2|pages=207-12|pmid=27141448}}</ref>它被列在[[世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单]]中，一個在基本醫療制度中所需最重要的藥物清單。<ref name=WHO2015E>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf |title=19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) |date=April 2015 |accessdate=May 10, 2015 |publisher=WHO }}</ref>它是一種[[通用名药物|通用的藥物]]，<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Testosterone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/testosterone.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=3 September 2016|date=December 4, 2015}}</ref>它的價格會根據使用的方法所決定。<ref name=Ric2015>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=197}}</ref>
睪酮於 1935 年被分離出來，<ref>{{cite book|last1=N. Taylor|first1=William|title=Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete, 2d ed.|date=2002|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786411283|page=180|edition=2|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=OGcQ0Tp2AFcC&pg=PA180|language=en|access-date=2017-08-26|archive-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914142007/https://books.google.ca/books?id=OGcQ0Tp2AFcC&pg=PA180|dead-url=no}}</ref>在美國的使用率於 2001 年至 2011 年間成長為三倍。<ref name=Des2016>{{cite journal|last1=Desroches|first1=B|last2=Kohn|first2=TP|last3=Welliver|first3=C|last4=Pastuszak|first4=AW|title=Testosterone therapy in the new era of Food and Drug Administration oversight.|journal=Translational andrology and urology|date=April 2016|volume=5|issue=2|pages=207-12|pmid=27141448}}</ref>它被列在[[世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单]]中，一個在基本醫療制度中所需最重要的藥物清單。<ref name=WHO2015E>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf |title=19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) |date=April 2015 |accessdate=May 10, 2015 |publisher=WHO |archive-date=2015-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513043105/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>它是一種[[學名藥]]，<ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Testosterone|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/testosterone.html|website=Drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=3 September 2016|date=December 4, 2015|archive-date=2016-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820173417/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/testosterone.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>它的價格會根據使用的方法所決定。<ref name=Ric2015>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=197}}</ref>


==References==
==参考资料==
<references />
<references />
{{雄激素类}}

[[Category:作用于胃肠系统与代谢的药物]]
[[Category:作用于胃肠系统与代谢的药物]]
[[Category:勃起功能障碍药物]]
[[Category:勃起功能障碍药物]]
[[Category:雌激素类]]
[[Category:雌激素类]]
[[Category:睾酮]]
[[Category:睾酮]]
[[Category:跨性別與醫學]]
[[Category:世界卫生组织基本药物]]
[[Category:环戊醇]]

2022年8月16日 (二) 07:00的最新版本

维基百科中的醫學内容仅供参考，並不能視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見醫學聲明。
睪固酮
臨床資料
读音/tɛˈstɒstəroʊn/ tess-TOSS-tə-rohn[1]
商品名（英语：Drug nomenclature）Androgel、Testim、Testogel及其他
其他名稱Δ4-Androsten-17β-ol-3-one
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa614041
核准狀況
懷孕分級
给药途径經皮（英语：Transdermal） (凝膠, 霜, 外用液, 藥布), 口服 (十一酸睾酮（英语：testosterone undecanoate）), 口頰投藥（英语：Buccal administration）, 鼻腔給藥 (凝膠), 肌肉注射 (雄激素酯（英语：Androgen ester）), 皮下植入（英语：Subdermal implant）
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度低(因為首過效應)
药物代谢肝, 睪丸和攝護腺
生物半衰期2–4小時
排泄途徑尿液 (90%), 糞便 (6%)
识别信息
  • (8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)- 17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl- 1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17- dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
CAS号58-22-0  checkY
57-85-2（propionate ester）
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
化学信息
化学式C19H28O2
摩尔质量288.42
3D模型（JSmol（英语：JSmol））
比旋度（英语：Specific rotation）+110.2°
熔点155 °C（311 °F）
  • O=C4\C=C2/[C@]([C@H]1CC[C@@]3([C@@H](O)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC2)C)(C)CC4
  • InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N checkY

睪酮是一種藥品，也是自然常見的類固醇激素。[2]醫藥上用來治療男性性腺功能低下症以及特定類型的乳癌，也用以增強運動能力。[2]目前尚不清楚在男性更年期使用睪酮會帶來好處或是壞處。[3]睪酮可以於皮膚塗抹、注射入肌肉或是放在臉頰上使用。[2]

常見的副作用包括痤疮、腫脹和男性的乳房脹大，嚴重的副作用可能包含肝毒性（英语：Hepatotoxicity）、心血管疾病和行為上的轉變，女性與幼兒暴露在睪酮可能引發男性化，那些患有前列腺癌不推薦使用此藥物，妊娠或哺乳期間可能會造成危害。[2]

睪酮主要由雄性的睪丸所製造，少部分在腎上腺和雌性的卵巢。[4]它是雄性主要的性类固醇並且在男性生殖系統的發育中扮演重要的角色，在成年男性中它促使第二性徵包括肌肉和體毛的增長。[5]普遍來說成年男性的睪酮濃度會高於女性五倍。[6]

睪酮於 1935 年被分離出來，[7]在美國的使用率於 2001 年至 2011 年間成長為三倍。[8]它被列在世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单中，一個在基本醫療制度中所需最重要的藥物清單。[9]它是一種學名藥，[2]它的價格會根據使用的方法所決定。[10]

参考资料

[编辑]
  1. ^ Ford SM, Roach SS. Roach's Introductory Clinical Pharmacology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 7 October 2013: 502–. ISBN 978-1-4698-3214-2. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Testosterone. Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. December 4, 2015 [3 September 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-20）. 
  3. ^ Staff. Testosterone Products: Drug Safety Communication – FDA Cautions About Using Testosterone Products for Low Testosterone Due to Aging; Requires Labeling Change to Inform of Possible Increased Risk of Heart Attack And Stroke. FDA. 3 March 2015 [5 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-05）. 
  4. ^ Puri, Dinesh. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry 3. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014: 631 [2017-08-26]. ISBN 9788131238059. （原始内容存档于2019-09-22） （英语）. 
  5. ^ Heffner, Linda J.; Schust, Danny J. The Reproductive System at a Glance. John Wiley & Sons. 2010: 17 [2017-08-26]. ISBN 9781405194525. （原始内容存档于2019-09-28） （英语）. 
  6. ^ Burtis, Carl A.; Ashwood, Edward R.; Bruns, David E. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics 5. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2012: 1975 [2017-08-26]. ISBN 1455759422. （原始内容存档于2019-09-16） （英语）. 
  7. ^ N. Taylor, William. Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete, 2d ed. 2. McFarland. 2002: 180 [2017-08-26]. ISBN 9780786411283. （原始内容存档于2016-09-14） （英语）. 
  8. ^ Desroches, B; Kohn, TP; Welliver, C; Pastuszak, AW. Testosterone therapy in the new era of Food and Drug Administration oversight.. Translational andrology and urology. April 2016, 5 (2): 207–12. PMID 27141448. 
  9. ^ 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) (PDF). WHO. April 2015 [May 10, 2015]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-05-13）. 
  10. ^ Hamilton, Richart. Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2015: 197. ISBN 9781284057560. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=睪酮_(藥物)&oldid=73233337”