则里拉山口：修订间差异
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{{Infobox mountain pass |
{{Infobox mountain pass |
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| name = 则里拉山口 |
| name = 则里拉山口 |
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| photo = Jelep-la-tibetan-frontier-1936.jpg |
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| photo_caption = |
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| location = {{flag|India}} ；{{flag|China}} |
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| location = {{IND}}[[锡金邦]] – {{CHN}}[[西藏自治区]] |
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| range = [[喜马拉雅山]] |
| range = [[喜马拉雅山脉]] |
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| map= India Sikkim |
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| label_position = left |
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| topo = |
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}} |
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'''则里拉山口'''（[[藏文]]意为“可爱的平坦隘口”，它是錫金與西藏之間最平坦、最好走的隘口<ref name="Malley1999">{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O Malley|title=''Bengal District Gazetteer : Darjeeling''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LhOzszXcM9UC&pg=PA215|year=1999年|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-018-3|page=215}}</ref>）旧译'''咱利纳'''，位於[[中國]][[西藏自治区]][[日喀則市]][[亞東縣]]與[[印度]][[錫金邦]]的邊境。海拔{{convert|14390|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jelep-Pass| title=Jelep Pass : mountain pass, India-China| website=Encyclopedia Britannica| accessdate=2017-11-08| archive-date=2017-11-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109082010/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jelep-Pass| dead-url=no}}{{en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=''Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxi2AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA107|year=1908年| publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing| page=107}}</ref>，山口长度{{convert|46|m|abbr=on}}。 |
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则里拉山口和[[乃堆拉山口]]是联系西藏和锡金之间的两个主要山口，也是藏印之間两条主要的陸路貿易通道之一。经[[甘托克]]通道走乃堆拉山口，经[[噶伦堡]]通道走则里拉山口。雖然則里拉山口海拔比乃堆拉山口的{{convert|14200|ft|abbr=on}}稍高，但由於地形較為平坦，貿易商偏好走則里拉山口。<ref>{{Cite book | chapter=Sikkim | chapterurl=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V22_371.gif | title=''Imperial Gazetteer of India'' | volume=vol. 22 | page=365 | year=1908 | location=Oxford | publisher=Clarendon Press | access-date=2017-11-08 | archive-date=2019-05-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516175000/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V22_371.gif | dead-url=no }}{{en}}</ref> |
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坐标 · 27°22′02″N 88°51′57″E |
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'''则里拉山口''' (海拔{{convert|4270|m|abbr=on}}；Jelepla), [[藏文]]意为“可爱的平坦隘口”。是联系中国西藏和印度锡金之间的两个主要山口之一〔另一个是[[乃堆拉山口]]〕,山口长度{{convert|46|m|abbr=on}}。 |
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印方有两条路线之一香格里拉Jelep，通过甘托克和其他通过噶伦堡。噶伦堡的路线是一个古老的一个，这是由于羊毛和毛皮贸易上个 世纪初，在当地经济中的升压负责。通关后，在1962年的中印战争。在西孟加拉邦北部，Rhenok，和Kupup 通过城镇Pedong的。从甘 托克的路由通过Changu湖附近Sherathang城镇沿着乃堆拉山口和Kupup通过。 |
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这条路线是景区森林杜鹃花盛开的春天。无数的村庄点缀在田园风光的环境，给旅客一个奢侈的体验。在西藏一侧传球导致青藏高原春本谷。 |
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香格里拉Jelep是从早期使用的印度和西藏之间的贸易蓬勃发展。印度的拨款由英国后，英国开始兴建道路，1884年左右进入锡金。这被看作与藏人之间有些忐忑，在1886年，小藏民兵占领周围的区域通。在1888年5月，他们袭击了英国，但被挡住。同年9月以后英国收复了周围通。 |
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随着越来越多的俄国在西藏的影响力，被送往英国探险队通过Jelep香格里拉到拉萨弗朗西斯上校荣赫鹏的带领下于1904年。这次远征遭到由藏族敌对势力被击败了英国。贸易协议，然后被迫的情况下，谁曾逃往蒙古十三世达赖喇嘛的藏人。 |
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1947年印度独立后，锡金，这是当时一个君主制国家，一个特殊的保护地位，并同意给印度宗主国的地位和它的国防和外交事务由印度管理。中国和平解放西藏在1950年和1959年西藏动乱的镇压后，通行证进入锡金成为西藏难民从一个管道，由中国前被关闭。在1962年中印战争期间，印度和中国的军队和周围的通行证的Jelep La和乃堆拉山口之间的边界冲突-尽管这是锡金仍然是一个独立的王国，在这个阶段。战争结束后，两次传球被永久封闭。 |
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锡金成为印度的一部分，在1975年年初公投后。随着最近在印度和中国之间的关系解冻，正在计划重新Jelep拉山口（7月6日，2006年的乃堆拉山口重新开放后），预计将导致该地区的经济繁荣。 |
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'''Jelep La''' (also spelled '''Jelepla''') (el. {{convert|4,267|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}) is a high [[mountain pass]] between [[India]] and [[Tibet]] in East Sikkim District of Sikkim. The famous [[Menmecho Lake]] lies below the Jelep La Pass. |
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Jelep-la, a Tibetan name, means 'The lovely level pass, so called because it is the easiest and most level of all the passes between Tibet and Sikkim.' (from the ''Bengal District Gazetteers Darjeeling'', 1907, by L.S.S.O'Malley, Indian Civil Service.) |
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則里拉山口很早就成為西藏和印度之間的貿易通道。英國殖民印度後，在1884年開始在錫金修建公路通往西藏邊境，引起藏人疑慮。1886年，二百名藏軍越過則里拉山口，在[[隆吐山]]修築堡壘炮台。英國政府主張隆吐山是在錫金境內，藏軍駐守隆吐山是「越界戍守」，向清政府要求藏軍撤出隆吐山，藏軍不予理會，1888年爆發[[隆吐山戰役]]，英軍擊潰藏軍。清廷派[[駐藏大臣]][[升泰]]赴印度與英國簽訂了《[[中英藏印條約]]》和《[[中英藏印續約]]》，劃定藏錫邊界。 |
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1903年，[[榮赫鵬]]入藏要求談判被拒，於12月率領英軍從則里拉山口再度入藏要求談判，於1904年攻陷[[拉薩]]，榮赫鵬與西藏官員簽訂《[[拉薩條約]]》，此役藏人稱為「[[英國侵藏戰爭|木龍年戰爭]]」。 |
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The pass is in Sikkim and the route connects [[Lhasa]] to India. The pass is {{convert|46|m|ft}} in length. |
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1910年，為了逃避川軍的入藏，[[十三世達賴喇嘛]]從則里拉山口出走到[[噶倫堡]]和[[大吉嶺]]，在那裡停留近兩年。在此期間，他應[[印度總督]][[吉爾伯特·艾略特-默里-基寧蒙德，第四代明托伯爵|明托伯爵]]之邀到[[加爾各答]]，恢復與英國的關係。 |
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On the Indian side there are two routes to Jelep La, one through [[Gangtok]] and the other through [[Kalimpong]]. The Kalimpong route is an ancient one which was responsible for the boost in the local economy due to the trading of wool and furs early last century. The pass was closed after the Sino-Indian War in 1962. It passes through the towns of [[Pedong]] in northern [[West Bengal]], Rhenok, and Kupup. The route from Gangtok passes through the towns of Sherathang, nearby [[Lake Tsongmo|Changu lake]] and alongside [[Nathu La]] and through Kupup. |
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[[1959年西藏叛乱]]被中國政府镇压后，则里拉山口成为藏人逃往印度的一个管道。 |
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The route is scenic with forests of [[rhododendron]]s blooming in spring. Numerous hamlets dot the bucolic surroundings which give a traveller a sybaritic experience. On the Tibetan side the pass leads to the Chumbi Valley of the Tibetan Plateau. |
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[[1967年中印邊境衝突]]（一說[[第二次印巴戰爭|1965年印巴戰爭]]）後，中國人民解放軍佔領了則里拉山口，山口關閉至今。<ref name="NaiduChen2014">{{cite book|author1=G. V. C. Naidu|author2=Mumin Chen|author3=Raviprasad Narayanan|title=''India and China in the Emerging Dynamics of East Asia''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_qbBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|date=2014-11-26|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-81-322-2138-8|page=103|access-date=2017-11-08|archive-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513214255/https://books.google.com/books?id=U_qbBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.claws.in/595/the-nathu-la-skirmish-when-chinese-were-given-a-bloody-nose-sheru-thapliyal.html | title=The Nathu La skirmish: when Chinese were given a bloody nose | date=2011-05-27 | author=Sheru Thapliyal | website=Centre for Land Warfare Studies | access-date=2017-11-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030004208/http://www.claws.in/595/the-nathu-la-skirmish-when-chinese-were-given-a-bloody-nose-sheru-thapliyal.html | archive-date=2017-10-30 | dead-url=yes }}{{en}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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Jelep La was in use from early times as trade was flourishing between India and Tibet. After the appropriation of India by the British, the British started to construct roads into Sikkim around 1884. This was viewed with some apprehension among the Tibetans and in 1886 a small Tibetan militia occupied the region around the pass. In May 1888, they attacked the British but were warded off. Later in September the same year the British regained the area around the pass. |
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== 参见 == |
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With the growing [[Russia]]n influence in Tibet, a British expedition was sent via Jelep La to Lhasa in 1904 led by Colonel [[Francis Younghusband]]. This expedition was met by hostile Tibetan forces which were defeated by the British. A trade agreement was then forced on the Tibetans in the absence of the 13th [[Dalai Lama]], who had fled to [[Mongolia]]. |
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*[[隆吐山战役]] |
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*[[隆吐山]] |
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==参考文献== |
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After India's independence in 1947, Sikkim, which was then a monarchy, agreed to a special protectorate status and gave India the status of a suzerain nation and its defence and foreign affairs were managed by India. After the Chinese invasion of [[Tibet]] in 1950 and suppression of the Tibetan uprising in 1959, the passes into Sikkim became a conduit for refugees from Tibet before being closed by the Chinese. During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], there were border skirmishes between the Indian and Chinese armed forces in and around the passes of Jelep La and Nathu La - this was despite Sikkim still being a separate Kingdom at that stage. After the war the two passes were closed permanently. |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jelep La}} |
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Sikkim became a part of India in early 1975 following a referendum. With the recent thawing in relations between India and China, plans are afoot to reopen the Jelep La Pass (following the July 6, 2006 reopening of the [[Nathu La|Nathu La Pass]]) which is projected to result in an economic boom for the region. |
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{{中国山口}} |
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[[Category:亚东县]] |
[[Category:亚东县]] |
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[[Category:西藏山口]] |
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[[Category:中国山口]] |
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[[Category:印度山口]] |
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[[Category:喜马拉雅山口]] |
[[Category:喜马拉雅山口]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:錫金邦地理]] |
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[[Category:西藏地理]] |
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[[Category:中印边界]] |
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2023年4月24日 (一) 06:22的最新版本
| 则里拉山口 | |
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| 位置 |  印度锡金邦 –  中国西藏自治区 |
| 山脉 | 喜马拉雅山脉 |
| 坐标 | 27°22′02″N 88°51′57″E / 27.36722°N 88.86583°E |
  则里拉山口 则里拉山口在Sikkim的位置 | |
则里拉山口（藏文意为“可爱的平坦隘口”，它是錫金與西藏之間最平坦、最好走的隘口[1]）旧译咱利纳，位於中國西藏自治区日喀則市亞東縣與印度錫金邦的邊境。海拔14,390英尺（4,390米）[2][3]，山口长度46米（151英尺）。
则里拉山口和乃堆拉山口是联系西藏和锡金之间的两个主要山口，也是藏印之間两条主要的陸路貿易通道之一。经甘托克通道走乃堆拉山口，经噶伦堡通道走则里拉山口。雖然則里拉山口海拔比乃堆拉山口的14,200英尺（4,300米）稍高，但由於地形較為平坦，貿易商偏好走則里拉山口。[4]
历史
[编辑]則里拉山口很早就成為西藏和印度之間的貿易通道。英國殖民印度後，在1884年開始在錫金修建公路通往西藏邊境，引起藏人疑慮。1886年，二百名藏軍越過則里拉山口，在隆吐山修築堡壘炮台。英國政府主張隆吐山是在錫金境內，藏軍駐守隆吐山是「越界戍守」，向清政府要求藏軍撤出隆吐山，藏軍不予理會，1888年爆發隆吐山戰役，英軍擊潰藏軍。清廷派駐藏大臣升泰赴印度與英國簽訂了《中英藏印條約》和《中英藏印續約》，劃定藏錫邊界。
1903年，榮赫鵬入藏要求談判被拒，於12月率領英軍從則里拉山口再度入藏要求談判，於1904年攻陷拉薩，榮赫鵬與西藏官員簽訂《拉薩條約》，此役藏人稱為「木龍年戰爭」。
1910年，為了逃避川軍的入藏，十三世達賴喇嘛從則里拉山口出走到噶倫堡和大吉嶺，在那裡停留近兩年。在此期間，他應印度總督明托伯爵之邀到加爾各答，恢復與英國的關係。
1959年西藏叛乱被中國政府镇压后，则里拉山口成为藏人逃往印度的一个管道。
1967年中印邊境衝突（一說1965年印巴戰爭）後，中國人民解放軍佔領了則里拉山口，山口關閉至今。[5][6]
参见
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ L.S.S. O Malley. Bengal District Gazetteer : Darjeeling. Concept Publishing Company. 1999年: 215. ISBN 978-81-7268-018-3.
- ^ Jelep Pass : mountain pass, India-China. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2017-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-09）.（英文）
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series. Superintendent of Government Printing. 1908年: 107.
- ^ Sikkim. Imperial Gazetteer of India. vol. 22. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908: 365 [2017-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-16）.（英文）
- ^ G. V. C. Naidu; Mumin Chen; Raviprasad Narayanan. India and China in the Emerging Dynamics of East Asia. Springer. 2014-11-26: 103 [2017-11-08]. ISBN 978-81-322-2138-8. （原始内容存档于2019-05-13）.
- ^ Sheru Thapliyal. The Nathu La skirmish: when Chinese were given a bloody nose. Centre for Land Warfare Studies. 2011-05-27 [2017-11-08]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-30）.（英文）
