跳转到内容

1933年坦皮科飓风：修订间差异

这是一篇优良条目，点击此处获取更多信息。
本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科，自由的百科全书
以互动方式浏览历史
←上一版本
删除的内容 添加的内容
可视化wikitext
InternetArchiveBot（留言 | 贡献）
机器人
2,017,458次编辑
补救7个来源，并将0个来源标记为失效。) #IABot (v2.0.8.7
Antigng-bot（留言 | 贡献）
297,720次编辑
小 bot: cleanup 'Pages with citations having redundant parameters'
 
（未显示另一用户的1个中间版本）
第31行： 第31行：


== 影响 ==
== 影响 ==
经过牙买加南侧期间，飓风令[[京斯敦]]海潮高涨<ref name="mwr" />。风暴产生暴雨，对该岛大部分地区产生影响，当地交通受到扰乱，还发生[[泥石流]]灾害<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = The Daily Gleaner | title = Storm Passes Southward of Jamaica; Very Heavy Rains as Result of the Disturbance | date = 1933-09-21}}</ref>。尤卡坦半岛近海的科苏梅尔岛测得时速122公里东南风<ref name="meta" />，岛上有一个渔业码头和多幢房屋被毁<ref name="eve">{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | date = 1933-09-23 | newspaper = The Evening Independent | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FetPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=31QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4148,1532819&dq=hurricane+mexico&hl=en | title = Storm Betters Mexican Coast | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202308/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FetPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=31QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4148%2C1532819&dq=hurricane+mexico&hl=en }}</ref>。风暴经过尤卡坦半岛期间，普罗格雷索（{{lang|en|Progreso}}）测得时速89公里的东风<ref name="meta" />。普罗格雷索近海有一艘船因风暴倾覆，导致一人遇难<ref name="eve" />。
经过牙买加南侧期间，飓风令[[京斯敦]]海潮高涨<ref name="mwr" />。风暴产生暴雨，对该岛大部分地区产生影响，当地交通受到扰乱，还发生[[泥石流]]灾害<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = The Daily Gleaner | title = Storm Passes Southward of Jamaica; Very Heavy Rains as Result of the Disturbance | date = 1933-09-21}}</ref>。尤卡坦半岛近海的科苏梅尔岛测得时速122公里东南风<ref name="meta" />，岛上有一个渔业码头和多幢房屋被毁<ref name="eve">{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | date = 1933-09-23 | newspaper = The Evening Independent | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FetPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=31QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4148,1532819&dq=hurricane+mexico&hl=en | title = Storm Betters Mexican Coast | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202308/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FetPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=31QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4148%2C1532819&dq=hurricane+mexico&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>。风暴经过尤卡坦半岛期间，普罗格雷索（{{lang|en|Progreso}}）测得时速89公里的东风<ref name="meta" />。普罗格雷索近海有一艘船因风暴倾覆，导致一人遇难<ref name="eve" />。


飓风从坦皮科以南不远处登陆前，该市及周边地区居民就因暴雨的威胁开始疏散<ref name="eve" />，当地仅十天前才经受过另一场飓风摧残<ref name="mwr" />。有船只在坦皮科附近测得每小时130公里风速，市内一家气象局测得时速85公里大风<ref name="meta" />。狂风导致输电线缆中断，全城半数房屋的屋顶不是被吹飞便是严重受损<ref name="apa927">{{cite news | agency = Australian Press Association | date = 1933-09-27 | title = Tampico Wrecked by Hurricane | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | newspaper = The Courier-Mail | url = http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1123982 | archive-date = 2020-11-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201127160351/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1123982 | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref name="mont">{{cite news | author = Clark Lee | date = 1933-09-26 | title = Tampico Life Loss May Run to Thousands | agency = Associated Press | newspaper = Montreal Gazette | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vEowAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WqgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5891,3235665&dq=hurricane&hl=en | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202330/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vEowAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WqgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5891%2C3235665&dq=hurricane&hl=en }}</ref>。飓风引发强烈的[[风暴潮]]，将许多人从家中冲走<ref name="apa927" /><ref name="nature">{{cite book | title = Natural Disasters | author = Lee Davis | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-8160-7000-8 | publisher = Facts on File, Inc. | location = New York | page = 271 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=1933+tampico+hurricane&source=bl&ots=yUuwl2Oam9&sig=3XUo8ZCdS69wITheNMqyqs8zqaQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NZEBUPnnMseG6QG89dDwBg&ved=0CFIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=1933%20tampico%20hurricane&f=false | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | archive-date = 2020-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200920001752/https://books.google.com/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=1933+tampico+hurricane&source=bl&ots=yUuwl2Oam9&sig=3XUo8ZCdS69wITheNMqyqs8zqaQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NZEBUPnnMseG6QG89dDwBg&ved=0CFIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=1933%20tampico%20hurricane&f=false | dead-url = no }}</ref>，另有多艘驳船被洪水冲走<ref name="mont" />。风暴过后，港口内到处都是各种垃圾，无法立即通航<ref name="ellen">{{cite news | author = Clark G. Lee | date = 1933-09-27 | newspaper = Ellensburg Daily Record | agency = Associated Press | title = Famine, Disease Threaten Mexico in Storm Wake | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9UrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=toQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6040,2924398&dq=mexico+hurricane&hl=en | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202334/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9UrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=toQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6040%2C2924398&dq=mexico+hurricane&hl=en }}</ref>，城内部分地区的洪水有4.6米深<ref name="up925">{{cite news | author = Jacques D'Armand | title = Hurricane Ravages Mexico | agency = United Press | date = 2012-09-25 | newspaper = San Jose News | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MjAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2659,6820722&dq=hurricane&hl=en | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202310/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MjAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2659%2C6820722&dq=hurricane&hl=en }}</ref>。据报导，坦皮科的受灾面积达75%<ref name="apa927" />，大部分受损的房屋建筑质量欠佳<ref name="mont" />，还有一所大型医院毁于一旦<ref name="pain">{{cite news | newspaper = The Painesville Telegraph | date = 1933-09-27 | title = 5,000 Dead, Injured in Tampico Gale | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=asNZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LUoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1798,4259099&dq=mexico&hl=en | archive-date = 2020-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200920001818/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=asNZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LUoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1798%2C4259099&dq=mexico&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>，导致87人丧生<ref name="calg">{{cite news | newspaper = The Calgary Daily Herald | date = 1933-09-26 | title = Tampico Laid Waste by Flood and Gale; 5,000 casualties | agency = [[合众国际社|United Press]] | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QBtkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JXsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2438,2529538&dq=mexico&hl=en | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202335/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QBtkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JXsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2438%2C2529538&dq=mexico&hl=en }}</ref>。城内多条道路封闭，河上禁止划艇通行<ref name="mont" />。铁路也受到影响，致使救灾物资不能顺利送抵灾区<ref name="ellen" />。飓风还导致[[帕努科河]]与[[塔梅西河]]沿线水位上涨<ref name="up925" />，之后连续数日都没有回落到洪水水位以下<ref name="port">{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | date = 1933-09-28 | title = Floods Add to Mexico Damage | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | newspaper = The Portsmouth Times | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iUdBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3agMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3935,892580&dq=mexico+hurricane&hl=en | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202359/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iUdBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3agMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3935%2C892580&dq=mexico+hurricane&hl=en }}</ref>。坦皮科西侧的[[卡德纳斯 (圣路易斯波托西州)|卡德纳斯]]全城都被洪水淹没，导致20人死亡，200人受伤<ref name="mont" />。[[韦拉克鲁斯州]]的[[帕努科 (韦拉克鲁斯州)|帕努科]]（{{lang|es|Pánuco}}）约有5000人无家可归<ref name="ellen" />。[[圣路易斯波托西州]]因水坝坍塌致使30人遇难。[[蒙特雷]]降下暴雨，导致河流泛滥成灾。风暴受灾范围一直延伸到墨西哥西海岸。<ref name="pain" />全国多地的空中交通受阻，多条铁道被冲毁<ref name="mont" />，有三辆列车不知所踪<ref name="pain" />。
飓风从坦皮科以南不远处登陆前，该市及周边地区居民就因暴雨的威胁开始疏散<ref name="eve" />，当地仅十天前才经受过另一场飓风摧残<ref name="mwr" />。有船只在坦皮科附近测得每小时130公里风速，市内一家气象局测得时速85公里大风<ref name="meta" />。狂风导致输电线缆中断，全城半数房屋的屋顶不是被吹飞便是严重受损<ref name="apa927">{{cite news | agency = Australian Press Association | date = 1933-09-27 | title = Tampico Wrecked by Hurricane | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | newspaper = The Courier-Mail | url = http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1123982 | archive-date = 2020-11-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201127160351/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1123982 | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref name="mont">{{cite news | author = Clark Lee | date = 1933-09-26 | title = Tampico Life Loss May Run to Thousands | agency = Associated Press | newspaper = Montreal Gazette | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vEowAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WqgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5891,3235665&dq=hurricane&hl=en | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202330/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vEowAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WqgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5891%2C3235665&dq=hurricane&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>。飓风引发强烈的[[风暴潮]]，将许多人从家中冲走<ref name="apa927" /><ref name="nature">{{cite book | title = Natural Disasters | author = Lee Davis | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-8160-7000-8 | publisher = Facts on File, Inc. | location = New York | page = 271 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=1933+tampico+hurricane&source=bl&ots=yUuwl2Oam9&sig=3XUo8ZCdS69wITheNMqyqs8zqaQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NZEBUPnnMseG6QG89dDwBg&ved=0CFIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=1933%20tampico%20hurricane&f=false | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | archive-date = 2020-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200920001752/https://books.google.com/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&dq=1933+tampico+hurricane&source=bl&ots=yUuwl2Oam9&sig=3XUo8ZCdS69wITheNMqyqs8zqaQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NZEBUPnnMseG6QG89dDwBg&ved=0CFIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=1933%20tampico%20hurricane&f=false | dead-url = no }}</ref>，另有多艘驳船被洪水冲走<ref name="mont" />。风暴过后，港口内到处都是各种垃圾，无法立即通航<ref name="ellen">{{cite news | author = Clark G. Lee | date = 1933-09-27 | newspaper = Ellensburg Daily Record | agency = Associated Press | title = Famine, Disease Threaten Mexico in Storm Wake | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9UrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=toQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6040,2924398&dq=mexico+hurricane&hl=en | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202334/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K9UrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=toQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6040%2C2924398&dq=mexico+hurricane&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>，城内部分地区的洪水有4.6米深<ref name="up925">{{cite news | author = Jacques D'Armand | title = Hurricane Ravages Mexico | agency = United Press | date = 2012-09-25 | newspaper = San Jose News | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MjAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2659,6820722&dq=hurricane&hl=en | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202310/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MjAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2659%2C6820722&dq=hurricane&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>。据报导，坦皮科的受灾面积达75%<ref name="apa927" />，大部分受损的房屋建筑质量欠佳<ref name="mont" />，还有一所大型医院毁于一旦<ref name="pain">{{cite news | newspaper = The Painesville Telegraph | date = 1933-09-27 | title = 5,000 Dead, Injured in Tampico Gale | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=asNZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LUoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1798,4259099&dq=mexico&hl=en | archive-date = 2020-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200920001818/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=asNZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LUoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1798%2C4259099&dq=mexico&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>，导致87人丧生<ref name="calg">{{cite news | newspaper = The Calgary Daily Herald | date = 1933-09-26 | title = Tampico Laid Waste by Flood and Gale; 5,000 casualties | agency = [[合众国际社|United Press]] | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QBtkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JXsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2438,2529538&dq=mexico&hl=en | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202335/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QBtkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JXsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2438%2C2529538&dq=mexico&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>。城内多条道路封闭，河上禁止划艇通行<ref name="mont" />。铁路也受到影响，致使救灾物资不能顺利送抵灾区<ref name="ellen" />。飓风还导致[[帕努科河]]与[[塔梅西河]]沿线水位上涨<ref name="up925" />，之后连续数日都没有回落到洪水水位以下<ref name="port">{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | date = 1933-09-28 | title = Floods Add to Mexico Damage | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | newspaper = The Portsmouth Times | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iUdBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3agMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3935,892580&dq=mexico+hurricane&hl=en | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202359/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iUdBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3agMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3935%2C892580&dq=mexico+hurricane&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>。坦皮科西侧的[[卡德纳斯 (圣路易斯波托西州)|卡德纳斯]]全城都被洪水淹没，导致20人死亡，200人受伤<ref name="mont" />。[[韦拉克鲁斯州]]的[[帕努科 (韦拉克鲁斯州)|帕努科]]（{{lang|es|Pánuco}}）约有5000人无家可归<ref name="ellen" />。[[圣路易斯波托西州]]因水坝坍塌致使30人遇难。[[蒙特雷]]降下暴雨，导致河流泛滥成灾。风暴受灾范围一直延伸到墨西哥西海岸。<ref name="pain" />全国多地的空中交通受阻，多条铁道被冲毁<ref name="mont" />，有三辆列车不知所踪<ref name="pain" />。


起初有新闻报导称气旋导致多达5000人丧生，是“墨西哥近代最大的灾难”<ref name="apa927" />。风暴消散两天后，死亡人数大幅下调至54，另有850人受伤，可能有数千人被埋<ref name="ellen" />。搜救工作组在坦皮科的废墟中寻找幸存者和受害者<ref>{{cite news | agency = United Press | date = 1933-09-27 | title = 5,000 Killed, Hurt in Storm | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Wf8cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jY4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6386,3915190&dq=mexico&hl=en | newspaper = The Pittsburgh Press | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202359/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Wf8cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jY4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6386%2C3915190&dq=mexico&hl=en }}</ref>。1997年，[[国家飓风中心|美国国家飓风中心]]将这场风暴的致死人数列为184至200 <ref>{{cite report | author = Edward N. Rappaport | author2 = Jose Fernandez-Partagas | author3 = Jack Beven | type = NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 47 | title = The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996 | date = 1995-05-28 | accessdate = 2016-11-11 | url = http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml? | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160907054020/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml | archivedate = 2016-09-07 | deadurl = no }}</ref>，估计损失数额为500万美元<ref name="nature" />。
起初有新闻报导称气旋导致多达5000人丧生，是“墨西哥近代最大的灾难”<ref name="apa927" />。风暴消散两天后，死亡人数大幅下调至54，另有850人受伤，可能有数千人被埋<ref name="ellen" />。搜救工作组在坦皮科的废墟中寻找幸存者和受害者<ref>{{cite news | agency = United Press | date = 1933-09-27 | title = 5,000 Killed, Hurt in Storm | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Wf8cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jY4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6386,3915190&dq=mexico&hl=en | newspaper = The Pittsburgh Press | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | archive-date = 2021-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507202359/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Wf8cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jY4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6386%2C3915190&dq=mexico&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>。1997年，[[国家飓风中心|美国国家飓风中心]]将这场风暴的致死人数列为184至200 <ref>{{cite report | author = Edward N. Rappaport | author2 = Jose Fernandez-Partagas | author3 = Jack Beven | type = NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 47 | title = The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996 | date = 1995-05-28 | accessdate = 2016-11-11 | url = http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml? | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160907054020/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml | archivedate = 2016-09-07 | deadurl = no }}</ref>，估计损失数额为500万美元<ref name="nature" />。


风暴过去后，食品和医疗物资迅速耗尽<ref name="ellen" />。各地医务工作员在风暴消散后赶赴坦皮科，还有火车运来食品和水<ref name="apa927" />。蒙特雷发往坦皮科的一辆火车载有食品、药品和协助重建的军人，但因洪水泛滥而无法抵达目的地<ref name="port" />。军方动用飞机运送援助物资<ref name="calg" />。坦皮科在风暴过后[[戒严]]，并从每晚19点开始宵禁。没有受伤的居民协助清理道路，墨西哥总统[[阿韦拉多·罗德里格斯]]（{{lang|en|Abelardo L. Rodríguez}}）要求各州州长向灾民提供援助，向[[墨西哥银行]]提供资金。<ref name="mont" />气旋过去后，坦皮科的许多市民都挤在那些依然屹立的建筑中生活<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = The Southeast Missourian | date = 1933-10-02 | title = Tampico Refugees Jam Buildings; Fear Epidemic | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ESMjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o9IEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2873,974277&dq=tampico&hl=en | archive-date = 2020-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200920001906/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ESMjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o9IEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2873%2C974277&dq=tampico&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>。
风暴过去后，食品和医疗物资迅速耗尽<ref name="ellen" />。各地医务工作员在风暴消散后赶赴坦皮科，还有火车运来食品和水<ref name="apa927" />。蒙特雷发往坦皮科的一辆火车载有食品、药品和协助重建的军人，但因洪水泛滥而无法抵达目的地<ref name="port" />。军方动用飞机运送援助物资<ref name="calg" />。坦皮科在风暴过后[[戒严]]，并从每晚19点开始宵禁。没有受伤的居民协助清理道路，墨西哥总统[[阿韦拉多·罗德里格斯]]（{{lang|en|Abelardo L. Rodríguez}}）要求各州州长向灾民提供援助，向[[墨西哥银行]]提供资金。<ref name="mont" />气旋过去后，坦皮科的许多市民都挤在那些依然屹立的建筑中生活<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = The Southeast Missourian | date = 1933-10-02 | title = Tampico Refugees Jam Buildings; Fear Epidemic | accessdate = 2016-11-10 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ESMjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o9IEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2873,974277&dq=tampico&hl=en | archive-date = 2020-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200920001906/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ESMjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o9IEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2873%2C974277&dq=tampico&hl=en | dead-url = no }}</ref>。

2022年9月14日 (三) 04:09的最新版本

第十四号飓风
五級颶風（美國）
飓风9月21日的地面天气分析图
形成1933年9月16日
消散1933年9月25日
最高風速1分鐘持續： 160英里/小時（260公里/小時）
最低氣壓929毫巴（百帕）；27.43英寸汞柱
死亡至少184人
損失$500萬（1933年美元）
影響地區牙买加、尤卡坦半岛、塔毛利帕斯州
1933年大西洋飓风季的一部分

1933年坦皮科飓风（英語：1933 Tampico hurricane）是1933年大西洋飓风季两场五级飓风中的第二场[注 1]，于9月16日在小安的列斯群岛附近成型，然后在穿越加勒比海期间缓慢增强。9月19日达到飓风标准后，气旋的强化速度在经过牙买加南侧期间加快，于两天后达到最高强度，风力时速估计达260公里。风暴减弱后登陆尤卡坦半岛，导致多幢房屋被毁。风暴期间，尤卡坦州普罗格雷索近海有一人遇难。

飓风在陆地上空减弱成热带风暴，但在进入墨西哥湾后又略有强化。9月25日，气旋以风力时速约180公里强度从坦皮科以南不远处登陆，然后在陆地上空快速消散。坦皮科受灾最为严重，损失数额约有500万美元[注 2]，还有上百人遇难。全城约75%的房屋受损，50%的屋顶受创严重。灾情促使当地实行戒严和宵禁。

气象历史

[编辑]
根據薩菲爾-辛普森颶風風力等級的強度繪製的風暴路徑圖
图例
萨菲尔-辛普森飓风风力等级
  热带低气压（≤62 km/h）
  热带风暴（63–118 km/h）
  一级（119–153 km/h）
  二级（154–177 km/h）
  三级（178–208 km/h）
  四级（209–251 km/h）
  五级（≥252 km/h）
  未知

1933年9月中旬，一股热带扰动向西经过热带大西洋，估计于9月16日在多巴哥东北偏东方向约300公里海域发展成热带低气压。气旋向西北偏西经过小安的列斯群岛，从格林纳达以南仅22公里近海掠过，但由于强度太弱，岛上所测东风时速仅有19公里。进入加勒比海后，低气压增强成热带风暴，再于次日成为飓风。9月20日，风暴从牙买加南侧经过，并在此期间快速强化。协调世界时9月21日凌晨0点，有船只在进入飓风风眼内后测得929毫巴（百帕，27.4英寸汞柱）气压。表明气旋风速为每小时246公里，但该船的观测数据也说明风暴规模异常之小，最大风速半径仅有13公里，所以气象机构估计飓风的最大持续风速为每小时260公里，在现代萨菲尔-辛普森飓风等级下已达五级标准。[3]

达到最高强度后，飓风继续向西北移动，于9月11日从科苏梅尔岛以南约80公里洋面经过[注 3]，然后登陆尤卡坦半岛[3][4]。风暴登陆时的强度已不可考，2012年的大西洋飓风再分析结果表明气旋此时有可能还有五级强度，但当地气象观测数据无法确认这项结论。气象机构在当年的实际操作中估计飓风是以风速每小时165公里强度登陆。2012年的再分析最终决定将登陆风速折衷计为每小时230公里。风暴在穿越尤卡坦半岛期间急剧减弱，于9月23日以风力时速105公里强度进入墨西哥湾。气旋很快又重新增强成飓风，同时朝墨西哥东北沿海地区前进。UTC9月25日凌晨0点左右，风暴以持续风速每小时180公里强度从坦皮科以南不远处登陆，这项强度是根据船只在风眼中所测的960毫巴（百帕，28英寸汞柱）气压值推算得出。不到12小时后，飓风就在陆地上空完全消散。[3]

影响

[编辑]

经过牙买加南侧期间，飓风令京斯敦海潮高涨[4]。风暴产生暴雨，对该岛大部分地区产生影响，当地交通受到扰乱，还发生泥石流灾害[5]。尤卡坦半岛近海的科苏梅尔岛测得时速122公里东南风[3]，岛上有一个渔业码头和多幢房屋被毁[6]。风暴经过尤卡坦半岛期间，普罗格雷索（Progreso）测得时速89公里的东风[3]。普罗格雷索近海有一艘船因风暴倾覆，导致一人遇难[6]。

飓风从坦皮科以南不远处登陆前，该市及周边地区居民就因暴雨的威胁开始疏散[6]，当地仅十天前才经受过另一场飓风摧残[4]。有船只在坦皮科附近测得每小时130公里风速，市内一家气象局测得时速85公里大风[3]。狂风导致输电线缆中断，全城半数房屋的屋顶不是被吹飞便是严重受损[7][8]。飓风引发强烈的风暴潮，将许多人从家中冲走[7][9]，另有多艘驳船被洪水冲走[8]。风暴过后，港口内到处都是各种垃圾，无法立即通航[10]，城内部分地区的洪水有4.6米深[11]。据报导，坦皮科的受灾面积达75%[7]，大部分受损的房屋建筑质量欠佳[8]，还有一所大型医院毁于一旦[12]，导致87人丧生[13]。城内多条道路封闭，河上禁止划艇通行[8]。铁路也受到影响，致使救灾物资不能顺利送抵灾区[10]。飓风还导致帕努科河与塔梅西河沿线水位上涨[11]，之后连续数日都没有回落到洪水水位以下[14]。坦皮科西侧的卡德纳斯全城都被洪水淹没，导致20人死亡，200人受伤[8]。韦拉克鲁斯州的帕努科（Pánuco）约有5000人无家可归[10]。圣路易斯波托西州因水坝坍塌致使30人遇难。蒙特雷降下暴雨，导致河流泛滥成灾。风暴受灾范围一直延伸到墨西哥西海岸。[12]全国多地的空中交通受阻，多条铁道被冲毁[8]，有三辆列车不知所踪[12]。

起初有新闻报导称气旋导致多达5000人丧生，是“墨西哥近代最大的灾难”[7]。风暴消散两天后，死亡人数大幅下调至54，另有850人受伤，可能有数千人被埋[10]。搜救工作组在坦皮科的废墟中寻找幸存者和受害者[15]。1997年，美国国家飓风中心将这场风暴的致死人数列为184至200 [16]，估计损失数额为500万美元[9]。

风暴过去后，食品和医疗物资迅速耗尽[10]。各地医务工作员在风暴消散后赶赴坦皮科，还有火车运来食品和水[7]。蒙特雷发往坦皮科的一辆火车载有食品、药品和协助重建的军人，但因洪水泛滥而无法抵达目的地[14]。军方动用飞机运送援助物资[13]。坦皮科在风暴过后戒严，并从每晚19点开始宵禁。没有受伤的居民协助清理道路，墨西哥总统阿韦拉多·罗德里格斯（Abelardo L. Rodríguez）要求各州州长向灾民提供援助，向墨西哥银行提供资金。[8]气旋过去后，坦皮科的许多市民都挤在那些依然屹立的建筑中生活[17]。

参见

[编辑]

注释

[编辑]
  1. ^ 萨菲尔-辛普森飓风等级于1971年面世[1]，再对美国国家飓风中心大西洋飓风数据库的所有风暴追溯分级[2]。
  2. ^ 如无特别说明，所有损失金额均为1933年美元价值。
  3. ^ 据1933年每月天气回顾记载，飓风是从“科苏梅尔岛以南约64公里洋面经过”[4]，但2012年的大西洋飓风再分析计划认定风暴中心途经位置比之前的预测还要偏南十海里左右[3]。

参考资料

[编辑]
  1. ^ Jack Williams. Hurricane scale invented to communicate storm danger. USA Today. 2005-05-17 [2013-08-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-24）. 
  2. ^ Chronological List of All Continental United States Hurricanes: 1851-2012 (报告). Hurricane Research Division. 2013-06 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-03）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Chris Landsea; et al. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (1933) (报告). Hurricane Research Division. 2012-05 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-07）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 C. L. Mitchell. Tropical Disturbances of September 1933 (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society). 1933-10, 61 (9): 275–276 [2012-06-09]. Bibcode:1933MWRv...61..274M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1933)61<274:TDOS>2.0.CO;2. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04）. 
  5. ^ Storm Passes Southward of Jamaica; Very Heavy Rains as Result of the Disturbance. The Daily Gleaner. 1933-09-21. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Storm Betters Mexican Coast. The Evening Independent. Associated Press. 1933-09-23 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Tampico Wrecked by Hurricane. The Courier-Mail. Australian Press Association. 1933-09-27 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-27）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Clark Lee. Tampico Life Loss May Run to Thousands. Montreal Gazette. Associated Press. 1933-09-26 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Lee Davis. Natural Disasters. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 2008: 271 [2016-11-10]. ISBN 978-0-8160-7000-8. （原始内容存档于2020-09-20）. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Clark G. Lee. Famine, Disease Threaten Mexico in Storm Wake. Ellensburg Daily Record. Associated Press. 1933-09-27 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07）. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Jacques D'Armand. Hurricane Ravages Mexico. San Jose News. United Press. 2012-09-25 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07）. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 5,000 Dead, Injured in Tampico Gale. The Painesville Telegraph. 1933-09-27 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-20）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Tampico Laid Waste by Flood and Gale; 5,000 casualties. The Calgary Daily Herald. United Press. 1933-09-26 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07）. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Floods Add to Mexico Damage. The Portsmouth Times. Associated Press. 1933-09-28 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07）. 
  15. ^ 5,000 Killed, Hurt in Storm. The Pittsburgh Press. United Press. 1933-09-27 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07）. 
  16. ^ Edward N. Rappaport; Jose Fernandez-Partagas; Jack Beven. The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996 (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 47). 1995-05-28 [2016-11-11]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-07）. 
  17. ^ Tampico Refugees Jam Buildings; Fear Epidemic. The Southeast Missourian. 1933-10-02 [2016-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-20）. 


检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=1933年坦皮科飓风&oldid=73657215”