相纸：修订间差异

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相纸（英語：Photographic paper），也称照相纸、晒相纸、感光纸指覆以化学感光材料用以印制相片的特殊纸张。用以印制数码照相机的相纸不含化学感光材料成为印相纸。

简史

自从1824年法国尼埃普斯和1841年英国威廉·福克斯·塔尔博特发明摄影术后，相纸的应用就开始了。时至今日相纸的应用十分普遍。

照相纸种类

基本构造

相纸分四至五层:

纸基的基础是符合一项质量标准的纤维纸基。相纸纸基必须颜色洁白、质地均匀、不易变形。纸基有不同的厚度标准。
氧化钡层。相纸纸基上加以薄层氧化钡，用以填充相纸纸基的小缺陷，增加相纸的洁白度。

有树脂层的相纸在氧化钡层上多加聚乙烯树脂层，用以阻止冲洗相纸时化学液体进入纸基。没有聚乙烯树脂层的相纸称为纸基相纸，具有聚乙烯树脂层的相纸称为涂塑相纸。

感光乳剂层

相纸表面保护层。

黑白相纸

纸基相纸（FB）

纸基相纸(2)包括一层纸基，有事上覆一层氧化钡以增加相纸的反射率使其更白，感光乳剂涂布其上。因感光乳剂吸水即膨胀变软，在冲洗过程中易受损伤，部分纸基纸在乳剂层上另涂一层透明的凝胶以保护乳剂。根據過去美術館典藏和藝術品的經驗，一張處理良好以FB相紙製作的照片，具有極佳的耐久性。曾經有影像保存的研究學者肯定的表示，它所記錄的黑白影像比被攝物本身甚至可以保存更長的時間，估計大約是一百年到三百年。

涂塑相纸（RC）

大部分涂塑相纸都有乳剂保护层

彩色相纸

相纸的长期保存

任何相纸的寿命都取决于存放环境和冲洗的完善程度。

Fibre-based black-and-white Photographic Paper that has been processed archivally (Archival Processing) is considered archivally "stable" and should last at least 70 years。涂塑相纸因其多层的构造，长期保存易因为不同层次的吸水和受热膨胀率不同造成乳剂层脱落，一般认为寿命不超过40年。个别特殊的图像工艺，在处理得当的前提下，因其固有的稳定性而比纸基纸具有更加的保存性，例如。

外部連結

目前仍然生产传统相纸的厂家：

Adox （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Bergger （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

Efke

Foma （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

Forte

Slavich

@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
+{{Unreferenced |time=2013-05-09T17:21:22+00:00 }}
-{{inuse}}
-'''相纸'''也称'''照相纸'''、'''晒相纸'''、'''感光纸'''指覆以化学感光材料用以印制相片的特殊纸张。用以印制数码照相机的相纸不含化学感光材料成为印相纸。
+'''相纸'''（{{lang-en|Photographic paper}}），也称'''照相纸'''、'''晒相纸'''、'''感光纸'''指覆以化学感光材料用以印制相片的特殊纸张。用以印制数码照相机的相纸不含化学感光材料成为[[打印相纸|印相纸]]。
-Photographic Paper may be exposed to light in a controlled manner either by placing a [[Negative (photography)|negative]] in contact with the paper directly (''contact printing'') or by using an [[photographic enlarger|enlarger]] to create a ''latent'' image. Photographic Papers are subsequently [[Film developing|developed]] to create a ''visible'' image.
 ==简史==
-自从[[1824年]][[法国]][[尼埃普斯]]和[[1841年]][[英国]][[:en:William Henry Fox Talbot|威廉·亨利·福克斯·塔尔博特]]发明[[摄影|摄影术]]后，相纸的应用就开始了。时至今日相纸的应用十分普遍。
+自从1824年[[法国]][[尼埃普斯]]和1841年[[英国]][[威廉·福克斯·塔尔博特]]发明[[摄影|摄影术]]后，相纸的应用就开始了。时至今日相纸的应用十分普遍。
 ==照相纸种类==
+=== 基本构造 ===
-I. ''Papers used for '''negative-positive''' photographic processes.'' (e.g. the [[Gelatin-silver process]]). This is the most common form of analogue photography.
-Even though [[Transparency (photography)|slide film]] produces a positive image of a positive scene, the common process for the development of photographic transparencies ([[E-6 process|E-6]]) is actually a positive-negative process applied twice.
+相纸分四至五层:
-II. ''Papers used for '''positive-positive''' photographic processes'' in which the "film" is the same as the final image (e.g. the [[Polaroid]] process).
+*纸基的基础是符合一项质量标准的纤维纸基。相纸纸基必须颜色洁白、质地均匀、不易变形。纸基有不同的厚度标准。
-III. ''Papers used for '''positive-positive''' film-to-paper photographic processes'' in which a positive image is enlarged and copied onto a photographic paper (e.g. the [[Ilfochrome|Cibachrome]] process).
-===I. Papers used for Negative-Positive Processes===
-[[:en:Image:Photopapers 1.jpg|right]]
-[[Image:en:Image:Photopapers 1.jpg|right]]
-====基本构造====
-相纸分四层:
-*纸基的基础是符合一顶质量标准的纤维纸基。相纸纸基必须颜色洁白、质地均匀、不易变形。纸基有不同的厚度标准。
 *氧化钡层。相纸纸基上加以薄层氧化钡，用以填充相纸纸基的小缺陷，增加相纸的洁白度。
+*有树脂层的相纸在氧化钡层上多加聚乙烯树脂层，用以阻止冲洗相纸时化学液体进入纸基。没有聚乙烯树脂层的相纸称为纸基相纸，具有聚乙烯树脂层的相纸称为涂塑相纸。
-相纸Photographic Papers are made up mainly of a Paper Base which can have a number of different surface characteristics. Classical surfaces are ''glossy, stipple/lustre, and matte''. Specialised papers with unusual surface characteristics such as watercolour paper are also produced commercially (e.g. Kentmere's ''Art Document''). If the printer produces his/her own Photographic Paper, any paper surface that permits the application of Photographic Emulsion is available. The thickness of the Paper Base is specified by its "weight" (''single, double'' or ''triple'' weights are available).
+*感光乳剂层
-*感光乳胶层
-Even though different photographic processes use different chemical mixtures to record the exposure of the paper(s) to light, all Photographic Papers use a ''sensitised [[metal]]'' as a reactant to the exposure of [[light]] [[Suspension (chemistry)|suspended]] in [[gelatin]] which is called the ''photographic emulsion''. The metal is usually silver, but alternative processes exist that use [[iron]] ([[Cyanotype]]), [[platinum]] or [[palladium]] ([[Platinotype]]), [[uranium]] (Uranotype), or other metals. Photographic Emulsion can be sensitised for any wavelengths of light. In traditional black-and-white Photographic Papers, the Photographic Emulsion is only sensitised for blue light which allows processing under red/orange [[Safelight|safelighting]].
 *相纸表面保护层。
-====黑白相纸====
+=== 黑白相纸 ===
-=====Fibre-Based Papers (FB)=====
+==== 纸基相纸（FB）====
+纸基相纸('''2''')包括一层纸基，有事上覆一层[[氧化钡]]以增加相纸的反射率使其更白，感光乳剂涂布其上。
-Fibre-based (FB) Photographic Papers ('''2''') consist of a Paper Base covered with a [[Barium hydroxide|Baryta]] layer that whitens the paper and holds the Photographic Emulsion.
+因感光乳剂吸[[水]]即膨胀变软，在冲洗过程中易受损伤，部分纸基纸在乳剂层上另涂一层透明的凝胶以保护乳剂。
+根據過去美術館典藏和藝術品的經驗，一張處理良好以FB相紙製作的照片，具有極佳的耐久性。曾經有影像保存的研究學者肯定的表示，它所記錄的黑白影像比被攝物本身甚至可以保存更長的時間，估計大約是一百年到三百年。
+==== 涂塑相纸（RC）====
-Supercoated Fibre-based Photographic Papers ('''3''') include a clear gelatin layer made up of hardened gelatin which protects the Photographic Emulsion underneath against scratches etc. especially during processing. Photographic Emulsion is particularly vulnerable when it expands after contact with [[water]].
+大部分涂塑相纸都有乳剂保护层
-Fibre-based papers are mainly used for exclusively high-quality prints and to maximise Archival Stability.
+=== 彩色相纸 ===
-=====Resin-Coated Papers (RC)=====
+==相纸的长期保存==
-The Paper Base of Resin-coated Photographic Papers ('''4''') is sealed against the chemicals used for processing the paper by two polyethylene layers. Since no chemicals and no water is soaked into the Paper Base the time needed for processing, washing and drying of the paper is significantly shorter than the time needed for Fibre-based papers. In a traditional black-and-white [[darkroom]], an RC print can be finished and dried within 10-15 mins. whereas the washing time of an FB print alone may take up to 60 mins.
+任何相纸的寿命都取决于存放环境和冲洗的完善程度。
-Most Resin-coated Photographic Papers are also supercoated.
+Fibre-based black-and-white Photographic Paper that has been processed ''archivally'' ([[Archival Processing]]) is considered archivally "stable" and should last at least 70 years。涂塑相纸因其多层的构造，长期保存易因为不同层次的吸水和受热膨胀率不同造成乳剂层脱落，一般认为寿命不超过40年。 个别特殊的图像工艺，在处理得当的前提下，因其固有的稳定性而比纸基纸具有更加的保存性，例如。
-====彩色相纸====
+==外部連結==
-All color photographic materials available today are coated on either RC (resin coated) paper or on solid polyester. The photographic emulsion used for color photographic materials consists of three color emulsion layers (Cyan, Yellow and Magenta) along with other supporting layers. The color layers are sensitized to their corresponding colors.
+目前仍然生产传统相纸的厂家：
-The emulsion layers include the color dyes (Ilfochrome) or "color couplers" which react with color developers to produce color dyes (Type C prints).
+*[http://www.adoxfilm.de Adox] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adoxfilm.de/ |date=20151125095438 }}
-==感光膜特性==
+*[http://www.bergger.fr Bergger] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bergger.fr/ |date=20210309200341 }}
-Photographic Papers are further distinguished by the characteristics inherent in their different Photographic Emulsions. Black-and-white Photographic Paper is available in different '''grades''' which are numbered 0 to 5, with 0 being the ''softest'', or least contrastful paper grade and 5 being the ''hardest'', or most contrastful paper grade.
-Photographic Emulsions are also produced in a '''variable contrast''' type which permits the selection of any grade between 00 and 5. Variable contrast Photographic Paper is actually coated with two layers, one of which is very low in contrast (0 or 00) and one of which is very hard (5). The low contrast layer is activated by green light, the high contrast layer by blue light. The use of filters activates each layer in different proportions, thereby creating all contrast grades from 0 (or 00) to 5.
-The trade names of variable contrast Photographic Papers are Variocontrast (Tetenal), Multigrade (Ilford) and Polygrade (Kodak). Other companies usually designate variable contrast type papers with the words ''variable'' or ''polycontrast''.
-The contrast of Photographic Papers can also be controlled during processing or by the use of bleaches or [[Photographic print toning|toners]].
-==Archival Stability==
-The actual life span of any given Photographic Paper will vary with the environment the paper is stored within and how well the paper was processed.
-Fibre-based black-and-white Photographic Paper that has been processed ''archivally'' ([[Archival Processing]]) is considered archivally "stable" and should last at least 70 years (the life-span of a typical Resin-coated print is usually around 30-40 years.) Some special processes include photographic emulsions that are, if processed correctly, inherently more stable than the Paper Base they are printed upon, such as [[Platinotype|platinum prints]].
-==External links==
-Companies that still produce Photographic Paper commercially:
-*[http://www.adoxfilm.de Adox]
-*[http://www.bergger.fr Bergger]
 Efke
-*[http://www.foma.cz Foma]
+*[http://www.foma.cz Foma] {{Wayback|url=http://www.foma.cz/ |date=20210417214539 }}
 Forte
-*[http://www.fotospeed.co.uk Fotospeed]
+*[http://www.fotospeed.co.uk Fotospeed] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fotospeed.co.uk/ |date=20080820131831 }}
-*[http://www.fujifilm.com Fuji]
+*[http://www.fujifilm.com Fuji] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fujifilm.com/ |date=20070115155539 }}
-*[http://www.ilford.com Ilford]
+*[http://www.ilford.com Ilford] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ilford.com/ |date=20210425225438 }}
-*[http://www.kentmere.co.uk Kentmere]
+*[http://www.kentmere.co.uk Kentmere] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kentmere.co.uk/ |date=20180312001009 }}
-*[http://www.mahn.net Maco]
+*[http://www.mahn.net Maco] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mahn.net/ |date=20210426031648 }}
-*[http://www.moersch-photochemie.de Moersch]
+*[http://www.moersch-photochemie.de Moersch] {{Wayback|url=http://www.moersch-photochemie.de/ |date=20210227084335 }}
 Slavich
-[[Category:Paper]]
+[[Category:紙張]]
-[[Category:Photographic equipment]]
+[[Category:摄影]]
-[[de:Fotopapier]]