政府监听项目列表：修订间差异

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本文章列举了世界各国政府已知的監聽计划和数据库。

国际项目

梯队系统：信号情报（SIGINT）收集和分析网络，为了五个UKUSA协定签署国运作。

欧盟

申根信息系统：出于国家安全和执法目的设立的数据库。

INDECT（英语：INDECT）：欧盟出资支持的研究项目，用于开发在城市环境中监控异常行为的方法（例如处理闭路电视的数据流）。^[1]

各国国内项目

中华人民共和国

金盾工程：是该国公安部设立的审查和监听项目，“防火长城”是工程的一個子項目。该项目始于1998年，于2003年开始运作。^[2]
天网 (中国)：是中華人民共和國政府建成的世界上最大的視頻監控系統，利用了人臉識別、大數據、人工智慧等技術，是中國大陸大規模監控體系的一部分。^[3]天網系統連接不同地方（例如：火車站、飯店、商場、劇院等公共場所，公交、地鐵、出租车等交通工具）的監控鏡頭，可在極短時間內識別大量民眾身分。^[4]
实时市民运动信息平台：是中华人民共和国北京市科学技术委员会于2011年提出的一款手机位置跟踪程序，此程序以緩解程式交通流量問題為由跟蹤市民實時位置^[5]
防火長城：是對中華人民共和國政府在其網際網路邊界審查系統（包括相關行政審查系統）的統稱，主要指中國政府用於過濾網際網路國際出口上內容的軟硬體系統的集合。其主要作用在於分析和過濾中國境外網路不利于中国政府的資訊互相存取。
一体化联合作战平台：一款政府和警用應用程式，它常被中國政府用於識別和跟蹤對中華人民共和國新疆地區穩定構成潛在威脅的人員^[6]^[7]
五七體制：是中華人民共和國文革時期的體制，該體制下毛澤東的權威達到頂峰，并且民間人們開始互相檢舉以進行思想審查。^[8]
綠壩·花季護航：是一款客戶端的網路過濾軟體。該軟體可監控使用者瀏覽的網頁并且過濾特定信息^[9]，中國大陸當局稱安裝軟體的目的在於保護未成年電腦使用者，也有觀點認為這一軟體是當局進行網路審查的工具之一。

法國

Frenchelon（英语：Frenchelon）: 法国外部安全总局（法国的对外情报机构）运作的情报收集和分析网络。^[10]

印度

NATGRID（英语：NATGRID）：连接印度政府多个部门的数据库的情报网格系统。
Centralized Monitoring System（英语：中央监听系统） (CMS)：类似美国国家安全局的稜鏡計劃的数据收集系统。^[11]
DRDO NETRA（英语：DRDO NETRA）：与梯队系统属同一类型, 使用预定义的过滤规则截取电子邮件, web 论坛消息, 博客, 社交网路, 以及图像。

俄羅斯

SORM：俄罗斯联邦安全局监听互联网和电话通信的系统。

瑞典

巨人通信数据库（英语：Titan traffic database）：瑞典国防电信局（英语：Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment）建立的数据库，储存了电话服务的通话详请记录（英语：Call detail record）和互联网通信内容，以及涉及国际通信的数据库事务 (transaction) 数据。

瑞士

Onyx（英语：Onyx (interception system)）：由数个瑞士情报机构维护的数据收集系统。

英国

监听现代化项目（英语：Interception Modernisation Programme）：试图扩张英国政府合法监听的能力，并在一个中央数据库中储存通信数据的项目。^[12]

美国

全国可疑行为报告计划（英语：Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative）：在该计划下，执法者、公共安全人员、关键基础设施所有者或一般公众，可提出可疑行为报告（英语：Suspicious Activity Report (justice and homeland security）。
稜鏡計劃：由美国国家安全局运作的电子监听项目，监听目标是参与该项目的公司的客户。
Fairview：由美国国家安全局运作的针对外国移动订户的大规模监听项目。
X-Keyscore
DCSNet（英语：DCSNet）：美国联邦调查局的监听项目，可对位于美国境内的任何电信设备实施即时监听。^[13]
Main Core（英语：Main Core）：存储着被认为对美国国家安全构成威胁的美国公民的个人和金融信息的数据库。^[14] 数据多来源于美国国家安全局、美国联邦调查局、美国中央情报局以及其他政府来源。^[14]
“幻灯”（英语：Magic Lantern (software)）：键盘监听软件，由美国联邦调查局通过电子邮件附件部署；启用后充当软件木马，使联邦调查局解密用户通信。^[15]
美国国家安全局通话数据库（英语：NSA call database）
恒星风
641A 室
美国情报体系
- 综合性国家计算机安全计划（英语：Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative）
- 犹他数据中心：美国情报体系耗资1,500,000,000美元建立的尧字节级数据存储设施。^[16]^[17]^[18]
特定入侵行動辦公室：美国国家安全局的情报收集单位，每小时可收集2拍字节的数据。^[19]^[20]
无界线人（英语：Boundless Informant）：由于美国国家安全局部署的用于分析全球电子信息的系统。 2013年3月, 该项目收集了分别来自伊朗、印度和美国的 14,000,000,000 份, 6,300,000,000 份, 和 2,800,000,000 份数据报告。^[21]

来源不明

Stuxnet：这是首个被发现在工业系统上实施监控活动的恶意软件；该软件并被用来攻击伊朗的核设施。^[22] 据信，Stuxnet是在小布什当局时期由于美开发的。^[23]

GhostNet：一个大规模监听项目的假想代号，据信由中国运作,但沒有明確證據。^[24]

最近停止运作的项目

恐怖分子监听计划（英语：Terrorist Surveillance Program）：美国的一项监听计划，由稜鏡計劃替代。
ThinThread（英语：ThinThread）
Trailblazer 项目（英语：Trailblazer Project）
多国反恐信息交换计划（英语：Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange）（MATRIX）：最初由佛罗里达执法部门法部（英语：Florida Department of Law Enforcement）开发的数据挖掘系统。

参见

大规模监控
电子警察国家（英语：Electronic police state）
美国国家安全局无证监听争议
美國國安局全球監控醜聞（英语：Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)）
政治媒體複合體

参考文献

^ Johnston, Ian (19 September 2009). （[//web.archive.org/web/20130810202538/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6210255/EU-funding-Orwellian-artificial-intelligence-plan-to-monitor-public-for-abnormal-behaviour.html 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "EU Funding 'Orwellian' Artificial Intelligence Plan to Monitor Public for 'Abnormal Behaviour' – The European Union Is Spending Millions of Pounds Developing 'Orwellian' Technologies Designed to Scour the Internet and CCTV Images for 'Abnormal Behaviour'"] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ How China’s Internet Police Control Speech on the Internet. 自由亞洲電台. [11 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-11）. China’s police authorities spent the three years between 2003 and 2006 completing the massive “Golden Shield Project.” Not only did over 50 percent of China’s policing agencies get on the Internet, there is also an agency called the Public Information Network Security and Monitoring Bureau, which boasts a huge number of technologically advanced and well-equipped network police. These are all the direct products of the Golden Shield Project.
^ 陈诗娴李贞. “天网”网什么. 人民周刊. 人民周刊. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-03）.
^ ZOL中关村在线. 中国天网已建成 2亿摄像头毫秒级寻人. 凤凰网. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-04）.
^ Lewis, Leo. China mobile phone tracking system attacked as 'Big Brother' surveillance. The Australian. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-19）.
^ Human Right Watch. 中国的算法暴政对新疆警方大规模监控APP的逆向工程. Human Right Watch. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-18）.
^ Bang Xiao. 人权观察揭秘新疆警用APP 36种行为皆可定罪. ABC. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-13）.
^ 錢理群. 毛澤東時代和後毛澤東時代(1949-2009): 另一種歷史書寫初版. 聯經出版事業股份有限公司. 2012: 86 [2020-01-19]. ISBN 9789570839258. （原始内容存档于2020-04-13）.
^ 綠色上網過濾軟件產品一年使用權及相關服務採購競爭性談判邀請函. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-16）.
^ La France se met à l'espionnage. Free (ISP). [11 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-21）（法语）. Frenchelon (ou French Echelon) est le surnom donné au réseau d'écoute de la DGSE. Le véritable nom de ce système d'écoute n'est pas connu (contrairement à ce que nous expliquions, ce n'est pas Emeraude)
^ India's centralised monitoring system comes under scanner, reckless and irresponsible usage is chilling. Daily News and Analysis. [12 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-11）.
^ Spy chiefs plot £12bn IT spree for comms überdatabase. [2013-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-09）.
^ Point, Click ... Eavesdrop: How the FBI Wiretap Net Operates （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 Shorrock, Tim. Exposing Bush's historic abuse of power. Salon.com. 23 July 2008 [19 December 2010]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-11）.
^ FBI Has a Magic Lantern. Usgovinfo.about.com. [23 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2005-05-21）.
^ Trenholm, Rich. NSA to Store Yottabytes in Utah Data Centre. CNET. [13 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-03）.
^ Bamford, James. The NSA Is Building the Country’s Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say). Wired. 15 March 2012 [5 April 2012]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-09）.
^ Kenyon, Henry. New NSA data center breaks ground on construction -- Defense Systems. Defense Systems. 7 January 2011 [11 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-10-05）.
^ Riley, Michael. How the U.S. Government Hacks the World. Bloomberg Businessweek. 23 May 2013 [23 May 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-11）.
^ Aid, Matthew M. The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency. Bloomsbury USA. 8 June 2010: 311 [22 May 2013]. ISBN 978-1-60819-096-6.
^ Meet 'Boundless Informant,' the NSA's Secret Tool for Tracking Global Surveillance Data. The Atlantic. [13 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-11）. The country where the largest amount of intelligence was gathered was, unsurprisingly, Iran: Boundless Informant shows more than 14 billion reports in that period. The second-largest collection came from Pakistan, with 13.5 billion reports. Jordan -- which is, yes, one of America's closest Arab allies -- had 12.7 billion reports. Egypt came in fourth (7.6 billion reports), and India in fifth with 6.3 billion. And when it comes to the U.S.? "The Boundless Informant documents show the agency collecting almost 3 billion pieces of intelligence from US computer networks over a 30-day period ending in March 2013."
^ Robert McMillan. Siemens: Stuxnet worm hit industrial systems. Computerworld. 16 September 2010 [16 September 2010]. （原始内容存档于2012年5月25日）.
^ Stuxnet was work of U.S. and Israeli experts, officials say. The Washington Post. [11 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-10）. The officials, speaking on the condition of anonymity to describe the classified effort code-named Olympic Games, said it was first developed during the George W. Bush administration and was geared toward damaging Iran’s nuclear capability gradually while sowing confusion among Iranian scientists about the cause of mishaps at a nuclear plant.
^ Markoff, John（英语：John Markoff）. Vast Spy System Loots Computers in 103 Countries. The New York Times. 28 March 2009 [29 March 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-01）.

[1] Johnston, Ian (19 September 2009). （[//web.archive.org/web/20130810202538/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6210255/EU-funding-Orwellian-artificial-intelligence-plan-to-monitor-public-for-abnormal-behaviour.html 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "EU Funding 'Orwellian' Artificial Intelligence Plan to Monitor Public for 'Abnormal Behaviour' – The European Union Is Spending Millions of Pounds Developing 'Orwellian' Technologies Designed to Scour the Internet and CCTV Images for 'Abnormal Behaviour'"] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 June 2013.

[radiofreeasia-2] How China’s Internet Police Control Speech on the Internet. 自由亞洲電台. [11 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-11）. China’s police authorities spent the three years between 2003 and 2006 completing the massive “Golden Shield Project.” Not only did over 50 percent of China’s policing agencies get on the Internet, there is also an agency called the Public Information Network Security and Monitoring Bureau, which boasts a huge number of technologically advanced and well-equipped network police. These are all the direct products of the Golden Shield Project.

[3] 陈诗娴李贞. “天网”网什么. 人民周刊. 人民周刊. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-03）.

[4] ZOL中关村在线. 中国天网已建成 2亿摄像头毫秒级寻人. 凤凰网. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-04）.

[5] Lewis, Leo. China mobile phone tracking system attacked as 'Big Brother' surveillance. The Australian. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-19）.

[6] Human Right Watch. 中国的算法暴政对新疆警方大规模监控APP的逆向工程. Human Right Watch. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-18）.

[7] Bang Xiao. 人权观察揭秘新疆警用APP 36种行为皆可定罪. ABC. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-13）.

[8] 錢理群. 毛澤東時代和後毛澤東時代(1949-2009): 另一種歷史書寫初版. 聯經出版事業股份有限公司. 2012: 86 [2020-01-19]. ISBN 9789570839258. （原始内容存档于2020-04-13）.

[9] 綠色上網過濾軟件產品一年使用權及相關服務採購競爭性談判邀請函. [2020-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-06-16）.

[10] La France se met à l'espionnage. Free (ISP). [11 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-21）（法语）. Frenchelon (ou French Echelon) est le surnom donné au réseau d'écoute de la DGSE. Le véritable nom de ce système d'écoute n'est pas connu (contrairement à ce que nous expliquions, ce n'est pas Emeraude)

[11] India's centralised monitoring system comes under scanner, reckless and irresponsible usage is chilling. Daily News and Analysis. [12 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-11）.

[12] Spy chiefs plot £12bn IT spree for comms überdatabase. [2013-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-09）.

[wired.com-13] Point, Click ... Eavesdrop: How the FBI Wiretap Net Operates （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

[Salon-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Shorrock, Tim. Exposing Bush's historic abuse of power. Salon.com. 23 July 2008 [19 December 2010]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-11）.

[15] FBI Has a Magic Lantern. Usgovinfo.about.com. [23 February 2009]. （原始内容存档于2005-05-21）.

[cnet-16] Trenholm, Rich. NSA to Store Yottabytes in Utah Data Centre. CNET. [13 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-03）.

[bamford1-17] Bamford, James. The NSA Is Building the Country’s Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say). Wired. 15 March 2012 [5 April 2012]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-09）.

[Kenyon-18] Kenyon, Henry. New NSA data center breaks ground on construction -- Defense Systems. Defense Systems. 7 January 2011 [11 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011-10-05）.

[Riley-19] Riley, Michael. How the U.S. Government Hacks the World. Bloomberg Businessweek. 23 May 2013 [23 May 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-11）.

[Aid2010-20] Aid, Matthew M. The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency. Bloomsbury USA. 8 June 2010: 311 [22 May 2013]. ISBN 978-1-60819-096-6.

[21] Meet 'Boundless Informant,' the NSA's Secret Tool for Tracking Global Surveillance Data. The Atlantic. [13 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-11）. The country where the largest amount of intelligence was gathered was, unsurprisingly, Iran: Boundless Informant shows more than 14 billion reports in that period. The second-largest collection came from Pakistan, with 13.5 billion reports. Jordan -- which is, yes, one of America's closest Arab allies -- had 12.7 billion reports. Egypt came in fourth (7.6 billion reports), and India in fifth with 6.3 billion. And when it comes to the U.S.? "The Boundless Informant documents show the agency collecting almost 3 billion pieces of intelligence from US computer networks over a 30-day period ending in March 2013."

[compworld-22] Robert McMillan. Siemens: Stuxnet worm hit industrial systems. Computerworld. 16 September 2010 [16 September 2010]. （原始内容存档于2012年5月25日）.

[23] Stuxnet was work of U.S. and Israeli experts, officials say. The Washington Post. [11 June 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-10）. The officials, speaking on the condition of anonymity to describe the classified effort code-named Olympic Games, said it was first developed during the George W. Bush administration and was geared toward damaging Iran’s nuclear capability gradually while sowing confusion among Iranian scientists about the cause of mishaps at a nuclear plant.

[24] Markoff, John（英语：John Markoff）. Vast Spy System Loots Computers in 103 Countries. The New York Times. 28 March 2009 [29 March 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-01）.

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@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
 本文章列举了世界各国政府已知的[[監聽]]计划和数据库。
-[[File:Boundless-heatmap-large-001.jpg|thumb|300px|[[美国国家安全局]] “{{link-en|无界线人|Boundless Informant}}” 计划全球数据收集地图]]
+[[File:Boundless Informant data collection - DNI.jpg|thumb|300px|[[美国国家安全局]] “{{link-en|无界线人|Boundless Informant}}” 计划全球数据收集地图]]
 == 国际项目 ==
@@ 第8行： / 第8行： @@
 * '''[[申根信息系统]]'''：出于国家安全和执法目的设立的数据库。
-* '''{{link-en|INDECT|INDECT}}'''：欧盟出资支持的研究项目，用于开发在城市环境中监控异常行为的方法（例如处理闭路电视的数据流）。<ref>Johnston, Ian (19 September 2009).  [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6210255/EU-funding-Orwellian-artificial-intelligence-plan-to-monitor-public-for-abnormal-behaviour.html "EU Funding 'Orwellian' Artificial Intelligence Plan to Monitor Public for 'Abnormal Behaviour'{{spaced ndash}} The European Union Is Spending Millions of Pounds Developing 'Orwellian' Technologies Designed to Scour the Internet and CCTV Images for 'Abnormal Behaviour'"]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.  Retrieved 13 June 2013.</ref>
+* '''{{link-en|INDECT|INDECT}}'''：欧盟出资支持的研究项目，用于开发在城市环境中监控异常行为的方法（例如处理闭路电视的数据流）。<ref>Johnston, Ian (19 September 2009).  [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6210255/EU-funding-Orwellian-artificial-intelligence-plan-to-monitor-public-for-abnormal-behaviour.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6210255/EU-funding-Orwellian-artificial-intelligence-plan-to-monitor-public-for-abnormal-behaviour.html |date=20130810202538 }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6210255/EU-funding-Orwellian-artificial-intelligence-plan-to-monitor-public-for-abnormal-behaviour.html |date=20130810202538 }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6210255/EU-funding-Orwellian-artificial-intelligence-plan-to-monitor-public-for-abnormal-behaviour.html |date=20130810202538 }} "EU Funding 'Orwellian' Artificial Intelligence Plan to Monitor Public for 'Abnormal Behaviour'{{spaced ndash}} The European Union Is Spending Millions of Pounds Developing 'Orwellian' Technologies Designed to Scour the Internet and CCTV Images for 'Abnormal Behaviour'"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6210255/EU-funding-Orwellian-artificial-intelligence-plan-to-monitor-public-for-abnormal-behaviour.html |date=20130810202538 }}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.  Retrieved 13 June 2013.</ref>
 == 各国国内项目 ==
 === {{PRC}} ===
+{{Main|中华人民共和国大规模监控}}
-* '''[[金盾工程]]'''：是该国[[中华人民共和国公安部|公安部]]设立的[[中华人民共和国网络审查|审查]]和监听项目，“[[防火长城]]”是工程的一個子項目。该项目始于1998年，于2003年开始运作。<ref name="radiofreeasia">{{cite web|title=How China’s Internet Police Control Speech on the Internet|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/china_internet-11242008134108.html|publisher=自由亞洲電台|accessdate=11 June 2013|quote=China’s police authorities spent the three years between 2003 and 2006 completing the massive “Golden Shield Project.” Not only did over 50 percent of China’s policing agencies get on the Internet, there is also an agency called the Public Information Network Security and Monitoring Bureau, which boasts a huge number of technologically advanced and well-equipped network police. These are all the direct products of the Golden Shield Project.}}</ref>
+* '''[[金盾工程]]'''：是该国[[中华人民共和国公安部|公安部]]设立的[[中华人民共和国网络审查|审查]]和监听项目，“[[防火长城]]”是工程的一個子項目。该项目始于1998年，于2003年开始运作。<ref name="radiofreeasia">{{cite web|title=How China’s Internet Police Control Speech on the Internet|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/china_internet-11242008134108.html|publisher=自由亞洲電台|accessdate=11 June 2013|quote=China’s police authorities spent the three years between 2003 and 2006 completing the massive “Golden Shield Project.” Not only did over 50 percent of China’s policing agencies get on the Internet, there is also an agency called the Public Information Network Security and Monitoring Bureau, which boasts a huge number of technologically advanced and well-equipped network police. These are all the direct products of the Golden Shield Project.|archive-date=2013-07-11|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6I1ZApv1g?url=http://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/china_internet-11242008134108.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
+* '''[[天网 (中国)]]'''：是中華人民共和國政府建成的世界上最大的視頻監控系統，利用了人臉識別、大數據、人工智慧等技術，是中國大陸大規模監控體系的一部分。<ref>{{cite news |author1=陈诗娴 李贞 |title=“天网”网什么 |url=http://paper.people.com.cn/rmzk/html/2017-11/20/content_1825998.htm |accessdate=2020-01-19 |work=人民周刊 |agency=人民周刊 |archive-date=2019-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303234110/http://paper.people.com.cn/rmzk/html/2017-11/20/content_1825998.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>天網系統連接不同地方（例如：火車站、飯店、商場、劇院等公共場所，公交、地鐵、出租车等交通工具）的監控鏡頭，可在極短時間內識別大量民眾身分。<ref>{{cite news |author1=ZOL中关村在线 |title=中国天网已建成 2亿摄像头毫秒级寻人 |url=http://tech.ifeng.com/a/20180504/44980719_0.shtml |accessdate=2020-01-19 |work=凤凰网 |archive-date=2018-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504074749/http://tech.ifeng.com/a/20180504/44980719_0.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>
+* '''实时市民运动信息平台'''：是中华人民共和国北京市科学技术委员会于2011年提出的一款手机位置跟踪程序，此程序以緩解程式交通流量問題為由跟蹤市民實時位置<ref>{{cite news |author1=Lewis, Leo |title=China mobile phone tracking system attacked as 'Big Brother' surveillance |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/china-mobile-phone-tracking-system-attacked-as-big-brother-surveillance/news-story/7b19fabb97743ea3ba99d36cb1e1c6fa |accessdate=2020-01-19 |work=The Australian |archive-date=2014-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619132308/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/china-mobile-phone-tracking-system-attacked-as-big-brother-surveillance/story-e6frg6so-1226015917086 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
+* '''[[防火長城]]'''：是對中華人民共和國政府在其網際網路邊界審查系統（包括相關行政審查系統）的統稱，主要指中國政府用於過濾網際網路國際出口上內容的軟硬體系統的集合。其主要作用在於分析和過濾中國境外網路不利于中国政府的資訊互相存取。
+* '''一体化联合作战平台'''：一款政府和警用應用程式，它常被中國政府用於識別和跟蹤對中華人民共和國新疆地區穩定構成潛在威脅的人員<ref>{{cite news |author1=Human Right Watch |title=中国的算法暴政  对新疆警方大规模监控APP的逆向工程 |url=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/report/2019/05/01/329644 |accessdate=2020-01-19 |work=Human Right Watch |archive-date=2020-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118172140/https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/report/2019/05/01/329644 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Bang Xiao |title=人权观察揭秘新疆警用APP 36种行为皆可定罪 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/chinese/2019-05-02/chinese-surveillance-app-reverse-engineered-by-rights-group/11071818 |accessdate=2020-01-19 |work=ABC |archive-date=2020-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413125017/https://www.abc.net.au/chinese/2019-05-02/chinese-surveillance-app-reverse-engineered-by-rights-group/11071818 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
+* '''五七體制'''：是中華人民共和國文革時期的體制，該體制下毛澤東的權威達到頂峰，并且民間人們開始互相檢舉以進行思想審查。<ref>{{cite book |author=錢理群 |title=毛澤東時代和後毛澤東時代(1949-2009): 另一種歷史書寫 |date=2012 |publisher=聯經出版事業股份有限公司 |isbn=9789570839258 |page=86 |edition=初版 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/mao-zedong-shi-dai-he-hou-mao-zedong-shi-dai-1949-2009-ling-yi-zhong-li-shi-shu-xie-xia-ce/oclc/1081036436 |accessdate=2020-01-19 |archive-date=2020-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413125022/https://www.worldcat.org/title/mao-zedong-shi-dai-he-hou-mao-zedong-shi-dai-1949-2009-ling-yi-zhong-li-shi-shu-xie-xia-ce/oclc/1081036436 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
+* '''[[綠壩·花季護航]]'''：是一款客戶端的網路過濾軟體。該軟體可監控使用者瀏覽的網頁并且過濾特定信息<ref>{{cite web |title=綠色上網過濾軟件產品一年使用權及相關服務採購競爭性談判邀請函 |url=http://www.ccgp.gov.cn/cgbx/zybx/2008/604762.shtml |accessdate=2020-01-19 |archive-date=2009-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616070627/http://www.ccgp.gov.cn/cgbx/zybx/2008/604762.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>，中國大陸當局稱安裝軟體的目的在於保護未成年電腦使用者，也有觀點認為這一軟體是當局進行網路審查的工具之一。
 === {{FRA}} ===
 [[Image:EMERAUDE - Domme.jpg|thumb|right|位于法国西南部[[东镇 (法国)|东镇]]的 Frenchelon 的想象图]]
-* '''{{link-en|Frenchelon|Frenchelon}}''': [[法国外部安全总局]]（法国的对外情报机构）运作的情报收集和分析网络。<ref>{{cite web|title=La France se met à l'espionnage|url=http://reseau.echelon.free.fr/reseau.echelon/espionnage_francais.htm|publisher=Free (ISP)|accessdate=11 June 2013|language=fr|quote=Frenchelon (ou French Echelon) est le surnom donné au réseau d'écoute de la DGSE. Le véritable nom de ce système d'écoute n'est pas connu (contrairement à ce que nous expliquions, ce n'est pas Emeraude)}}</ref>
+* '''{{link-en|Frenchelon|Frenchelon}}''': [[法国外部安全总局]]（法国的对外情报机构）运作的情报收集和分析网络。<ref>{{cite web|title=La France se met à l'espionnage|url=http://reseau.echelon.free.fr/reseau.echelon/espionnage_francais.htm|publisher=Free (ISP)|accessdate=11 June 2013|language=fr|quote=Frenchelon (ou French Echelon) est le surnom donné au réseau d'écoute de la DGSE. Le véritable nom de ce système d'écoute n'est pas connu (contrairement à ce que nous expliquions, ce n'est pas Emeraude)|archive-date=2013-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121074406/http://reseau.echelon.free.fr/reseau.echelon/espionnage_francais.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 ==={{IND}}===
 * '''{{link-en|NATGRID|NATGRID}}'''：连接[[印度政府]]多个部门的数据库的情报网格系统。
-* '''{{link-en|Centralized Monitoring System|中央监听系统}}''' (CMS)：类似[[美国国家安全局]]的[[稜鏡計劃]]的数据收集系统。<ref>{{cite web|title=India's centralised monitoring system comes under scanner, reckless and irresponsible usage is chilling|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1845205/report-india-s-centralised-monitoring-system-comes-under-scanner-reckless-and-irresponsible-usage-is-chilling|publisher=''Daily News and Analysis''|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref>
+* '''{{link-en|Centralized Monitoring System|中央监听系统}}''' (CMS)：类似[[美国国家安全局]]的[[稜鏡計劃]]的数据收集系统。<ref>{{cite web|title=India's centralised monitoring system comes under scanner, reckless and irresponsible usage is chilling|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1845205/report-india-s-centralised-monitoring-system-comes-under-scanner-reckless-and-irresponsible-usage-is-chilling|publisher=''Daily News and Analysis''|accessdate=12 June 2013|archive-date=2013-07-11|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6I1THu2Hv?url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1845205/report-india-s-centralised-monitoring-system-comes-under-scanner-reckless-and-irresponsible-usage-is-chilling|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 * '''{{link-en|DRDO NETRA|DRDO NETRA}}'''：与[[梯队系统]]属同一类型, 使用预定义的过滤规则截取[[电子邮件]], web 论坛消息, 博客, 社交网路, 以及图像。
 === {{RUS}} ===
-* '''{{link-en|SORM|SORM}}'''：[[俄罗斯联邦安全局]]监听互联网和电话通信的系统。
+* '''[[SORM]]'''：[[俄罗斯联邦安全局]]监听互联网和电话通信的系统。
 ==={{SWE}}===
@@ 第33行： / 第40行： @@
 === {{UK}} ===
-* '''{{link-en|监听现代化项目|Interception Modernisation Programme}}'''：试图扩张英国政府[[合法监听]]的能力，并在一个中央数据库中储存通信数据的项目。<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/07/detica_interception_modernisation/ Spy chiefs plot £12bn IT spree for comms überdatabase]</ref>
+* '''{{link-en|监听现代化项目|Interception Modernisation Programme}}'''：试图扩张英国政府[[合法监听]]的能力，并在一个中央数据库中储存通信数据的项目。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/07/detica_interception_modernisation/ |title=Spy chiefs plot £12bn IT spree for comms überdatabase |accessdate=2013-06-14 |archive-date=2013-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609165257/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/07/detica_interception_modernisation/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 === {{USA}} ===
@@ 第41行： / 第48行： @@
 * '''[[Fairview]]'''：由美国国家安全局运作的针对外国移动订户的[[大规模监听]]项目。
 * '''[[X-Keyscore]]'''
-* '''{{link-en|DCSNet|DCSNet}}'''：[[美国联邦调查局]]的监听项目，可对位于美国境内的任何电信设备实施即时监听。<ref name="wired.com">[http://www.wired.com/politics/security/news/2007/08/wiretap Point, Click ... Eavesdrop: How the FBI Wiretap Net Operates].</ref>
+* '''{{link-en|DCSNet|DCSNet}}'''：[[美国联邦调查局]]的监听项目，可对位于美国境内的任何电信设备实施即时监听。<ref name="wired.com">[http://www.wired.com/politics/security/news/2007/08/wiretap Point, Click ... Eavesdrop: How the FBI Wiretap Net Operates] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wired.com/politics/security/news/2007/08/wiretap |date=20100314213702 }}.</ref>
-* '''{{link-en|Main Core|Main Core}}'''：存储着被认为对美国[[国家安全]]构成威胁的美国公民的个人和金融信息的数据库。<ref name="Salon">{{citeweb |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/07/23/new_churchcomm/ |title=Exposing Bush's historic abuse of power |last=Shorrock
+* '''{{link-en|Main Core|Main Core}}'''：存储着被认为对美国[[国家安全]]构成威胁的美国公民的个人和金融信息的数据库。<ref name="Salon">{{citeweb |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/07/23/new_churchcomm/ |title=Exposing Bush's historic abuse of power |last=Shorrock |first=Tim |publisher=Salon.com |date=23 July 2008 |accessdate=19 December 2010 |archive-date=2013-07-11 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6I1ZG2iOt?url=http://www.salon.com/2008/07/23/new_churchcomm/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> 数据多来源于美国国家安全局、[[美国联邦调查局]]、[[美国中央情报局]]以及其他政府来源。<ref name="Salon"/>
+* {{link-en|“幻灯”|Magic Lantern (software)}}：[[键盘监听]]软件，由美国联邦调查局通过[[电子邮件]]附件部署；启用后充当软件木马，使联邦调查局解密用户通信。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa121401a.htm |title=FBI Has a Magic Lantern |publisher=Usgovinfo.about.com |date= |accessdate=23 February 2009 |archive-date=2005-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050521022636/http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa121401a.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>
-|first=Tim |publisher=Salon.com |date=23 July 2008 |accessdate=19 December 2010}}</ref> 数据多来源于美国国家安全局、[[美国联邦调查局]]、[[美国中央情报局]]以及其他政府来源。<ref name="Salon"/>
-* {{link-en|“幻灯”|Magic Lantern (software)}}：[[键盘监听]]软件，由美国联邦调查局通过[[电子邮件]]附件部署；启用后充当软件木马，使联邦调查局解密用户通信。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa121401a.htm |title=FBI Has a Magic Lantern |publisher=Usgovinfo.about.com |date= |accessdate= 23 February 2009}}</ref>
 * '''{{link-en|美国国家安全局通话数据库|NSA call database}}'''
 * [[恒星风 (情报活动代号)|恒星风]]
@@ 第50行： / 第56行： @@
 * '''[[美国情报体系]]'''
 ** {{link-en|综合性国家计算机安全计划|Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative}}
-** [[犹他数据中心]]：美国情报体系耗资1,500,000,000美元建立的尧字节级数据存储设施。<ref name="cnet">{{cite news| author = Trenholm, Rich | url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/gadgets/nsa-to-store-yottabytes-in-utah-data-centre-49304118/|title=NSA to Store Yottabytes in Utah Data Centre | publisher =[[CNET]]|accessdate= 13 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="bamford1">{{cite news| title = The NSA Is Building the Country’s Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say) | first = James
+** [[犹他数据中心]]：美国情报体系耗资1,500,000,000美元建立的尧字节级数据存储设施。<ref name="cnet">{{cite news | author = Trenholm, Rich | url = http://crave.cnet.co.uk/gadgets/nsa-to-store-yottabytes-in-utah-data-centre-49304118/ | title = NSA to Store Yottabytes in Utah Data Centre | publisher = [[CNET]] | accessdate = 13 June 2013 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HpxkQIXk?url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/gadgets/nsa-to-store-yottabytes-in-utah-data-centre-49304118/ | archive-date = 2013-07-03 | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="bamford1">{{cite news | title = The NSA Is Building the Country’s Biggest Spy Center (Watch What You Say) | first = James | last = Bamford | authorlink = James Bamford | url = http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/all/1 | work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date = 15 March 2012 | accessdate = 5 April 2012 | archive-date = 2013-06-09 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HEqAxbOA?url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/all/1 | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref name="Kenyon">{{cite news|url=http://defensesystems.com/Articles/2011/01/07/NSA-spy-cyber-intelligence-data-center-Utah.aspx|title=New NSA data center breaks ground on construction -- Defense Systems|last=Kenyon|first=Henry|date=7 January 2011|publisher=Defense Systems|accessdate=11 August 2011|archive-date=2011-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005155823/http://defensesystems.com/Articles/2011/01/07/NSA-spy-cyber-intelligence-data-center-Utah.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
+* '''[[特定入侵行動辦公室]]'''：[[美国国家安全局]]的情报收集单位，每小时可收集2[[拍字节]]的数据。<ref name=Riley>{{cite web|last=Riley|first=Michael|title=How the U.S. Government Hacks the World|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-05-23/how-the-u-dot-s-dot-government-hacks-the-world|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=23 May 2013|date=23 May 2013|archive-date=2013-07-11|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6I1ZE32Is?url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-05-23/how-the-u-dot-s-dot-government-hacks-the-world|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Aid2010">{{cite book|last=Aid|first=Matthew M.|title=The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x_K2rb-OShMC&pg=PA311|accessdate=22 May 2013|date=8 June 2010|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-60819-096-6|page=311}}</ref>
-| last = Bamford | authorlink = James Bamford | url = http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/ff_nsadatacenter/all/1 | work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date = 15 March 2012 | accessdate = 5 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Kenyon">{{cite news |url=http://defensesystems.com/Articles/2011/01/07/NSA-spy-cyber-intelligence-data-center-Utah.aspx|title=New NSA data center breaks ground on construction -- Defense Systems|last=Kenyon|first=Henry|date= 7 January 2011|publisher=Defense Systems|accessdate=11 August 2011}}</ref>
+* '''{{link-en|无界线人|Boundless Informant}}'''：由于[[美国国家安全局]]部署的用于分析全球电子信息的系统。 2013年3月, 该项目收集了分别来自[[伊朗]]、[[印度]]和[[美国]]的 14,000,000,000&nbsp;份, 6,300,000,000&nbsp;份, 和 2,800,000,000&nbsp;份数据报告。<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet 'Boundless Informant,' the NSA's Secret Tool for Tracking Global Surveillance Data|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/06/meet-boundless-informant-the-nsas-secret-tool-for-tracking-global-surveillance-data/276686/|publisher=''The Atlantic''|accessdate=13 June 2013|quote=The country where the largest amount of intelligence was gathered was, unsurprisingly, Iran: Boundless Informant shows more than 14 billion reports in that period. The second-largest collection came from Pakistan, with 13.5 billion reports. Jordan -- which is, yes, one of America's closest Arab allies -- had 12.7 billion reports. Egypt came in fourth (7.6 billion reports), and India in fifth with 6.3 billion.  And when it comes to the U.S.? "The Boundless Informant documents show the agency collecting almost 3 billion pieces of intelligence from US computer networks over a 30-day period ending in March 2013."|archive-date=2013-07-11|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6I1ZEvWKW?url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/06/meet-boundless-informant-the-nsas-secret-tool-for-tracking-global-surveillance-data/276686/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
-* '''[[特定入侵行動辦公室]]'''：[[美国国家安全局]]的情报收集单位，每小时可收集2[[拍字节]]的数据。<ref name=Riley>{{cite web|last=Riley|first=Michael|title=How the U.S. Government Hacks the World|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-05-23/how-the-u-dot-s-dot-government-hacks-the-world|work =[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=23 May 2013|date=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Aid2010">{{cite book|last=Aid|first=Matthew M.|title=The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x_K2rb-OShMC&pg=PA311|accessdate=22 May 2013|date=8 June 2010|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-60819-096-6|page=311}}</ref>
-* '''{{link-en|无界线人|Boundless Informant}}'''：由于[[美国国家安全局]]部署的用于分析全球电子信息的系统。 2013年3月, 该项目收集了分别来自[[伊朗]]、[[印度]]和[[美国]]的 14,000,000,000&nbsp;份, 6,300,000,000&nbsp;份, 和 2,800,000,000&nbsp;份数据报告。<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet 'Boundless Informant,' the NSA's Secret Tool for Tracking Global Surveillance Data|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/06/meet-boundless-informant-the-nsas-secret-tool-for-tracking-global-surveillance-data/276686/|publisher=''The Atlantic''|accessdate=13 June 2013|quote=The country where the largest amount of intelligence was gathered was, unsurprisingly, Iran: Boundless Informant shows more than 14 billion reports in that period. The second-largest collection came from Pakistan, with 13.5 billion reports. Jordan -- which is, yes, one of America's closest Arab allies -- had 12.7 billion reports. Egypt came in fourth (7.6 billion reports), and India in fifth with 6.3 billion.  And when it comes to the U.S.? "The Boundless Informant documents show the agency collecting almost 3 billion pieces of intelligence from US computer networks over a 30-day period ending in March 2013."}}</ref>
 == 来源不明 ==
-* '''[[Stuxnet]]'''：这是首个被发现在工业系统上实施监控活动的[[恶意软件]]；该软件并被用来攻击[[伊朗]]的核设施。<ref name=compworld>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/print/9185419/Siemens_Stuxnet_worm_hit_industrial_systems?taxonomyName=Network+Security&taxonomyId=142 |author=Robert McMillan |date=16 September 2010 |publisher=Computerworld |accessdate=16 September 2010 |title=Siemens: Stuxnet worm hit industrial systems |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120525053210/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/print/9185419/Siemens_Stuxnet_worm_hit_industrial_systems?taxonomyName=Network+Security&taxonomyId=142 |archivedate=2012年5月25日 }}</ref> 据信，Stuxnet是在[[乔治·沃克·布什|小布什当局]]时期由于美开发的。<ref>{{cite web|title=Stuxnet was work of U.S. and Israeli experts, officials say|url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-06-01/world/35459494_1_nuclear-program-stuxnet-senior-iranian-officials|publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]''|accessdate=11 June 2013|quote=The officials, speaking on the condition of anonymity to describe the classified effort code-named Olympic Games, said it was first developed during the George W. Bush administration and was geared toward damaging Iran’s nuclear capability gradually while sowing confusion among Iranian scientists about the cause of mishaps at a nuclear plant.}}</ref>
+* '''[[Stuxnet]]'''：这是首个被发现在工业系统上实施监控活动的[[恶意软件]]；该软件并被用来攻击[[伊朗]]的核设施。<ref name=compworld>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/print/9185419/Siemens_Stuxnet_worm_hit_industrial_systems?taxonomyName=Network+Security&taxonomyId=142 |author=Robert McMillan |date=16 September 2010 |publisher=Computerworld |accessdate=16 September 2010 |title=Siemens: Stuxnet worm hit industrial systems |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120525053210/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/print/9185419/Siemens_Stuxnet_worm_hit_industrial_systems?taxonomyName=Network+Security&taxonomyId=142 |archivedate=2012年5月25日 }}</ref> 据信，Stuxnet是在[[乔治·沃克·布什|小布什当局]]时期由于美开发的。<ref>{{cite web|title=Stuxnet was work of U.S. and Israeli experts, officials say|url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-06-01/world/35459494_1_nuclear-program-stuxnet-senior-iranian-officials|publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]''|accessdate=11 June 2013|quote=The officials, speaking on the condition of anonymity to describe the classified effort code-named Olympic Games, said it was first developed during the George W. Bush administration and was geared toward damaging Iran’s nuclear capability gradually while sowing confusion among Iranian scientists about the cause of mishaps at a nuclear plant.|archive-date=2013-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510193607/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-06-01/world/35459494_1_nuclear-program-stuxnet-senior-iranian-officials|dead-url=no}}</ref>
-* '''[[GhostNet]]'''：一个[[大规模监听]]项目的假想代号，据信由[[中华人民共和国|中国]]运作,但沒有明確證據。<ref>{{cite news| title=Vast Spy System Loots Computers in 103 Countries | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/technology/29spy.html | work = [[The New York Times]] | date=28 March 2009 | accessdate=29 March 2009 | author = {{tsl|en|John Markoff|Markoff, John}}}}</ref>
+* '''[[GhostNet]]'''：一个[[大规模监听]]项目的假想代号，据信由[[中华人民共和国|中国]]运作,但沒有明確證據。<ref>{{cite news | title=Vast Spy System Loots Computers in 103 Countries | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/technology/29spy.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=28 March 2009 | accessdate=29 March 2009 | author={{tsl|en|John Markoff|Markoff, John}} | archive-date=2009-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401224950/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/technology/29spy.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>
 == 最近停止运作的项目 ==
@@ 第71行： / 第76行： @@
 * [[美国国家安全局无证监听争议]]
 * {{Link-en|美國國安局全球監控醜聞|Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)}}
+* [[政治媒體複合體]]
-* {{link-en|政媒复合体|Politico-media complex}}
 == 参考文献 ==