白人的负担：修订间差异

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2022年11月28日 (一) 13:19的最新版本

《白人的负担》（The White Man's Burden）是英国诗人魯德亞德·吉卜林的作品，最初在1899年刊登于流行杂志《麥克盧爾》（McClure's），标题为美国与菲律宾群岛（The United States and the Philippine Islands）。^[1]吉卜林藉着此詩，含蓄地警告英国人，进行扩张将会带来代价。左派——以及後起的第三世界反殖民理論家——却认为，吉卜林在描述新帝國主義的特征：将向外扩张称为高贵举措。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

简介

吉卜林创作《白人的負擔》是为了纪念维多利亚女王鑽禧，他后来却写了另一首诗《曲終人散（Recessional）》来代替这一作品。他修改了《负担》，将美菲战争定为主题。^[7]此詩由七个詩節和一个采用普通押韵格式的段落组成。表面上是在呼吁白人为所有人的利益，征服和殖民野蛮国家。作品因其主题，成为了欧洲中心主义、种族主义和帝国主义的象征之一。^[8]^[9]^[10]作品在推出多年后，仍然备受世人关注，受到不同学者以多种角度分析。

解读

其中一种观点认为，吉卜林觉得白人有义务统治有其他文化背景的人，并且推动他们发展，直到他们拥有一定的能力独立为止。一些种族主义者认为，“白人的负担”是比喻，指对落后文化、经济居高临下的视点。一些人将这种观点视为欧洲中心主义、文化帝国主义的体现。另一种观点认为，吉卜林是在说明，富人有义务强制帮助穷人。^[11]

作品表面上传达了一种支持白人传播文明、开化野蛮民族的观点。诗人称菲律宾人为“剛被抓到的、又急躁又野蠻、又慍怒、一半像邪魔一半像小孩一樣的人們”。这种观点在当时虽然十分流行，但也不乏反对者。吉卜林发表了这一作品后，美国文坛发生了有关争论，著名的美国作家马克·吐温和亨利·詹姆斯都是这场论战的参与者。^[12]也有人认为吉卜林是借作品讽刺帝国主义和殖民主义。但是，也有另一部分学者认为，吉卜林并不是在讽刺帝国主义；相反，他是支持帝国主义的人，他在其他作品中已经表达了自己的观点。

诗作第三至第五行说明，投入殖民主义事业的人在提升其他不幸野蛮民族的时候，可能不幸遇害身亡。当时没有集中研究殖民官员社会地位和背景的报告。而当时在殖民地十分活跃的传教活动，也是如吉卜林所描述的那样，着重于帮助不幸的人认识耶稣基督。

部分学者认为，吉卜林作诗的目的是说服一些反对帝国主义的美国人支持西奥多·罗斯福。^[13]^[14]吉卜林关于英属印度的著作在美国十分流行，《负担》有可能是他分享自己观点的渠道。1898年9月，吉卜林向罗斯福写信，请求他“将所有力量集中在菲律宾。美国已经把十字镐插入一座危楼的地基之中，她可以负起责任重建这座楼房，或者任由它倒塌。”^[15]他在同年11月，更将诗作送给刚刚获选为纽约州州长的罗斯福。

诺顿英国文学选集（Norton Anthology of English Literature）认为，诗作的内容合符吉卜林的帝国主义思想，他认为开化野蛮人是“统治神在地上的国的神圣负担”。^[7]史提芬·达比希尔（Steve Sailer）声称他是“一个完全不知道成为帝国主义意味着什么的帝国主义者，所以，可以说，他不是一个真正的帝国主义者。”^[16]

不少后人都使用了诗作的主题，或者是模仿了诗作的形式。比如说亨利·拉布谢尔（Henry Labouchère）的作品《棕色人的负担》（The Brown Man's Burden），又或者是埃德蒙·毛莱尔（Edmund Morel）批评刚果自由邦的文章《白人的负担》。^[17]^[18]欧内斯特·克罗斯比（Ernest Crosby）也有一篇题为“真正白人的负担”的诗作。^[19]帕斯卡尔·布吕克内（Pascal Bruckner）也有名为“白人的眼泪”（Le Sanglot de l'Homme blanc）的作品。

内容

原文

中譯

Take up the White Man's burden—

Send forth the best ye breed—

Go bind your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need;

To wait in heavy harness,

On fluttered folk and wild—

Your new-caught, sullen peoples,

Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden—

In patience to abide,

To veil the threat of terror

And check the show of pride;

By open speech and simple,

An hundred times made plain,

To seek another's profit,

And work another's gain.

挑起白种男人的負擔

把你們最優秀的品種送出去

捆綁起你們的儿子们將他們放逐出去

去替你們的奴隸服務

挑起白种男人的負擔

讓他們背負著沉重馬韁

去伺候那些剛被抓到

又急躁又野蠻，又慍怒

一半像邪魔一半像小孩一樣的人們

挑起白种男人的負擔

堅持著耐心

掩飾起恐懼

隱藏起驕傲

用公開與簡易的語言

不厭其煩的說清楚

去替別人謀福利

去為別人爭利益

参考文献

引用

^ "The White Man's Burden". McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
^ Zwick, Jim. Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898–1935. December 16, 2005. （原始内容存档于2002年9月16日）.
^ Miller, Stuart Creighton. Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-300-03081-9. p. 5: "...imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden."
^ Judd, Denis. Diamonds are forever: Kipling's imperialism; poems of Rudyard Kipling. History Today. June 1997, 47 (6): 37. : "Theodore Roosevelt...thought the verses 'rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansionist stand-point'. Henry Cabot Lodge told Roosevelt in turn: 'I like it. I think it is better poetry than you say'."
^
Examples of justification for imperialism based on Kipling's poem include the following (originally published 1899–1902):
- Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune. In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea. International Herald Tribune. February 4, 1999: 6. （原始内容存档于2005年10月27日）. : "An extraordinary sensation has been created by Mr. Rudyard Kipling's new poem, The White Man's Burden, just published in a New York magazine. It is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."
- Dixon, Thomas. The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900. 1902 [2013-05-29]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-03）. . Full text of a novel by Thomas Dixon praising the Ku Klux Klan, published online by The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
^ Pimentel, Benjamin. The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history. The San Francisco Chronicle. October 26, 2003: D3. （原始内容存档于2011年6月29日）. : charactising the poem as a "call to imperial conquest".
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Stephen Greenblatt (ed.), Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 978-0-393-92532-6.
^ "Eurocentrism". In Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6, p. 636.
^ Chisholm, Michael (1982). Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 978-0-389-20320-9, p.12.
^ Mama, Amina (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-03544-6, p. 39.
^ David Cody, The growth of the British Empire （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College, (Paragraph 4)
^ John V. Denson. The costs of war: America's pyrrhic victories. Transaction Publishers. 1999: 405–406. ISBN 978-0-7658-0487-7(note ff. 28 & 33).
^ Wolpert, Stanley (2006)
^ Brantlinger, Patrick (2007) Kipling's 'The White Man's Burden' and its Afterlives English Literature in Transition 1880-1920", 50.2, pp. 172-191
^ Kipling, Rudyard (1990) The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, ed. Thomas Pinney London, Macmillan, Vol II, p. 350
^ Sailer, Steve (2001). "What Will Happen In Afghanistan? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Published by United Press International. 26 September 2001.
^ Labouchère, Henry (1899). "The Brown Man's Burden" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Morel, Edmund (1903). The Black Man's Burden （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Fordham University.
^ Crosby, Ernest. The Real White Man’s Burden. Funk and Wagnalls Company. 1902: 32–35 [2013-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-12）. Published online by History Matters, American Social History Project, CUNY and George Mason University.

来源

A Companion to Victorian Poetry, Alison Chapman; Blackwell, Oxford, 2002.
Chisholm, Michael (1982). Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 978-0-389-20320-9.
Cody, David. The growth of the British Empire （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Victorian Web, University Scholars Program, National University of Singapore, November 2000.
Crosby, Ernest (1902). The Real White Man’s Burden. Funk and Wagnalls Company, 32–35.
Dixon, Thomas (1902). The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900.
Encyclopedia of India. Ed. Stanley Wolpert. Vol. 3. Detroit: charles Scribner's Sons, 2006, p. 35-36. 4 vols.
"Eurocentrism". In Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6.
Greenblatt, Stephen (ed.). Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 978-0-393-92532-6
Kipling （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Fordham University. Full text of the poem.
Labouchère, Henry (1899). "The Brown Man's Burden".
Mama, Amina (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-03544-6.
Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03081-5.
Pimentel, Benjamin (October 26, 2003). "The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history". The San Francisco Chronicle: D3.
Sailer, Steve (2001). "What Will Happen In Afghanistan?". United Press International, 26 September 2001.
"The White Man's Burden." McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
"The Shining" Jack Nicholson's character Jack, uses the phrase to refer to whiskey.

[source-1] "The White Man's Burden". McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).

[2] Zwick, Jim. Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898–1935. December 16, 2005. （原始内容存档于2002年9月16日）.

[3] Miller, Stuart Creighton. Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. Yale University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-300-03081-9. p. 5: "...imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden."

[4] Judd, Denis. Diamonds are forever: Kipling's imperialism; poems of Rudyard Kipling. History Today. June 1997, 47 (6): 37. : "Theodore Roosevelt...thought the verses 'rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansionist stand-point'. Henry Cabot Lodge told Roosevelt in turn: 'I like it. I think it is better poetry than you say'."

[5] Examples of justification for imperialism based on Kipling's poem include the following (originally published 1899–1902):
Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune. In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea. International Herald Tribune. February 4, 1999: 6. （原始内容存档于2005年10月27日）. : "An extraordinary sensation has been created by Mr. Rudyard Kipling's new poem, The White Man's Burden, just published in a New York magazine. It is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."

Dixon, Thomas. The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900. 1902 [2013-05-29]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-03）. . Full text of a novel by Thomas Dixon praising the Ku Klux Klan, published online by The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

[6] Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune. In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea. International Herald Tribune. February 4, 1999: 6. （原始内容存档于2005年10月27日）. : "An extraordinary sensation has been created by Mr. Rudyard Kipling's new poem, The White Man's Burden, just published in a New York magazine. It is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."

[7] Dixon, Thomas. The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900. 1902 [2013-05-29]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-03）. . Full text of a novel by Thomas Dixon praising the Ku Klux Klan, published online by The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

[6] Pimentel, Benjamin. The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history. The San Francisco Chronicle. October 26, 2003: D3. （原始内容存档于2011年6月29日）. : charactising the poem as a "call to imperial conquest".

[Norton-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Stephen Greenblatt (ed.), Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 978-0-393-92532-6.

[8] "Eurocentrism". In Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6, p. 636.

[9] Chisholm, Michael (1982). Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 978-0-389-20320-9, p.12.

[10] Mama, Amina (1995). Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-03544-6, p. 39.

[11] David Cody, The growth of the British Empire （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College, (Paragraph 4)

[12] John V. Denson. The costs of war: America's pyrrhic victories. Transaction Publishers. 1999: 405–406. ISBN 978-0-7658-0487-7(note ff. 28 & 33).

[13] Wolpert, Stanley (2006)

[14] Brantlinger, Patrick (2007) Kipling's 'The White Man's Burden' and its Afterlives English Literature in Transition 1880-1920", 50.2, pp. 172-191

[15] Kipling, Rudyard (1990) The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, ed. Thomas Pinney London, Macmillan, Vol II, p. 350

[16] Sailer, Steve (2001). "What Will Happen In Afghanistan? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Published by United Press International. 26 September 2001.

[17] Labouchère, Henry (1899). "The Brown Man's Burden" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[18] Morel, Edmund (1903). The Black Man's Burden （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Fordham University.

[19] Crosby, Ernest. The Real White Man’s Burden. Funk and Wagnalls Company. 1902: 32–35 [2013-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-12）. Published online by History Matters, American Social History Project, CUNY and George Mason University.

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@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
 [[File:Kipling_TIME_cover_19260927.jpg|200px|right|thumb|魯德亞德·吉卜林]]
-《'''白人的负担'''》（'''The White Man's Burden'''）是英国诗人[[魯德亞德·吉卜林]]的作品。诗作最初在1899年，刊登于流行杂志[[麥克盧爾]]（McClure's）之上，标题为'''美国与菲律宾群岛'''（'''The United States and the Philippine Islands'''）。<ref name="source">"The White Man's Burden". ''McClure's'' Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).</ref>吉卜林藉着作品，含蓄地警告英国人，进行扩张将会带来代价。但是，左派——以及後起的第三世界反殖民理論家——却认为吉卜林在描述帝国主义的特征 - 将向外扩张称为高贵举措。<ref>{{cite journal | author=Zwick, Jim | title=Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898–1935 | journal= | date=December 16, 2005 | volume= | issue= | pages=  | url=http://www.boondocksnet.com/ai/kipling/index.html }} {{dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author= Miller, Stuart Creighton| title= Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903  | publisher= Yale University Press | year=1982 | isbn=0-300-03081-9}} p. 5: "...imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden."</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author= Judd, Denis | title= Diamonds are forever: Kipling's imperialism; poems of Rudyard Kipling | journal= History Today| volume= 47 | issue= 6 | pages= 37| url= |date=June 1997}}: "Theodore Roosevelt...thought the verses 'rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansionist stand-point'. Henry Cabot Lodge told Roosevelt in turn: 'I like it. I think it is better poetry than you say'."</ref><ref>Examples of justification for imperialism based on Kipling's poem include the following (originally published 1899–1902):
+《'''白人的负担'''》（'''The White Man's Burden'''）是英国诗人[[魯德亞德·吉卜林]]的作品，最初在1899年刊登于流行杂志《[[麥克盧爾]]》（McClure's），标题为'''美国与菲律宾群岛'''（'''The United States and the Philippine Islands'''）。<ref name="source">"The White Man's Burden". ''McClure's'' Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).</ref>吉卜林藉着此詩，含蓄地警告英国人，进行扩张将会带来代价。[[左派]]——以及後起的[[第三世界]][[反殖民]]理論家——却认为，吉卜林在描述[[新帝國主義]]的特征：将向外扩张称为高贵举措。<ref>{{cite journal | author=Zwick, Jim | title=Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898–1935 | journal= | date=December 16, 2005 | volume= | issue= | pages= | url=http://www.boondocksnet.com/ai/kipling/index.html | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020916030114/http://www.boondocksnet.com/ai/kipling/index.html | archivedate=2002年9月16日 }} </ref><ref>{{cite book | author= Miller, Stuart Creighton| title= Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903  | url= https://archive.org/details/benevolentassimi0000mill| publisher= Yale University Press | year=1982 | isbn=0-300-03081-9}} p. 5: "...imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago (using) higher-sounding justifications related to the "white man's burden."</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author= Judd, Denis | title= Diamonds are forever: Kipling's imperialism; poems of Rudyard Kipling | journal= History Today| volume= 47 | issue= 6 | pages= 37| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-today_1997-06_47_6/page/37|date=June 1997}}: "Theodore Roosevelt...thought the verses 'rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansionist stand-point'. Henry Cabot Lodge told Roosevelt in turn: 'I like it. I think it is better poetry than you say'."</ref><ref>Examples of justification for imperialism based on Kipling's poem include the following (originally published 1899–1902):
-* {{cite journal | author= Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune| title=In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea | journal=International Herald Tribune | date=February 4, 1999 | volume= | issue= | pages= 6 | url=http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/02/04/edold.t_10.php }}{{dead link|date=June 2013}}: "An extraordinary sensation has been created by Mr. Rudyard Kipling's new poem, ''The White Man's Burden,'' just published in a New York magazine. It is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."
+* {{cite journal | author=Opinion archive, International Herald Tribune | title=In Our Pages: 100, 75 and 50 Years Ago; 1899: Kipling's Plea | journal=International Herald Tribune | date=February 4, 1999 | volume= | issue= | pages=6 | url=http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/02/04/edold.t_10.php | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027091843/http://www.iht.com/articles/1999/02/04/edold.t_10.php | archivedate=2005年10月27日 }}: "An extraordinary sensation has been created by Mr. Rudyard Kipling's new poem, ''The White Man's Burden,'' just published in a New York magazine. It is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion."
-* {{cite book | author= Dixon, Thomas| title= The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900 | publisher= | year= 1902 | url= http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/dixonleopard/leopard.html}}. Full text of a novel by Thomas Dixon praising the Ku Klux Klan, published online by The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</ref><ref>{{Cite book| author= Pimentel, Benjamin | title=The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/10/26/INGCN2GEK21.DTL&hw=Was+Really+Colonizer&sn=001&sc=1000 | publisher= The San Francisco Chronicle | date= October 26, 2003 |page= D3}}: charactising the poem as a "call to imperial conquest".</ref>
+* {{cite book| author= Dixon, Thomas| title= The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900| publisher= | year= 1902| url= http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/dixonleopard/leopard.html| access-date= 2013-05-29| archive-date= 2021-03-03| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210303132459/https://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/dixonleopard/leopard.html| dead-url= no}}. Full text of a novel by Thomas Dixon praising the Ku Klux Klan, published online by The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author= Pimentel, Benjamin | title= The Philippines; "Liberator" Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's revisionist history | url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/10/26/INGCN2GEK21.DTL&hw=Was+Really+Colonizer&sn=001&sc=1000 | publisher= The San Francisco Chronicle | date= October 26, 2003 | page= D3 | deadurl= yes | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629050524/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2003%2F10%2F26%2FINGCN2GEK21.DTL&hw=Was+Really+Colonizer&sn=001&sc=1000 | archivedate= 2011年6月29日 | df=  }}: charactising the poem as a "call to imperial conquest".</ref>[[File:1890sc Pears Soap Ad.jpg|替代=肥皂广告，以the White Man's Burden, 鼓励白人去教其他的种族学会清洁。|缩略图|肥皂广告，以《白人的負擔》鼓励白人去教其他种族学会清洁。]]
 == 简介 ==
-吉卜林创作这个作品是为了纪念[[维多利亚女王]]鑽禧，但是，他后来却写了另一首诗 - [[曲終人散]]（Recessional），来代替这一作品。他修改了《负担》，将[[美菲战争]]定为主题。<ref name="Norton">Stephen Greenblatt (ed.), Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 978-0-393-92532-6.</ref>作品由七个[[詩節]]和一个采用普通[[押韵格式]]的段落组成。诗作表面上是在呼吁白人为所有人的利益，征服和殖民野蛮国家。作品因其主题，成为了欧洲中心主义、种族主义和帝国主义的象征之一。<ref>"Eurocentrism". In ''Encyclopedia of the Developing World''. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6, p. 636.</ref><ref>Chisholm, Michael (1982). ''Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective''. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 978-0-389-20320-9, p.12.</ref><ref>Mama, Amina (1995). ''Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity''. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-03544-6, p. 39.</ref>作品在推出多年后，仍然备受世人关注，受到不同学者以多种角度分析。
+吉卜林创作《白人的負擔》是为了纪念[[维多利亚女王]][[鑽禧]]，他后来却写了另一首诗《[[曲終人散]]（Recessional）》来代替这一作品。他修改了《负担》，将[[美菲战争]]定为主题。<ref name="Norton">Stephen Greenblatt (ed.), Norton Anthology of English Literature, New York 2006 ISBN 978-0-393-92532-6.</ref>此詩由七个[[詩節]]和一个采用普通[[押韵格式]]的段落组成。表面上是在呼吁[[白人]]为所有人的利益，征服和殖民野蛮国家。作品因其主题，成为了[[欧洲中心主义]]、[[种族主义]]和[[帝国主义]]的象征之一。<ref>"Eurocentrism". In ''Encyclopedia of the Developing World''. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6, p. 636.</ref><ref>Chisholm, Michael (1982). ''Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective''. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 978-0-389-20320-9, p.12.</ref><ref>Mama, Amina (1995). ''Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity''. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-03544-6, p. 39.</ref>作品在推出多年后，仍然备受世人关注，受到不同学者以多种角度分析。
 == 解读 ==
-其中一种观点认为，作者觉得白人有义务统治有其他文化背景的人，并且推动他们发展，直到他们拥有一定的能力独立为止。一些种族主义者认为，“白人的负担”是比喻，指对落后文化、经济居高临下的视点。一些人将这种观点视为欧洲优越主义、文化帝国主义的体现。另一种观点认为，作者是在说明，富人有义务强制帮助穷人。<ref>David Cody, [http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/Empire.html The growth of the British Empire]'', Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College, (Paragraph 4)</ref>
+其中一种观点认为，吉卜林觉得白人有义务统治有其他文化背景的人，并且推动他们发展，直到他们拥有一定的能力独立为止。一些种族主义者认为，“白人的负担”是比喻，指对落后文化、经济居高临下的视点。一些人将这种观点视为欧洲中心主义、[[文化帝国主义]]的体现。另一种观点认为，吉卜林是在说明，富人有义务强制帮助穷人。<ref>David Cody, [http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/Empire.html The growth of the British Empire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/Empire.html |date=20210424100041 }}'', Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College, (Paragraph 4)</ref>[[File:The white mans burden.gif|替代=The white man's burden -讽刺的图片|缩略图|The white man's burden -讽刺的图片]]作品表面上传达了一种支持白人传播文明、开化野蛮民族的观点。诗人称菲律宾人为“剛被抓到的、又急躁又野蠻、又慍怒、一半像邪魔一半像小孩一樣的人們”。这种观点在当时虽然十分流行，但也不乏反对者。吉卜林发表了这一作品后，美国文坛发生了有关争论，著名的美国作家[[马克·吐温]]和[[亨利·詹姆斯]]都是这场论战的参与者。<ref>{{Cite book
-作品表面上传达了一种支持白人传播文明、开化野蛮民族的观点。诗人称菲律宾人为“剛被抓到的、又急躁又野蠻、又慍怒、一半像邪魔一半像小孩一樣的人們”。这种观点在当时虽然十分流行，但也不乏反对者。吉卜林发表了这一作品后，美国文坛发生了有关争论，著名的美国作家[[马克·吐温]]和[[亨利·詹姆斯]]都是这场论战的参与者。<ref>{{Cite book
 |title=The costs of war: America's pyrrhic victories
 |author=John V. Denson
@@ 第20行： / 第18行： @@
 |postscript=(note ff. 28 & 33).
 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=IrAzsxzjIooC
-}}</ref>也有人认为吉卜林是借作品讽刺帝国主义和殖民主义，但是，也有另一部分学者认为，吉卜林并不是在讽刺帝国主义，相反，他是支持帝国主义的人，他在其他作品中已经表达了自己的观点。诗作第三至第五行说明，投入殖民主义事业的人在提升其他不幸野蛮民族的时候，可能不幸遇害身亡。
+}}</ref>也有人认为吉卜林是借作品讽刺帝国主义和殖民主义。但是，也有另一部分学者认为，吉卜林并不是在讽刺帝国主义；相反，他是支持帝国主义的人，他在其他作品中已经表达了自己的观点。
+诗作第三至第五行说明，投入殖民主义事业的人在提升其他不幸野蛮民族的时候，可能不幸遇害身亡。当时没有集中研究殖民官员[[社会地位]]和背景的报告。而当时在殖民地十分活跃的[[传教]]活动，也是如吉卜林所描述的那样，着重于帮助不幸的人认识[[耶稣基督]]。
-当时没有集中研究殖民官员社会地位和背景的报告。而当时在殖民地十分活跃的传教活动，也是如吉卜林所描述的那样，着重于帮助不幸的人认识主耶稣基督。部分学者认为，吉卜林作诗的目的是说服一些反对帝国主义的美国人，支持[[西奥多·罗斯福]]。<ref>Wolpert, Stanley (2006)</ref><ref>Brantlinger, Patrick (2007) Kipling's 'The White Man's Burden' and its Afterlives ''English Literature in Transition 1880-1920", 50.2, pp. 172-191</ref>吉卜林关于英属印度的著作，在美国十分流行。《负担》有可能是他分享自己观点的渠道。1898年9月，吉卜林向罗斯福写信，请求他“将所有力量集中在菲律宾。美国已经把十字镐插入一座危楼的地基之中，她可以负起责任重建这座楼房，或者任由他倒塌。”<ref>Kipling, Rudyard (1990) ''The Letters of Rudyard Kipling'', ed. Thomas Pinney London, Macmillan, Vol II, p. 350</ref>他在同年11月，更将诗作送给刚刚获选为纽约州州长的罗斯福。
+部分学者认为，吉卜林作诗的目的是说服一些反对帝国主义的美国人支持[[西奥多·罗斯福]]。<ref>Wolpert, Stanley (2006)</ref><ref>Brantlinger, Patrick (2007) Kipling's 'The White Man's Burden' and its Afterlives ''English Literature in Transition 1880-1920", 50.2, pp. 172-191</ref>吉卜林关于[[英属印度]]的著作在美国十分流行，《负担》有可能是他分享自己观点的渠道。1898年9月，吉卜林向罗斯福写信，请求他“将所有力量集中在菲律宾。美国已经把十字镐插入一座危楼的地基之中，她可以负起责任重建这座楼房，或者任由它倒塌。”<ref>Kipling, Rudyard (1990) ''The Letters of Rudyard Kipling'', ed. Thomas Pinney London, Macmillan, Vol II, p. 350</ref>他在同年11月，更将诗作送给刚刚获选为[[纽约州州长]]的罗斯福。
-[[诺顿英国文学选集]]（Norton Anthology of English Literature）认为，诗作的内容合符吉卜林的帝国主义思想，他认为开化野蛮人是“统治神在地上的国的神圣负担”。<ref name="Norton"/>[[史提芬·达比希尔]]（Steve Sailer）声称他是“一个完全不知道成为帝国主义意味着什么的帝国主义者，所以，可以说，他不是一个真正的帝国主义者。”<ref>Sailer, Steve (2001). "[http://www.isteve.com/Man_Who_Would_Be_King.htm What Will Happen In Afghanistan?]". Published by United Press International. 26 September 2001.</ref>
+[[诺顿英国文学选集]]（Norton Anthology of English Literature）认为，诗作的内容合符吉卜林的帝国主义思想，他认为开化野蛮人是“统治神在地上的国的神圣负担”。<ref name="Norton"/>[[史提芬·达比希尔]]（Steve Sailer）声称他是“一个完全不知道成为帝国主义意味着什么的帝国主义者，所以，可以说，他不是一个真正的帝国主义者。”<ref>Sailer, Steve (2001). "[http://www.isteve.com/Man_Who_Would_Be_King.htm What Will Happen In Afghanistan?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.isteve.com/Man_Who_Would_Be_King.htm |date=20210402124934 }}". Published by United Press International. 26 September 2001.</ref>
-不少后人都使用了诗作的主题，或者是模仿了诗作的形式。比如说亨利·拉布谢尔（Henry Labouchère）的作品棕色人的负担（The Brown Man's Burden），又或者是埃德蒙·毛莱尔（Edmund Morel）批评刚果自由邦的文章，“白人的负担”。<ref>Labouchère, Henry (1899). [http://www.guhsd.net/mcdowell/history/projects/wmburden/brownman.html "The Brown Man's Burden"]{{dead link|date=June 2013}}</ref><ref>Morel, Edmund (1903). [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1903blackburden.html The Black Man's Burden]. Fordham University.</ref>欧内斯特·克罗斯比（Ernest Crosby）也有一篇题为“真正白人的负担”的诗作。<ref>{{cite book | author= Crosby, Ernest| title= The Real White Man’s Burden | publisher= Funk and Wagnalls Company | year=1902 | pages= 32–35 | url= http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5477/}} Published online by History Matters, American Social History Project, CUNY and George Mason University.</ref>帕斯卡尔·布吕克内（Pascal Bruckner）也有名为“白人的眼泪”（Le Sanglot de l'Homme blanc）的作品。
+不少后人都使用了诗作的主题，或者是模仿了诗作的形式。比如说亨利·拉布谢尔（Henry Labouchère）的作品《棕色人的负担》（The Brown Man's Burden），又或者是埃德蒙·毛莱尔（Edmund Morel）批评[[刚果自由邦]]的文章《白人的负担》。<ref>Labouchère, Henry (1899). [http://www.guhsd.net/mcdowell/history/projects/wmburden/brownman.html "The Brown Man's Burden"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.guhsd.net/mcdowell/history/projects/wmburden/brownman.html |date=20090622071409 }}</ref><ref>Morel, Edmund (1903). [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1903blackburden.html The Black Man's Burden] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1903blackburden.html |date=20140915195603 }}. Fordham University.</ref>欧内斯特·克罗斯比（Ernest Crosby）也有一篇题为“真正白人的负担”的诗作。<ref>{{cite book | author= Crosby, Ernest | title= The Real White Man’s Burden | publisher= Funk and Wagnalls Company | year= 1902 | pages= 32–35 | url= http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5477/ | access-date= 2013-05-31 | archive-date= 2017-10-12 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171012041815/http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5477 | dead-url= no }} Published online by History Matters, American Social History Project, CUNY and George Mason University.</ref>帕斯卡尔·布吕克内（Pascal Bruckner）也有名为“白人的眼泪”（Le Sanglot de l'Homme blanc）的作品。
 == 内容 ==
@@ 第68行： / 第68行： @@
 | style="border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; padding:5px;"|
-挑起白色人的負擔
+挑起白种男人的負擔
 把你們最優秀的品種送出去
-捆綁起你們孩子們將他們放逐出去
+捆綁起你們的儿子们將他們放逐出去
 去替你們的奴隸服務
-挑起白色人的負擔
+挑起白种男人的負擔
 讓他們背負著沉重馬韁
@@ 第86行： / 第86行： @@
 一半像邪魔一半像小孩一樣的人們
-挑起白色人的負擔
+挑起白种男人的負擔
 堅持著耐心
@@ 第108行： / 第108行： @@
 {{Reflist|30em}}
-== 参考 ==
+=== 来源 ===
+{{refbegin}}
 *''A Companion to Victorian Poetry'', Alison Chapman; Blackwell, Oxford, 2002.
 * Chisholm, Michael (1982).'' Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective''. Rowman & Littlefield, 1982, ISBN 978-0-389-20320-9.
-* Cody, David. [http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/Empire.html The growth of the British Empire]. The Victorian Web, University Scholars Program, National University of Singapore, November 2000.
+* Cody, David. [http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/Empire.html The growth of the British Empire] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/Empire.html |date=20210424100041 }}. The Victorian Web, University Scholars Program, National University of Singapore, November 2000.
 * Crosby, Ernest (1902). ''The Real White Man’s Burden''. Funk and Wagnalls Company, 32–35.
 * Dixon, Thomas (1902). ''The Leopard's Spots – A Romance of the White Man's Burden 1865–1900''.
@@ 第117行： / 第118行： @@
 * "Eurocentrism". In Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Ed. Thomas M. Leonard, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6.
 * Greenblatt, Stephen (ed.). ''Norton Anthology of English Literature'', New York 2006 ISBN 978-0-393-92532-6
-* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/Kipling.html Kipling]. Fordham University. Full text of the poem.
+* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/Kipling.html Kipling] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/Kipling.html |date=20141008190118 }}. Fordham University. Full text of the poem.
-* Labouchère, Henry (1899). [http://www.guhsd.net/mcdowell/history/projects/wmburden/brownman.html "The Brown Man's Burden"]{{dead link|date=June 2013}}.
+* Labouchère, Henry (1899). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090622071409/http://www.guhsd.net/mcdowell/history/projects/wmburden/brownman.html "The Brown Man's Burden"].
 * Mama, Amina (1995). ''Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender, and Subjectivity''. Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-03544-6.
 * Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). ''Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903.'' Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03081-5.
@@ 第125行： / 第126行： @@
 * "The White Man's Burden." ''McClure's'' Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899).
 * "The Shining" Jack Nicholson's character Jack, uses the phrase to refer to whiskey.
+{{refend}}
 [[Category:英国诗歌作品]]
-[[Category:英文诗歌作品]]
+[[Category:1898至1946年菲律宾历史]]
-[[Category:殖民主义]]
+[[Category:殖民主义史]]
 [[Category:1899年]]
+[[Category:英国种族主义]]