圣约翰 (新不伦瑞克省):修订间差异
(未显示16个用户的23个中间版本) | |||
第1行: | 第1行: | ||
{{not|聖約翰斯 (紐芬蘭-拉布拉多)}} |
|||
{{expand|time=2012-03-09T15:12:32+00:00}} |
{{expand|time=2012-03-09T15:12:32+00:00}} |
||
{{NoteTA |
|||
圣约翰市([[英语]]:City of Saint John;[[法语]]:Ville de Saint Jean)是[[加拿大]][[新不伦瑞克]]的最大城市,坐落在[[芬迪湾]][[圣约翰河]]的北岸。至2011年,该城市有70,063人,而[[大圣约翰地区]]则有127,761人。较2006年增长了4.4%。自从[[爱尔兰大饥荒]]开始,该城市的主要人口由效忠[[英国]]的人转变为[[爱尔兰]]人。通常圣约翰被认为全加拿大最“爱尔兰的城市”。 |
|||
|G1 = 地名 |
|||
==历史== |
|||
|G2 = CA Places |
|||
该地区人类居住的历史可以追溯到[[印地安文明]]。至1604年,圣约翰河在法国绘图家Samuel de Champlain在对[[芬迪湾]]的绘图过程中发现。Samuel发现圣约翰河的这一天正好是[[圣约翰施洗日]],所以这城市被命名为[[圣约翰]]。 |
|||
|G3 = Unit |
|||
==地理== |
|||
}} |
|||
圣约翰的气候为[[温带大陆性湿润气候]]。 |
|||
{{Infobox settlement |
|||
==人口== |
|||
|name = 聖約翰 |
|||
|native_name = {{lang|en|Saint John}} |
|||
|official_name = 圣约翰市<br>City of Saint John<br>Ville de Saint-Jean{{efn|name=名|官方的法语名:{{lang|fr|Ville de Saint John}}}} |
|||
|settlement_type = [[新不伦瑞克省|市]]{{efn|name=地位|官方地位:市({{lang-fr|Cité}})}} |
|||
|nickname = {{lang|en|The Fundy City, SJ}} |
|||
|motto = {{lang|la|"O Fortunati Quorum Jam Moenia Surgunt"}}<br />(拉丁語:噢,幸運的民眾,他們的牆已築起來了) |
|||
|image_skyline = Saint John, NB, skyline at dusk8.jpg |
|||
|imagesize = 260px |
|||
|image_caption = |
|||
|image_flag = |
|||
|image_shield = |
|||
|pushpin_map = Canada New Brunswick |
|||
|mapsize = 200px |
|||
|map_caption = 聖約翰在紐賓士域省內的位置 |
|||
|coordinates_region = CA-NB |
|||
|subdivision_type = [[國家]] |
|||
|subdivision_type1 = [[加拿大行政區劃|省]] |
|||
|subdivision_type2 = [[新不倫瑞克省行政區劃|縣]] |
|||
|subdivision_name = {{CAN}} |
|||
|subdivision_name1 = [[紐賓士域省]] |
|||
|subdivision_name2 = 聖約翰縣 |
|||
|government_type = 市長議會制 |
|||
|leader_title = 市長 |
|||
|leader_title1 = 市政機關 |
|||
|leader_name = {{lang|en|Mel Norton}} |
|||
|leader_name1 = 聖約翰市議會 |
|||
|established_title = 成立 |
|||
|established_date = 1604年 |
|||
|established_title2 = 大型聚落形成 |
|||
|established_date2 = 1783年 |
|||
|established_title3 = 設市 |
|||
|established_date3 = {{Start date|1785|05|18}} |
|||
|founder = 湯瑪士·卡爾頓<br>({{lang|en|Thomas Carlton}}) |
|||
|named_for = [[聖若翰洗者]] |
|||
|area_magnitude = 1 E8 |
|||
|area_footnotes =<ref name=urbanarea>{{cite web|url= http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=1301006|title= 2001 Community Profiles|accessdate= 2012-08-26|archive-date= 2008-12-07|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207062615/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1301006&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=&GeoCode=1301006|dead-url= no}}</ref><ref name=metroarea>{{cite web|url= http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=310__&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|title= 2001 Community Profiles|accessdate= 2012-08-26|archive-date= 2008-12-07|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207062041/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=310__&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=Saint%20John&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=|dead-url= no}}</ref> |
|||
|area_total_km2 = |
|||
|area_total_sq_mi = |
|||
|area_land_km2 = |
|||
|area_land_sq_mi = |
|||
|area_water_km2 = |
|||
|area_water_sq_mi = |
|||
|area_water_percent = |
|||
|area_urban_km2 = 326 |
|||
|area_urban_sq_mi = |
|||
|area_metro_km2 = 3362.95 |
|||
|area_metro_sq_mi = |
|||
|population_as_of = 2011 |
|||
|population_note = 來源:[[加拿大統計局]] |
|||
|population_total = 70,063 (CSD) |
|||
|population_density_km2 = 215.7 |
|||
|population_density_sq_mi = |
|||
|population_metro = 127,761|population_density_metro_km2 = 38.0 |
|||
|population_density_metro_sq_mi = |
|||
|population_urban = |
|||
|timezone = 大西洋時區(AST) |
|||
|utc_offset = -4 |
|||
|timezone_DST = 大西洋夏令時區(ADT) |
|||
|utc_offset_DST = -3 |
|||
|latd=45 |latm=16 |lats=50 |latNS=N |
|||
|longd=66 |longm=04 |longs=34 |longEW=W |
|||
|elevation_min_m = 0 |
|||
|elevation_max_m = 80.8 |
|||
|website = [http://www.saintjohn.ca/ City of Saint John] |
|||
|postal_code_type =郵區編碼 |
|||
|postal_code = E2H至E2P |
|||
|area_code = 506 |
|||
|footnotes = |
|||
}} |
|||
'''圣约翰市'''({{lang-en|City of Saint John}};{{lang-fr|Ville de Saint John}})是[[加拿大]][[新不伦瑞克]]省第二大的城市。聖約翰坐落在[[圣约翰河]]注入[[芬迪湾]]北岸所在,於1785年建市,是加拿大首個建制為市的社區<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archivescanada.ca/english/search/ItemDisplay.asp?sessionKey=1248466189045_206_191_57_202&l=0&v=0&lvl=1&coll=1&rt=1&itm=159507&rsn=S_WWWbaaqH1uQX&all=1&dt=AW+%22royal%22+AND+%22charter%22+AND+%221785%22&spi=- |title=Archives Canada |publisher=Archivescanada.ca |date= |accessdate=2011-05-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513194328/http://www.archivescanada.ca/english/search/ItemDisplay.asp?sessionKey=1248466189045_206_191_57_202&l=0&v=0&lvl=1&coll=1&rt=1&itm=159507&rsn=S_WWWbaaqH1uQX&all=1&dt=AW+%22royal%22+AND+%22charter%22+AND+%221785%22&spi=- |archivedate=2011-05-13 }}</ref>。至2011年,该城市有70,063人,而[[大圣约翰地区]]则有127,761人,较2006年增长了4.4%<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=201&S=3&O=D&RPP=150 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2012-08-26 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225195628/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=201&S=3&O=D&RPP=150%20 |dead-url=no }}</ref> 。自从[[爱尔兰大饥荒]]开始,该城市的主要人口由效忠[[英国]]的人转变为[[爱尔兰]]人。通常圣约翰被认为全加拿大最“爱尔兰的城市”。 |
|||
== 历史 == |
|||
该地区人类居住的历史可以追溯到[[印地安文明]]。至1604年,圣约翰河在法国绘图家[[薩繆爾·德·尚普蘭]]在对[[芬迪湾]]的绘图过程中发现。尚普蘭发现圣约翰河的这一天正好是[[圣约翰施洗日]],所以这城市被命名为[[圣约翰]]。有見此地的戰略價值極高,查爾·德拉圖爾({{lang-fr|Charles de la Tour}})於1631年在聖約翰河出海處的東岸建立一個要塞,名為聖瑪麗堡({{lang|fr|Fort Sainte Marie}})。 |
|||
英國於18世紀建立了[[哈利法斯]]後,法國方面亦意識到英軍大可從哈利法斯經聖約翰河走廊來攻擊[[魁北克城]]<ref>Patterson, 1994, p. 131</ref>。為了防衛此要點,法方從1749年起在18個月内沿此走廊修築了三個要塞,分別為加斯帕羅堡({{lang|fr|Fort Gaspareaux}})、布瑟舒爾堡({{lang|fr|Fort Beausejour}})和位於聖約翰河出海處的門那古鄂希堡({{lang|fr|Fort Menagoueche}})。[[法國-印第安人戰爭]]期間,法軍在1755年布瑟舒爾堡戰役中戰敗後,英軍中校羅伯特·蒙克頓({{lang|fr|Robert Monckton}})派遣官兵去爭奪門那古鄂希堡。在英軍佔上風的情況下,法軍燒毀了門那古鄂希堡,並撤退至聖約翰河上游。在此之後,法國在[[阿卡迪亞 (加拿大)|阿卡迪亞]]也僅餘路易堡({{lang|fr|Louisbourg}})一座要塞<ref>Roger Sarty and Doug Knight. ''Saint John Fortifications''. 2003. p. 29</ref>。 |
|||
== 地理 == |
|||
圣约翰的气候为[[温带大陆性湿润气候]]。由於芬迪灣不會完全結冰,聖約翰的冬季較内陸地區和暖。縱雖如此,在西風盛行(即從内陸吹來)的情況下,聖約翰一月的平均氣溫也只得攝氏-8.2度。夏季氣溫從清涼至微熱,日間氣溫通常不出攝氏25度,有霧的日子頗為常見,但通常到下午便會消散。 |
|||
聖約翰的年降水量約為{{convert|1390|mm}},晚秋至初冬的降水最多。冬季下雨和下雪的日子同樣常見,而冬季期間地面沒有積雪的情景也無甚特別。 |
|||
{{Weather box |
|||
|location = 聖約翰 |
|||
|metric first = Y |
|||
|single line = Y |
|||
|Jan maximum humidex= 15.9 |
|||
|Feb maximum humidex= 13.3 |
|||
|Mar maximum humidex= 17.8 |
|||
|Apr maximum humidex= 23.8 |
|||
|May maximum humidex= 35.4 |
|||
|Jun maximum humidex= 37.4 |
|||
|Jul maximum humidex= 40.3 |
|||
|Aug maximum humidex= 40.3 |
|||
|Sep maximum humidex= 36.5 |
|||
|Oct maximum humidex= 28.3 |
|||
|Nov maximum humidex= 23.8 |
|||
|Dec maximum humidex= 18.0 |
|||
|year maximum humidex= 40.3 |
|||
|Jan record high C = 14.0 |
|||
|Feb record high C = 13.3 |
|||
|Mar record high C = 17.5 |
|||
|Apr record high C = 22.8 |
|||
|May record high C = 33.0 |
|||
|Jun record high C = 32.0 |
|||
|Jul record high C = 32.8 |
|||
|Aug record high C = 34.4 |
|||
|Sep record high C = 31.0 |
|||
|Oct record high C = 25.6 |
|||
|Nov record high C = 21.7 |
|||
|Dec record high C = 16.1 |
|||
|year record high C = 34.4 |
|||
|Jan high C = −2.7 |
|||
|Feb high C = −1.9 |
|||
|Mar high C = 2.3 |
|||
|Apr high C = 8.3 |
|||
|May high C = 14.8 |
|||
|Jun high C = 19.5 |
|||
|Jul high C = 22.4 |
|||
|Aug high C = 22.2 |
|||
|Sep high C = 17.7 |
|||
|Oct high C = 11.9 |
|||
|Nov high C = 6.0 |
|||
|Dec high C = 0.3 |
|||
|year high C = 10.1 |
|||
|Jan mean C= −8.1 |
|||
|Feb mean C= −7.3 |
|||
|Mar mean C= -2.5 |
|||
|Apr mean C= 3.6 |
|||
|May mean C= 9.4 |
|||
|Jun mean C= 14.0 |
|||
|Jul mean C= 17.1 |
|||
|Aug mean C= 16.9 |
|||
|Sep mean C= 12.8 |
|||
|Oct mean C= 7.3 |
|||
|Nov mean C= 2.0 |
|||
|Dec mean C= -4.7 |
|||
|year mean C= 5.0 |
|||
|Jan low C = −13.6 |
|||
|Feb low C = −12.7 |
|||
|Mar low C = −7.3 |
|||
|Apr low C = −1.2 |
|||
|May low C = 4.0 |
|||
|Jun low C = 8.4 |
|||
|Jul low C = 11.7 |
|||
|Aug low C = 11.6 |
|||
|Sep low C = 7.7 |
|||
|Oct low C = 2.7 |
|||
|Nov low C = −2.1 |
|||
|Dec low C = −9.7 |
|||
|year low C = 0.0 |
|||
|Jan record low C = −31.7 |
|||
|Feb record low C = −36.7 |
|||
|Mar record low C = −30.0 |
|||
|Apr record low C = −16.7 |
|||
|May record low C = −7.8 |
|||
|Jun record low C = −2.2 |
|||
|Jul record low C = 1.1 |
|||
|Aug record low C = −0.6 |
|||
|Sep record low C = −6.7 |
|||
|Oct record low C = −10.6 |
|||
|Nov record low C = −16.9 |
|||
|Dec record low C = −34.4 |
|||
|year record low C = −36.7 |
|||
|Jan chill = -44.8 |
|||
|Feb chill = -44.4 |
|||
|Mar chill = -39.5 |
|||
|Apr chill = -26.1 |
|||
|May chill = -13.9 |
|||
|Jun chill = -3.0 |
|||
|Jul chill = 2.8 |
|||
|Aug chill = 0.2 |
|||
|Sep chill = -5.7 |
|||
|Oct chill = -12.9 |
|||
|Nov chill = -25.9 |
|||
|Dec chill = -41.9 |
|||
|year chill = -44.8 |
|||
|precipitation colour=green |
|||
|rain colour=green |
|||
|Jan precipitation mm = 139.4 |
|||
|Feb precipitation mm = 94.0 |
|||
|Mar precipitation mm = 117.9 |
|||
|Apr precipitation mm = 104.2 |
|||
|May precipitation mm = 117.5 |
|||
|Jun precipitation mm = 100.9 |
|||
|Jul precipitation mm = 101.5 |
|||
|Aug precipitation mm = 89.6 |
|||
|Sep precipitation mm = 117.4 |
|||
|Oct precipitation mm = 124.8 |
|||
|Nov precipitation mm = 133.7 |
|||
|Dec precipitation mm = 149.4 |
|||
|year precipitation mm = 1390.3 |
|||
|Jan rain mm = 78.2 |
|||
|Feb rain mm = 48.8 |
|||
|Mar rain mm = 71.7 |
|||
|Apr rain mm = 81.7 |
|||
|May rain mm = 115.9 |
|||
|Jun rain mm = 100.9 |
|||
|Jul rain mm = 101.5 |
|||
|Aug rain mm = 89.6 |
|||
|Sep rain mm = 117.4 |
|||
|Oct rain mm = 122.6 |
|||
|Nov rain mm = 121.6 |
|||
|Dec rain mm = 98.2 |
|||
|year rain mm = 1147.9 |
|||
|Jan snow cm = 66.5 |
|||
|Feb snow cm = 50.0 |
|||
|Mar snow cm = 47.4 |
|||
|Apr snow cm = 22.2 |
|||
|May snow cm = 1.4 |
|||
|Jun snow cm = 0 |
|||
|Jul snow cm = 0 |
|||
|Aug snow cm = 0 |
|||
|Sep snow cm = 0 |
|||
|Oct snow cm = 2.2 |
|||
|Nov snow cm = 12.5 |
|||
|Dec snow cm = 54.7 |
|||
|year snow cm = 256.9 |
|||
|Jan humidity= 75.7 |
|||
|Feb humidity= 75.5 |
|||
|Mar humidity= 79.1 |
|||
|Apr humidity= 83.0 |
|||
|May humidity= 86.6 |
|||
|Jun humidity= 89.6 |
|||
|Jul humidity= 91.5 |
|||
|Aug humidity= 92.5 |
|||
|Sep humidity= 91.6 |
|||
|Oct humidity= 87.2 |
|||
|Nov humidity= 82.8 |
|||
|Dec humidity= 79.9 |
|||
|year humidity= 84.6 |
|||
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm |
|||
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm |
|||
|unit snow days = 0.2 cm |
|||
|Jan precipitation days = 16.4 |
|||
|Feb precipitation days = 13.0 |
|||
|Mar precipitation days = 14.8 |
|||
|Apr precipitation days = 14.0 |
|||
|May precipitation days = 13.6 |
|||
|Jun precipitation days = 13.2 |
|||
|Jul precipitation days = 12.0 |
|||
|Aug precipitation days = 10.9 |
|||
|Sep precipitation days = 11.4 |
|||
|Oct precipitation days = 12.3 |
|||
|Nov precipitation days = 14.1 |
|||
|Dec precipitation days = 16.6 |
|||
|year precipitation days= 162.3 |
|||
|Jan rain days = 6.9 |
|||
|Feb rain days = 5.3 |
|||
|Mar rain days = 8.2 |
|||
|Apr rain days = 10.6 |
|||
|May rain days = 13.5 |
|||
|Jun rain days = 13.2 |
|||
|Jul rain days = 12.0 |
|||
|Aug rain days = 10.9 |
|||
|Sep rain days = 11.4 |
|||
|Oct rain days = 12.1 |
|||
|Nov rain days = 12.0 |
|||
|Dec rain days = 9.0 |
|||
|year rain days= 125.1 |
|||
|Jan snow days = 13.0 |
|||
|Feb snow days = 10.7 |
|||
|Mar snow days = 9.8 |
|||
|Apr snow days = 5.7 |
|||
|May snow days = .57 |
|||
|Jun snow days = 0 |
|||
|Jul snow days = 0 |
|||
|Aug snow days = 0 |
|||
|Sep snow days = 0 |
|||
|Oct snow days = .73 |
|||
|Nov snow days = 4.0 |
|||
|Dec snow days = 11.1 |
|||
|year snow days = 55.7 |
|||
|Jan sun = 123.0 |
|||
|Feb sun = 129.6 |
|||
|Mar sun = 147.8 |
|||
|Apr sun = 160.9 |
|||
|May sun = 201.5 |
|||
|Jun sun = 211.1 |
|||
|Jul sun = 223.1 |
|||
|Aug sun = 221.6 |
|||
|Sep sun = 177.6 |
|||
|Oct sun = 147.2 |
|||
|Nov sun = 105.7 |
|||
|Dec sun = 101.0 |
|||
|year sun = 1950.1 |
|||
|source 1 = 加拿大環境部<ref name= CCN >{{cite web |
|||
| publisher = [[加拿大環境部]] |
|||
| url = http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=6250&prov=&lang=e&dCode=1&dispBack=1&StationName=saint_john&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12 |
|||
| title = Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000 |
|||
| accessdate = 2012-03-24 |
|||
| archive-date = 2013-05-17 |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130517232017/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=6250&prov=&lang=e&dCode=1&dispBack=1&StationName=saint_john&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12 |
|||
| dead-url = no |
|||
}}</ref> |
|||
|date=August 2010 |
|||
}} |
|||
== 人口 == |
|||
自从20世纪70年代以来,该城市的人口持续下降,但2011年首次出现了回升。 |
自从20世纪70年代以来,该城市的人口持续下降,但2011年首次出现了回升。 |
||
==经济== |
|||
== |
== 经济 == |
||
==教育== |
|||
== 文化 == |
|||
== 教育 == |
|||
1964年,[[新不伦瑞克大学]]在圣约翰建立了分校。 |
1964年,[[新不伦瑞克大学]]在圣约翰建立了分校。 |
||
==参见== |
|||
*[[新不伦瑞克]] |
|||
*[[新不伦瑞克大学]] |
|||
==外部链接== |
|||
*[http://www.saintjohn.ca/en/home/default.aspx/ 圣约翰市官方网页] |
|||
== 參考資料 == |
|||
[[en:Saint John, New Brunswick]] |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
[[zh-min-nan:Saint John, New Brunswick]] |
|||
{{notelist}} |
|||
[[be:Горад Сент-Джон]] |
|||
[[bg:Сейнт Джон (Ню Брънзуик)]] |
|||
== 外部链接 == |
|||
[[ca:Saint John (Nova Brunsvic)]] |
|||
{{commonscat|Saint John, New Brunswick}} |
|||
* [http://www.saintjohn.ca/en/home/default.aspx/ 圣约翰市官方网页]{{Wayback|url=http://www.saintjohn.ca/en/home/default.aspx/ |date=20120302182856 }} |
|||
[[da:Saint John]] |
|||
[[de:Saint John (New Brunswick)]] |
|||
{{新不伦瑞克省行政区划}} |
|||
[[es:Saint John (Nuevo Brunswick)]] |
|||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
[[eu:Saint John (Brunswick Berria)]] |
|||
[[Category:紐賓士域省城市]] |
|||
[[fa:سنت جان]] |
|||
[[fr:Saint-Jean (Nouveau-Brunswick)]] |
|||
[[gd:Saint John, Brunswick Nuadh]] |
|||
[[ko:세인트존]] |
|||
[[it:Saint John (Canada)]] |
|||
[[kl:Saint John (New Brunswick)]] |
|||
[[ka:სენტ-ჯონი (ნიუ-ბრანსუიკი)]] |
|||
[[sw:Saint John, New Brunswick]] |
|||
[[la:Fanum Sancti Iohannis (Canada)]] |
|||
[[mr:सेंट जॉन, कॅनडा]] |
|||
[[nl:Saint John (New Brunswick)]] |
|||
[[ja:セントジョン (ニューブランズウィック州)]] |
|||
[[pnb:سینٹ جان]] |
|||
[[pl:Saint John (Nowy Brunszwik)]] |
|||
[[pt:Saint John]] |
|||
[[ru:Сент-Джон (Нью-Брансуик)]] |
|||
[[sr:Сент Џон (Њу Брансвик)]] |
|||
[[fi:Saint John (New Brunswick)]] |
|||
[[tr:Saint John]] |
|||
[[uk:Сент-Джон]] |
|||
[[vo:Saint John (Kanadän)]] |
|||
[[war:Saint John, New Brunswick]] |
2022年12月14日 (三) 01:58的最新版本
此條目需要擴充。 (2012年3月9日) |
聖約翰 Saint John | |
---|---|
市[b] | |
圣约翰市 City of Saint John Ville de Saint-Jean[a] | |
綽號:The Fundy City, SJ | |
格言:"O Fortunati Quorum Jam Moenia Surgunt" (拉丁語:噢,幸運的民眾,他們的牆已築起來了) | |
坐标:45°16′47″N 66°03′46″W / 45.2796°N 66.0628°W | |
國家 | 加拿大 |
省 | 紐賓士域省 |
縣 | 聖約翰縣 |
成立 | 1604年 |
大型聚落形成 | 1783年 |
設市 | 1785年5月18日 |
創始人 | 湯瑪士·卡爾頓 (Thomas Carlton) |
語源 | 聖若翰洗者 |
政府 | |
• 类型 | 市長議會制 |
• 市長 | Mel Norton |
• 市政機關 | 聖約翰市議會 |
面积[1][2] | |
• 市區 | 326 平方公里(126 平方英里) |
• 都會區 | 3,362.95 平方公里(1,298.44 平方英里) |
最高海拔 | 80.8 公尺(265.1 英尺) |
最低海拔 | 0 公尺(0 英尺) |
人口(2011) | |
• 市[b] | 70,063 (CSD)人 |
• 密度 | 215.7人/平方公里(559人/平方英里) |
• 都會區 | 127,761 |
• 都會區密度 | 38.0人/平方公里(98人/平方英里) |
來源:加拿大統計局 | |
时区 | 大西洋時區(AST)(UTC-4) |
• 夏时制 | 大西洋夏令時區(ADT)(UTC-3) |
郵區編碼 | E2H至E2P |
電話區號 | 506 |
網站 | City of Saint John |
圣约翰市(英語:City of Saint John;法語:Ville de Saint John)是加拿大新不伦瑞克省第二大的城市。聖約翰坐落在圣约翰河注入芬迪湾北岸所在,於1785年建市,是加拿大首個建制為市的社區[3]。至2011年,该城市有70,063人,而大圣约翰地区则有127,761人,较2006年增长了4.4%[4] 。自从爱尔兰大饥荒开始,该城市的主要人口由效忠英国的人转变为爱尔兰人。通常圣约翰被认为全加拿大最“爱尔兰的城市”。
历史
[编辑]该地区人类居住的历史可以追溯到印地安文明。至1604年,圣约翰河在法国绘图家薩繆爾·德·尚普蘭在对芬迪湾的绘图过程中发现。尚普蘭发现圣约翰河的这一天正好是圣约翰施洗日,所以这城市被命名为圣约翰。有見此地的戰略價值極高,查爾·德拉圖爾(法語:Charles de la Tour)於1631年在聖約翰河出海處的東岸建立一個要塞,名為聖瑪麗堡(Fort Sainte Marie)。
英國於18世紀建立了哈利法斯後,法國方面亦意識到英軍大可從哈利法斯經聖約翰河走廊來攻擊魁北克城[5]。為了防衛此要點,法方從1749年起在18個月内沿此走廊修築了三個要塞,分別為加斯帕羅堡(Fort Gaspareaux)、布瑟舒爾堡(Fort Beausejour)和位於聖約翰河出海處的門那古鄂希堡(Fort Menagoueche)。法國-印第安人戰爭期間,法軍在1755年布瑟舒爾堡戰役中戰敗後,英軍中校羅伯特·蒙克頓(Robert Monckton)派遣官兵去爭奪門那古鄂希堡。在英軍佔上風的情況下,法軍燒毀了門那古鄂希堡,並撤退至聖約翰河上游。在此之後,法國在阿卡迪亞也僅餘路易堡(Louisbourg)一座要塞[6]。
地理
[编辑]圣约翰的气候为温带大陆性湿润气候。由於芬迪灣不會完全結冰,聖約翰的冬季較内陸地區和暖。縱雖如此,在西風盛行(即從内陸吹來)的情況下,聖約翰一月的平均氣溫也只得攝氏-8.2度。夏季氣溫從清涼至微熱,日間氣溫通常不出攝氏25度,有霧的日子頗為常見,但通常到下午便會消散。
聖約翰的年降水量約為1,390毫米(55英寸),晚秋至初冬的降水最多。冬季下雨和下雪的日子同樣常見,而冬季期間地面沒有積雪的情景也無甚特別。
聖約翰 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
月份 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 全年 |
历史最高湿热指数 | 15.9 | 13.3 | 17.8 | 23.8 | 35.4 | 37.4 | 40.3 | 40.3 | 36.5 | 28.3 | 23.8 | 18.0 | 40.3 |
历史最高温 °C(°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.8 (73.0) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.8 (91.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
31.0 (87.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
平均高温 °C(°F) | −2.7 (27.1) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
2.3 (36.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.2 (72.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
11.9 (53.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
0.3 (32.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
日均气温 °C(°F) | −8.1 (17.4) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
3.6 (38.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
平均低温 °C(°F) | −13.6 (7.5) |
−12.7 (9.1) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
历史最低温 °C(°F) | −31.7 (−25.1) |
−36.7 (−34.1) |
−30 (−22) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−16.9 (1.6) |
−34.4 (−29.9) |
−36.7 (−34.1) |
历史最低風寒指數 | −44.8 | −44.4 | −39.5 | −26.1 | −13.9 | −3.0 | 2.8 | 0.2 | −5.7 | −12.9 | −25.9 | −41.9 | −44.8 |
平均降水量 mm(英寸) | 139.4 (5.49) |
94.0 (3.70) |
117.9 (4.64) |
104.2 (4.10) |
117.5 (4.63) |
100.9 (3.97) |
101.5 (4.00) |
89.6 (3.53) |
117.4 (4.62) |
124.8 (4.91) |
133.7 (5.26) |
149.4 (5.88) |
1,390.3 (54.74) |
平均降雨量 mm(英寸) | 78.2 (3.08) |
48.8 (1.92) |
71.7 (2.82) |
81.7 (3.22) |
115.9 (4.56) |
100.9 (3.97) |
101.5 (4.00) |
89.6 (3.53) |
117.4 (4.62) |
122.6 (4.83) |
121.6 (4.79) |
98.2 (3.87) |
1,147.9 (45.19) |
平均降雪量 cm(英寸) | 66.5 (26.2) |
50.0 (19.7) |
47.4 (18.7) |
22.2 (8.7) |
1.4 (0.6) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2.2 (0.9) |
12.5 (4.9) |
54.7 (21.5) |
256.9 (101.1) |
平均降水天数(≥ 0.2 mm) | 16.4 | 13.0 | 14.8 | 14.0 | 13.6 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 12.3 | 14.1 | 16.6 | 162.3 |
平均降雨天数(≥ 0.2 mm) | 6.9 | 5.3 | 8.2 | 10.6 | 13.5 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 9.0 | 125.1 |
平均降雪天数(≥ 0.2 cm) | 13.0 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 5.7 | .57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .73 | 4.0 | 11.1 | 55.7 |
平均相對濕度(%) | 75.7 | 75.5 | 79.1 | 83.0 | 86.6 | 89.6 | 91.5 | 92.5 | 91.6 | 87.2 | 82.8 | 79.9 | 84.6 |
月均日照時數 | 123.0 | 129.6 | 147.8 | 160.9 | 201.5 | 211.1 | 223.1 | 221.6 | 177.6 | 147.2 | 105.7 | 101.0 | 1,950.1 |
数据来源:加拿大環境部[7] |
人口
[编辑]自从20世纪70年代以来,该城市的人口持续下降,但2011年首次出现了回升。
经济
[编辑]文化
[编辑]教育
[编辑]1964年,新不伦瑞克大学在圣约翰建立了分校。
參考資料
[编辑]- ^ 2001 Community Profiles. [2012-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-07).
- ^ 2001 Community Profiles. [2012-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-07).
- ^ Archives Canada. Archivescanada.ca. [2011-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-13).
- ^ 存档副本. [2012-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25).
- ^ Patterson, 1994, p. 131
- ^ Roger Sarty and Doug Knight. Saint John Fortifications. 2003. p. 29
- ^ Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000. 加拿大環境部. [2012-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-17).
外部链接
[编辑]