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赫尔曼德省：修订间差异

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{{Infobox settlement
{{Afghanistan Province|
| name = 赫尔曼德省
fas=د هلمند ولايت |
pus=ولایت هلمند|
| native_name = ولایت هلمند
| native_name_lang = pa
en=Helmand|
| settlement_type = [[阿富汗行政區劃|省]]
Capital=拉什卡爾加市|
| image_skyline = Arghandab River Valley between Kandahar and Lashkar Gah.jpg
Areatotal=58,584|
| image_alt =
PopTotal=925,700|
| image_caption = [[坎大哈]]與[[拉什加爾加]]之間的阿爾甘達卜河谷
year=[[2004年]]|
| image_flag =
code=HEL|
| flag_alt =
maptitle=Helmand|
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Helmand in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = 赫爾曼德省在阿富汗的位置

| coor_pinpoint = 省會
| coordinates = {{coord|region:AF_type:adm1st|display = inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = 國家
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = 省會
| seat = [[拉什卡尔加]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = 省長
| leader_name = Hayatullah Hayat<ref name="governor">{{cite news |author=Zain ullah Stanakzai |date=2015-08-30 |title=300 casualties inflicted on rebels in Musa Qala: Governor |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2015/08/30/300-casualties-inflicted-rebels-musa-qala-governor |newspaper=Pajhwok Afghan News |location= |access-date=2016-08-15 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026012457/https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2015/08/30/300-casualties-inflicted-rebels-musa-qala-governor |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 58584
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=cso>{{cite web |url=http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Helmand(1).pdf |title=Settled Population of Helmand province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13 |publisher=Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Central Statistics Organization |accessdate=2012-12-27 |archive-date=2014-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226173838/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Helmand(1).pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| population_total = 879500
| population_as_of = 2013年
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| blank_name_sec1 = 主要語言
| blank_info_sec1 = [[普什图语]]
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = AF-HEL
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
}}


'''赫尔曼德省'''（{{lang|fa|ولایت هلمند}}）位於[[阿富汗]]西南部，與[[戴孔迪省]]、[[法拉省]]、[[‎古爾省]]、[[坎大哈省]]、[[尼姆魯茲省]]、[[烏魯茲甘省]]等省份及[[巴基斯坦]]相鄰。
'''赫尔曼德省'''（{{lang-fa|ولایت هلمند}}）是[[阿富汗行政區劃|阿富汗34個省份]]之一，位於[[阿富汗]]南部，是阿富汗最大的省份，面積達58,584平方公里，設有13個[[縣 (阿富汗)|縣]]和超過1,000個村落，人口約為1,442,500人<ref name=cso/>。省會[[拉什卡爾加]]。

赫爾曼德省在20世紀[[阿富汗政治|阿富汗政府]]分離成為獨立一省以前一直是{{link-en|大坎大哈|Loy Kandahar}}地區的一部分。赫爾曼德省設有一個國內機場（{{link-en|波斯特機場|Bost Airport}}），位於拉什卡爾加市內，主要由[[駐阿富汗國際維和部隊|北約]]軍隊使用。英國{{link-en|舒拉巴克營|Camp Shorabak}}和美國{{link-en|萊塞尼克營|Camp Leatherneck}}位於拉什卡爾加西南不遠處。

[[赫爾曼德河]]主要在省內流過沙漠地區，為當地提供灌溉用水。{{link-en|卡賈其水壩|Kajaki Dam}}是{{link-en|阿富汗水壩及水塘列表|List of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan|阿富汗其中一個重要的水壩}}，位於{{link-en|加賈其縣|Kajaki district}}。赫爾曼德省是世界上一個大量生產[[罌粟]]的地區，佔世界總產量42%<ref name=Smh2007-03-05>{{cite news
| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/where-the-poppy-is-king/2007/03/04/1172943270271.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2
| title=Where the poppy is king
| publisher=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]
| date=2007-03-05
| author=Pat McGeough
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605043426/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/where-the-poppy-is-king/2007/03/04/1172943270271.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2
| archivedate=2011-06-05
| url-status=no
| quote=More than 90 per cent of the province's arable land is choked with the hardy plant. A 600-strong, US-trained eradication force is hopelessly behind schedule on its target for this growing season in Helmand - to clear about a third of the crop, which is estimated to be a head-spinning 70,000 hectares.
| accessdate=2020-03-15
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=379280&sid=WOR
| title=Afghanistan still the largest producer of opium: UN report
| publisher=[[Zee News]]
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000039/http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=379280&sid=WOR
| archivedate=2007-09-28
| url-status=no
| quote=She said opium cultivation is concentrated in the south of the country, with just one province ‘Helmand’ accounting for 42% of all the illicit production in the world. Many of the provinces with the highest levels of production also have the worst security problems.
| accessdate=2020-03-15
}}</ref>，比排行第二位的[[緬甸]]要多於一倍。赫爾曼德省同時生產[[煙葉|煙草]]、[[糖用甜菜]]、[[棉花]]、[[芝麻]]、[[小麥]]、[[綠豆]]、[[玉米]]、[[堅果]]、[[向日葵]]、[[洋葱]]、[[馬鈴薯]]、[[蕃茄]]、[[花椰菜]]、[[花生]]、[[杏组]]、[[葡萄]]和[[瓜]]<ref name=nps>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Docs/Executive%20Summaries/Helmand_Executive_Sum.pdf |title=Helmand |work=Program for Culture & Conflict Studies |date=2010-05-01 |access-date=2012-12-28 |archive-date=2012-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008230042/http://www.nps.edu/programs/CCS/Docs/Executive%20Summaries/Helmand_Executive_Sum.pdf }}</ref>。

自從[[阿富汗戰爭 (2001年)|2001年阿富汗戰爭]]以後，赫爾曼德省就成為叛亂活動的溫床<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/03/19/could-helmand-be-the-dubai-of-afghanistan/|title=Could Helmand be the Dubai of Afghanistan?|first=Jean|last=MacKenzie|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019214722/https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/03/19/could-helmand-be-the-dubai-of-afghanistan/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10300703|title=UK's Helmand mission was 'flawed'|date=June 12, 2010|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=2019-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720193310/https://www.bbc.com/news/10300703|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/47cbc62a1e.html|title=Refworld &#124; Afghanistan: Clashes in Helmand leave civilians dead, displaced|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|website=Refworld.org|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=2019-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928115757/https://www.refworld.org/docid/47cbc62a1e.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>，更被視為阿富汗「最危險的省份」<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/7bdbjq/notes-from-afghanistans-most-dangerous-province-102|title=Notes from Afghanistan’s Most Dangerous Province|first=Ben|last=Anderson|date=June 22, 2015|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=2019-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928115759/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/7bdbjq/notes-from-afghanistans-most-dangerous-province-102|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35984894|title=Afghan forces face 'decisive' battle|first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|date=April 7, 2016|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=2020-03-15|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030105254/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35984894|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

== 塔利班 ==
赫尔曼德省现为[[塔利班]]武装的根据地之一，是英军和美军重兵打击叛乱份子的焦点地区，9千多名英军和另外1万名美军士兵已经被派往赫尔曼德省，以击溃塔利班并在2009年8月[[2009年阿富汗总统选举|阿富汗总统选举]]到来之前创造安全环境。打击叛乱份子的战斗相当艰难，不断上升的伤亡人数显示了这一点。<ref name="voa">{{Cite news |url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-2009-08-02-voa34-60878752/1013283.html |title=打击塔利班与打击鸦片：两场战争同样艰难 |publisher=美國之音 |date=2009-08-02 |accessdate=2017-08-11 |archive-date=2019-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608175710/https://www.voachinese.com/a/a-21-2009-08-02-voa34-60878752/1013283.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>

== 鸦片 ==
[[File:AfghanPoppyHill.jpg|thumb|阿富汗赫尔曼德种植的罂粟]]
阿富汗出产世界上超过90%的[[鸦片]]，大多來自赫尔曼德种植的[[罂粟]]。这些鸦片被走私出境，最终以[[海洛因]]的形式出售。打击不断蔓延的种植罂粟、生产鸦片的战争被证明同样艰难。截止目前，反毒的努力集中在毁坏罂粟种植地方面。<ref name= "voa"/>赫尔曼德80％的家庭种植罂粟，而种植罂粟的收益资助了塔利班叛乱。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_7500000/newsid_7501300/7501345.stm |title=身陷罌粟交易迷沼的農民 |access-date=2009-08-03 |archive-date=2019-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602210147/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_7500000/newsid_7501300/7501345.stm |dead-url=no }}</ref>罂粟不仅为塔利班带来经费支持，同时也带来了腐败的政府官员。

== 参考文献 ==
{{Reflist}}


{{Afghanistan}}
{{-}}
{{阿富汗省份}}
{{Afghanistan-stub}}


[[Category:阿富汗省份]]
[[ar:ولاية هلمند]]
[[ast:Helmand]]
[[bg:Хелманд]]
[[cy:Helmand]]
[[da:Helmand (provins)]]
[[de:Helmand (Provinz)]]
[[el:Χελμάντ (περιοχή)]]
[[en:Helmand Province]]
[[es:Hilmand]]
[[et:Helmandi provints]]
[[fa:هلمند]]
[[fi:Helmandin maakunta]]
[[fr:Helmand]]
[[hi:हेलमंद]]
[[it:Helmand]]
[[ja:ヘルマンド州]]
[[ko:헬만드 주]]
[[nl:Helmand (provincie)]]
[[no:Helmand (provins)]]
[[pl:Helmand (prowincja)]]
[[ps:د هلمند ولايت]]
[[pt:Helmand (província)]]
[[ru:Гильменд (провинция)]]
[[sr:Провинција Хелманд]]
[[sv:Helmand (provins)]]
[[tg:Вилояти Ҳелманд]]
[[tr:Helmand]]

2022年12月13日 (二) 11:02的最新版本

赫尔曼德省
ولایت هلمند
省
坎大哈與拉什加爾加之間的阿爾甘達卜河谷
坎大哈與拉什加爾加之間的阿爾甘達卜河谷
赫爾曼德省在阿富汗的位置
赫爾曼德省在阿富汗的位置
坐标 （省會）：31°N 64°E / 31°N 64°E / 31; 64
國家 阿富汗
省會拉什卡尔加
政府
 • 省長Hayatullah Hayat[1]
面积
 • 总计58,584 平方公里（22,619 平方英里）
人口（2013年）[2]
 • 總計879,500人
 • 密度15人/平方公里（38.9人/平方英里）
时区UTC+4:30
ISO 3166码AF-HEL
主要語言普什图语

赫尔曼德省（波斯語：ولایت هلمند‎）是阿富汗34個省份之一，位於阿富汗南部，是阿富汗最大的省份，面積達58,584平方公里，設有13個縣和超過1,000個村落，人口約為1,442,500人[2]。省會拉什卡爾加。

赫爾曼德省在20世紀阿富汗政府分離成為獨立一省以前一直是大坎大哈（英语：Loy Kandahar）地區的一部分。赫爾曼德省設有一個國內機場（波斯特機場（英语：Bost Airport）），位於拉什卡爾加市內，主要由北約軍隊使用。英國舒拉巴克營（英语：Camp Shorabak）和美國萊塞尼克營（英语：Camp Leatherneck）位於拉什卡爾加西南不遠處。

赫爾曼德河主要在省內流過沙漠地區，為當地提供灌溉用水。卡賈其水壩（英语：Kajaki Dam）是阿富汗其中一個重要的水壩（英语：List of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan），位於加賈其縣（英语：Kajaki district）。赫爾曼德省是世界上一個大量生產罌粟的地區，佔世界總產量42%[3][4]，比排行第二位的緬甸要多於一倍。赫爾曼德省同時生產煙草、糖用甜菜、棉花、芝麻、小麥、綠豆、玉米、堅果、向日葵、洋葱、馬鈴薯、蕃茄、花椰菜、花生、杏组、葡萄和瓜[5]。

自從2001年阿富汗戰爭以後，赫爾曼德省就成為叛亂活動的溫床[6][7][8]，更被視為阿富汗「最危險的省份」[9][10]。

塔利班

[编辑]

赫尔曼德省现为塔利班武装的根据地之一，是英军和美军重兵打击叛乱份子的焦点地区，9千多名英军和另外1万名美军士兵已经被派往赫尔曼德省，以击溃塔利班并在2009年8月阿富汗总统选举到来之前创造安全环境。打击叛乱份子的战斗相当艰难，不断上升的伤亡人数显示了这一点。[11]

鸦片

[编辑]
阿富汗赫尔曼德种植的罂粟

阿富汗出产世界上超过90%的鸦片，大多來自赫尔曼德种植的罂粟。这些鸦片被走私出境，最终以海洛因的形式出售。打击不断蔓延的种植罂粟、生产鸦片的战争被证明同样艰难。截止目前，反毒的努力集中在毁坏罂粟种植地方面。[11]赫尔曼德80％的家庭种植罂粟，而种植罂粟的收益资助了塔利班叛乱。[12]罂粟不仅为塔利班带来经费支持，同时也带来了腐败的政府官员。

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Zain ullah Stanakzai. 300 casualties inflicted on rebels in Musa Qala: Governor. Pajhwok Afghan News. 2015-08-30 [2016-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-26）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Settled Population of Helmand province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13 (PDF). Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Central Statistics Organization. [2012-12-27]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-02-26）. 
  3. ^ Pat McGeough. Where the poppy is king. Sydney Morning Herald. 2007-03-05 [2020-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-05）. More than 90 per cent of the province's arable land is choked with the hardy plant. A 600-strong, US-trained eradication force is hopelessly behind schedule on its target for this growing season in Helmand - to clear about a third of the crop, which is estimated to be a head-spinning 70,000 hectares. 
  4. ^ Afghanistan still the largest producer of opium: UN report. Zee News. [2020-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-28）. She said opium cultivation is concentrated in the south of the country, with just one province ‘Helmand’ accounting for 42% of all the illicit production in the world. Many of the provinces with the highest levels of production also have the worst security problems. 
  5. ^ Helmand (PDF). Program for Culture & Conflict Studies. 2010-05-01 [2012-12-28]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-10-08）. 
  6. ^ MacKenzie, Jean. Could Helmand be the Dubai of Afghanistan?. [2020-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-19）. 
  7. ^ UK's Helmand mission was 'flawed'. Bbc.co.uk. June 12, 2010 [2020-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-20）. 
  8. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. Refworld | Afghanistan: Clashes in Helmand leave civilians dead, displaced. Refworld.org. [2020-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-28）. 
  9. ^ Anderson, Ben. Notes from Afghanistan’s Most Dangerous Province. June 22, 2015 [2020-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-28）. 
  10. ^ Rowlatt, Justin. Afghan forces face 'decisive' battle. Bbc.co.uk. April 7, 2016 [2020-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30）. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 打击塔利班与打击鸦片：两场战争同样艰难. 美國之音. 2009-08-02 [2017-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-08）. 
  12. ^ 身陷罌粟交易迷沼的農民. [2009-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-02）. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=赫尔曼德省&oldid=75040168”