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發光效能：修订间差异

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←建立内容为“'''發光效率''' is a figure of merit for light sources。他是光通量與功率的比值，依照文字來源此功率指的是光...”的新頁面
 
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{{expand English|Luminous_efficacy#Lighting_efficiency}}
'''發光效率''' is a [[figure of merit]] for [[light source]]s。他是[[光通量]]與[[功率]]的比值，依照文字來源此功率指的是光源輸出的[[輻射通量]]，或者是提供光源的[[電能]]<ref>
'''光視效能'''（{{lang-en|'''luminous efficacy'''}}）是一个[[光源]]的[[参数]]。他是[[光通量]]與[[功率]]的比值，依照文字來源此功率指的是光源輸出的[[輻射通量]]，或者是提供光源的[[電能]]<ref>
{{cite book
{{cite book
|title=Photometry and Radiometry for Engineers
|title=Photometry and Radiometry for Engineers
|url=https://archive.org/details/photometryradiom0000stim
|publisher=Wiley and Son
|publisher=Wiley and Son
|location=New York
|location=New York
第16行： 第18行：
{{cite book
{{cite book
|title=Radiometry and the Detection of Optical Radiation
|title=Radiometry and the Detection of Optical Radiation
|url=https://archive.org/details/radiometrydetect0000boyd
|publisher=Wiley and Son
|publisher=Wiley and Son
|location=New York
|location=New York
|author=Boyd, Robert
|author=Boyd, Robert
|year=1983
|year=1983
}}</ref>，前者的定義有時叫'''輻射發光效率'''，後者稱'''電源發光效率'''。電源發光效率為一種：測量電能提供光源發出可見光的效率<ref>{{cite book
}}</ref>
，前者的定義有時叫'''輻射發光效率'''，後者稱'''電源發光效率'''。
發光效率為一種：測量電能提供光源發出可見光的效率<ref>
{{cite book
| title = Photovoltaic systems engineering
| title = Photovoltaic systems engineering
| edition = Second
| edition = Second
第32行： 第32行：
| page = 123
| page = 123
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=XiOeYrhyVlEC&pg=PA123&dq=%22luminous+efficacy+of+a+source%22&hl=en&ei=JwXLTO6bL4bWtQPD46GPDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22luminous%20efficacy%20of%20a%20source%22&f=false
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=XiOeYrhyVlEC&pg=PA123&dq=%22luminous+efficacy+of+a+source%22&hl=en&ei=JwXLTO6bL4bWtQPD46GPDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22luminous%20efficacy%20of%20a%20source%22&f=false
}}</ref>。輻射發光效率描述：光源提供可見光的效率，也就是[[光通量]]對[[輻射通量]]的比值<ref>{{cite book
}}</ref>
The luminous efficacy of radiation describes how well a given quantity of electromagnetic radiation from a source produces visible light: the ratio of [[luminous flux]] to [[radiant flux]].<ref>
{{cite book
| title = Color imaging: fundamentals and applications
| title = Color imaging: fundamentals and applications
| author = Erik Reinhard, Erum Arif Khan, Ahmet Oğuz Akyüz, and Garrett Johnson
| author = Erik Reinhard, Erum Arif Khan, Ahmet Oğuz Akyüz, and Garrett Johnson
第42行： 第40行：
| page = 338
| page = 338
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=79-V0_TElg4C&pg=PA338&dq=luminous+efficacy+of+radiation&hl=en&ei=1QbLTOuwJ4mmsQPmis2JDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=luminous%20efficacy%20of%20radiation&f=false
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=79-V0_TElg4C&pg=PA338&dq=luminous+efficacy+of+radiation&hl=en&ei=1QbLTOuwJ4mmsQPmis2JDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=luminous%20efficacy%20of%20radiation&f=false
}}</ref>。因人眼的結構，並非所有波長的光能見度都一樣。[[紅外光]]和[[紫外光]]的光譜對於發光效率不造成影響。光源的發光效率与光源把能量转化为电磁辐射的能力以及人眼感知所发出的辐射的能力有关。
}}</ref>
Not all wavelengths of light are equally visible, or equally effective at stimulating human vision, due to the [[spectral sensitivity]] of the [[human eye]]; radiation in the [[infrared]] and [[ultraviolet]] parts of the spectrum is useless for illumination. The overall luminous efficacy of a source is the product of how well it converts energy to electromagnetic radiation, and how well the emitted radiation is detected by the human eye.


==效率的不同表示方法==
==Efficacy and efficiency==
在一些[[測量單位|單位制]]中，光通量和輻射通量的單位是一樣的，這時的輻射發光效率無法被量化，在這種情況下發光效率可以被用百分比來表示（跟[[精細結構常數]]一樣，沒有量綱）。一個普遍的做法是選擇最大的效率－683&nbsp;lm/W－作為發光效率（{{lang-en|'''luminous efficiency'''}}）100%的標準。在絕大部份例子中採用百分比表示和lm/W來表示沒有特殊的限制。


[[流明]]跟[[瓦特]]的關係，就如同[[西弗]]跟[[戈雷]]的關係。
In some [[Units of measurement|systems of units]], luminous flux has the same units as radiant flux. The luminous efficacy of radiation is then [[dimensionless]]. In this case, it is often instead called the '''luminous efficiency''' or '''luminous coefficient''' and may be expressed as a percentage. A common choice is to choose units such that the maximum possible efficacy, 683&nbsp;lm/W, corresponds to an efficiency of 100%. The distinction between ''efficacy'' and ''efficiency'' is not always carefully maintained in published sources, so it is not uncommon to see "efficiencies" expressed in lumens per watt, or "efficacies" expressed as a percentage.


==輻射發光效率==
==Luminous efficacy of radiation==
[[File:CIE 1931 Luminosity.png|thumb|1924年由[[國際照明委員會]]所提出[[光度函數|典型人類眼睛對光的靈敏度]]，橫軸為波長，單位為nm]]


[[波長]]位於[[可見光譜]]以外的輻射對於照明來說是沒有用的，因為它們無法被人[[眼]]感知。即使在可見光譜的波段里，人眼對於一些光的敏感度會高於另外一些光，眼睛的這種特性可由[[視見函數]]所表示。代表一個標準觀測者在亮度比較高的環境（[[明視覺]]）條件下所表現出來的觀測能力。同樣我們也可以定義在比較暗的環境（[[暗視覺]]）條件下的函數曲綫。如果沒有特別指出的話，通常都是指的明視覺的視見函數。
===Explanation===


{|
[[Image:CIE 1931 Luminosity.png|right|thumb|The [[Luminosity function|response of a typical human eye to light]], as standardized by the [[International Commission on Illumination|CIE]] in 1924. The horizontal axis is wavelength in nm]]
|[[File:Wiens law vis limits.svg|thumb|x270px|黑体的光谱[[辐射率]]（按波长）。[[可见光]]（灰线）波段外的能量消耗，降低了发光效率。]]

|[[File:Blackbody efficacy 1000-16000K.svg|thumb|x300px]]
[[Wavelength]]s of light outside of the [[visible spectrum]] are not useful for illumination because they cannot be seen by the [[human eye]]. Furthermore, the eye responds more to some wavelengths of light than others, even within the visible spectrum. This response of the eye is represented by the [[luminosity function]]. This is a standardized function which represents the response of a "typical" eye under bright conditions ([[photopic vision]]). One can also define a similar curve for dim conditions ([[scotopic vision]]). When neither is specified, photopic conditions are generally assumed.

Luminous efficacy of radiation measures the fraction of electromagnetic power which is useful for lighting. It is obtained by dividing the [[luminous flux]] by the [[radiant flux]]. Light with wavelengths outside the [[visible spectrum]] reduces luminous efficacy, because it contributes to the radiant flux while the luminous flux of such light is zero. Wavelengths near the peak of the eye's response contribute more strongly than those near the edges.

In [[SI]], luminous efficacy has units of [[Lumen (unit)|lumen]]s per [[watt]] (lm/W). Photopic luminous efficacy of radiation has a maximum possible value of 683&nbsp;lm/W, for the case of monochromatic light at a wavelength of 555&nbsp;nm (green). Scotopic luminous efficacy of radiation reaches a maximum of 1700&nbsp;lm/W for narrowband light of wavelength 507&nbsp;nm.

===Mathematical definition===

The dimensionless luminous efficiency measures the [[integral|integrated]] fraction of the [[radiant power]] that contributes to its luminous properties as evaluated by means of the standard [[luminosity function]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition| publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.| location=Princeton, New Jersey, Toronto, London, New York| month=January | year=1958}}</ref> The luminous coefficient is

:<math>\frac{ \int^\infin_0 y_\lambda J_\lambda d\lambda } { \int^\infin_0 J_\lambda d\lambda },</math>

where
:''y''<sub>&lambda;</sub> is the standard [[luminosity function]],
:''J''<sub>&lambda;</sub> is the [[spectral power distribution]] of the radiant intensity.

The luminous coefficient is unity for a narrow band of wavelengths at 555 [[nanometre]]s.

Note that <math>\int^\infin_0 y_\lambda J_\lambda d\lambda</math> is an [[inner product]] between <math>y_\lambda</math> and <math>J_\lambda</math> and that <math>\int^\infin_0 J_\lambda d\lambda</math> is the [[norm (mathematics)|one-norm]] of <math>J_\lambda</math>.

===Examples===

[[Image:Wiens law vis limits.svg|right|thumb|300px|[[Spectral radiance]] of a [[black body]]. Energy outside the [[Visible spectrum|visible wavelength]] range (~380–750 nm, shown by grey dotted lines) reduces the luminous efficiency.]]

[[Image:Blackbody efficiency.png|right|thumb|300px]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Type<br>&nbsp;||Luminous efficacy of radiation<br>(lm/W)||Luminous efficiency<ref name="max">Defined such that the maximum value possible is 100%.</ref><br>&nbsp;
|-
|Class M star ([[Antares]], [[Betelgeuse]]), [[Color temperature|3000 K]]
|30
|4%
|-
|ideal [[black-body]] radiator at 4000&nbsp;K
|47.5<ref name="blackbody">[[:De:Bild:Blackbodyvisiblerp.png|Black body visible spectrum]]</ref>
|7.0%
|-
|Class G star ([[Sun]], [[Capella (star)|Capella]]), 5800 K
|80
|12%
|-
|ideal black-body radiator at 7000&nbsp;K
|95<ref name="blackbody"/>
|14%
|-
|ideal 5800&nbsp;K black-body, truncated to 400–700&nbsp;nm (ideal "white" source) <!--most efficient source you can do that mimics solar spectrum only within range of visual sensitivity-->
|251<ref name="ideal_white">Integral of truncated [[Planck function]] times photopic [[luminosity function]] times 683&nbsp;W/sr, according to the definition of the [[candela]].{{Or|date=November 2009}}</ref>
|37%
|-
|ideal monochromatic 555&nbsp;nm source
|683<ref name="luminosity">{{cite book | author=Wyszecki, Günter and Stiles, W.S. | title=Color Science - Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae |edition=2nd | publisher=Wiley-Interscience | year=2000 | isbn =0-471-39918-3 }}</ref>
|100%
|}
|}


==參看==
==Lighting efficiency== <!--Many terms redirect to this section-->
*[[光污染]]


==參考資料==
Artificial light sources are usually evaluated in terms of luminous efficacy of a source, also sometimes called ''overall luminous efficacy''. This is the ratio between the total luminous flux emitted by a device and the total amount of input power (electrical, etc.) it consumes. It is also sometimes referred to as the '''wall-plug luminous efficacy''' or simply '''wall-plug efficacy'''. The overall luminous efficacy is a measure of the efficiency of the device with the output adjusted to account for the spectral response curve (the “luminosity function”). When expressed in dimensionless form (for example, as a fraction of the maximum possible luminous efficacy), this value may be called '''overall luminous efficiency''', '''wall-plug luminous efficiency''', or simply the '''lighting efficiency'''.
{{reflist}}


==外部連結==
The main difference between the luminous efficacy of radiation and the luminous efficacy of a source is that the latter accounts for input energy that is lost as [[heat]] or otherwise exits the source as something other than electromagnetic radiation. Luminous efficacy of radiation is a property of the radiation emitted by a source. Luminous efficacy of a source is a property of the source as a whole.
*[[Hyperphysics]] has these [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html#c2 graphs of efficacy] {{Wayback|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html#c2 |date=20140221094605 }} that do not quite comply with the standard definition

*[http://www.cus.net/electricity/subcats/eleclighting.html Energy Efficient Light Bulbs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cus.net/electricity/subcats/eleclighting.html |date=20160303183517 }}
===Examples===
*[http://www.otherpower.com/otherpower_lighting.html Other Power] {{Wayback|url=http://www.otherpower.com/otherpower_lighting.html |date=20201116162938 }}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110306075428/http://cipco.apogee.net/ CIPCO Energy Library]
The following table lists luminous efficacy of a source and efficiency for various light sources:
{| class="wikitable"
!Category<br>&nbsp;||Type<br>&nbsp;||Overall<br>luminous efficacy (lm/W)||Overall<br>luminous efficiency<ref name="max">Defined such that the maximum value possible is 100%.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Combustion
|[[candle]]
|0.3<ref>1 [[candela]]*4&pi;&nbsp;[[steradian]]s/40 W</ref>
|0.04%
|-
|[[gas mantle]]
| 1–2<ref>{{cite journal | title=Recent Developments in Gas Street Lighting | journal=The American City |volume=22 |issue=5 |publisher=Civic Press |location=New York | page=490 | first=F. V. |last=Westermaier | year=1920 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=rWxLAAAAMAAJ&dq=mantle%20lamp&pg=PA490#v=onepage&q=mantle%20lamp}}</ref>
|0.15–0.3%
|-
| rowspan="6" align="center" |[[incandescent light bulb|Incandescent]]
|100–200 W tungsten incandescent (230&nbsp;V)
|13.8<ref>[http://www.bulbs.ch/index.php?cPath=49_41_55_61_94 Bulbs: Gluehbirne.ch: Philips Standard Lamps (German)]</ref>–15.2<ref name="philc">[http://www.lighting.philips.com/de_de/tools_downloads/pricelist_lamps/downloads/preisliste_dede_20081023.pdf Philips Product Catalog] (German)</ref>
|2.0–2.2%
|-
|100–200–500 W tungsten glass halogen (230&nbsp;V)
|16.7<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osram.de/_global/pdf/osram_de/tools_services/downloads/allgemeinbeleuchtung/halogenlampen/haloluxhalopar.pdf |title=Osram halogen |work=www.osram.de |language=German |accessdate=2008-01-28|format=PDF| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071107054500/http://www.osram.de/_global/pdf/osram_de/tools_services/downloads/allgemeinbeleuchtung/halogenlampen/haloluxhalopar.pdf| archivedate = November 7, 2007}}</ref>–17.6<ref name="philc"/>–19.8<ref name="philc"/>
|2.4–2.6–2.9%
|-
|5–40–100 W tungsten incandescent (120&nbsp;V)
|5–12.6<ref name="incandescent">{{cite web | title=The Nature of Light| last=Keefe| first=T.J.| year=2007| url=http://www.ccri.edu/physics/keefe/light.htm | accessdate=2007-11-05}}</ref>–17.5<ref name="incandescent"/>
|0.7–1.8–2.6%
|-
|2.6 W tungsten glass halogen (5.2&nbsp;V)
|19.2<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ts-audio.biz/tsshop/WGS/411/PRD/LFH0324408/Osram_6406330_500mA_52V_E10_BLK1_MINIWATT-Halogen-Gluehlampe_f.Taschenl..htm |title=Osram Miniwatt-Halogen |work=www.ts-audio.biz |accessdate=2008-01-28}}{{Dead link|date=June 2008}}</ref>
|2.8%
|-
|tungsten quartz halogen (12–24&nbsp;V)
|24
|3.5%
|-
|photographic and projection lamps
|35<ref name="bulbguide">{{cite web | author=Klipstein, Donald L.| year=1996 | title=The Great Internet Light Bulb Book, Part I | url=http://freespace.virgin.net/tom.baldwin/bulbguide.html | accessdate=2006-04-16}}</ref>
|5.1%
|-
| rowspan="7" align="center" |[[Light-emitting diode]]
|white LED (raw, without power supply)
|4.5–150 <!-- Do not add values for experimental LEDs, unless the number is supported by a reference to a reliable, *independent* source. Manufacturer press releases are not independent sources! See:[[Talk:Luminous_efficacy#new_record_for_LED_efficiency]] --><ref>[http://electronicdesign.com/content.aspx?topic=white-led-offers-broad-temp-range-and-color-yield4&catpath=components White LED Offers Broad Temp Range And Color Yield] Electronicdesign '''([[HTTP cookie]]s required)''' Otherwise see:[http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:xxElIoR6dtwJ:electronicdesign.com/article/components/white-led-offers-broad-temp-range-and-color-yield4.aspx Google Cache]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nichia.co.jp/specification/led_09/NSPWR70CSS-K1-E.pdf |title=Nichia NSPWR70CSS-K1 specifications |publisher=Nichia Corp. |format=pdf |accessdate=April 26, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="LED">{{cite web | author=Klipstein, Donald L.| title=The Brightest and Most Efficient LEDs and where to get them | work=Don Klipstein's Web Site | url=http://members.misty.com/don/led.html#ln | accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cree.com/Products/pdf/XLampXP-G.pdf |title=Cree XLamp XP-G LEDs Data Sheet}} Claims 132 lm/W.</ref>
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:4.5/6.83002}}|2}}–{{Rnd|{{#expr:150/6.83002}}|1}}%
|-
|4.1 W LED [[Edison screw|screw base]] lamp (120&nbsp;V)
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:240/4.1}}|1}}–{{Rnd|{{#expr:340/4.1}}|1}}<ref name="Toshiba-LED">[http://en.item.rakuten.com/alllight/lelaw8l_toshiba/ Toshiba E-CORE LED Lamp]</ref>
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:240/4.1/6.83002}}|1}}–{{Rnd|{{#expr:340/4.1/6.83002}}|1}}%
|-
|5.4 W LED screw base lamp (100&nbsp;V 50/60Hz)
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:550/5.4}}|1}}<ref name="Toshiba-LED LDA5N-E17">[http://www.tlt.co.jp/tlt/new/lamp/hp_led/minikry_lda5.htm Toshiba E-CORE LED Lamp LDA5N-E17]</ref>
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:550/5.4/6.83002}}|1}}%
|-
|6.9 W LED screw base lamp (120&nbsp;V)
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:380/6.9}}|1}}–{{Rnd|{{#expr:565/6.9}}|1}}<ref name="Toshiba-LED"/>
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:380/6.9/6.83002}}|1}}–{{Rnd|{{#expr:565/6.9/6.83002}}|1}}%
|-
|7 W LED [[Parabolic aluminized reflector light|PAR20]] (120&nbsp;V)
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:200/7}}|1}}<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001NP8N9G/ref=oss_T15_product GE 73716 7-Watt Energy Smart PAR20 LED Light Bulb]</ref>
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:200/7/6.83002}}|1}}%
|-
|8.7 W LED screw base lamp (120&nbsp;V)
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:600/8.7}}|1}}–{{Rnd|{{#expr:810/8.7}}|1}}<ref name="Toshiba-LED"/><ref>[http://ledsreview.com/news/367/ Toshiba to release 93 lm/W LED bulb] Ledrevie</ref>
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:600/8.7/6.83002}}|1}}–{{Rnd|{{#expr:810/8.7/6.83002}}|1}}%
|-
|Theoretical limit
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:260}}|1}}–{{Rnd|{{#expr:300}}|1}}<ref name="physorg.com">[http://www.physorg.com/news202453100.html White LEDs with super-high luminous efficacy] physorg.com</ref>
|{{Rnd|{{#expr:260/6.83002}}|1}}–{{Rnd|{{#expr:300/6.83002}}|1}}%
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Arc lamp]]
|[[xenon arc lamp]]
|30–50<ref name="xenon">{{cite web | title=Technical Information on Lamps | work=Optical Building Blocks | url=http://www.pti-nj.com/products/High-Speed-Spectrofluorometer/TechNotes/TechnicalInformationLamps.pdf | format=pdf|accessdate=2010-05-01}} Note that the figure of 150&nbsp;lm/W given for xenon lamps appears to be a typo. The page contains other useful information.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=OSRAM Sylvania Lamp and Ballast Catalog|year=2007}}</ref>
|4.4–7.3%
|-
|[[mercury (element)|mercury]]-[[xenon]] arc lamp
|50–55<ref name="xenon"/>
|7.3–8.0%
|-
| rowspan="6" align="center" |[[fluorescent lamp|Fluorescent]]
|T12 tube with magnetic ballast
| 60<ref name=FEMP>{{cite paper|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_fluortube_lamp.html |title=How to buy an energy-efficient fluorescent tube lamp |author =Federal Energy Management Program |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |date=December 2000}} </ref>
| 9%
|-
|9–32 W compact fluorescent
|46–75<ref name="cf">{{cite web | title=Low Mercury CFLs | url=http://www.energyfederation.org/consumer/default.php/cPath/25_44_3006 | publisher=Energy Federation Incorporated | accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Conventional CFLs | url=http://www.energyfederation.org/consumer/default.php/cPath/25_44_784 | publisher=Energy Federation Incorporated | accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref><ref name="philc"/>
|8–11.45%<ref name="CF_efficiency">{{cite web | title=Global bulbs | url=http://www.1000bulbs.com/32-Watt-Compact-Fluorescents/37889/ | publisher= 1000Bulbs.com accessdate=2010-2-20}}| </ref>
|-
|T8 tube with electronic ballast
| 80–100<ref name=FEMP/>
| 12–15%
|-
|PL-S 11W U-tube with traditional ballast
| 82<ref name="U-tubes">{{cite web | author=Phillips | title=Phillips Master | url=http://skinflint.co.uk/a416644.html | accessdate=2010-12-21}}</ref>
| 12%
|-
|T5 tube
| 70–104.2<ref name="energyrating">{{cite web | author=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australia | title=Energy Labelling—Lamps | url=http://www.energyrating.gov.au/appsearch/download.asp | accessdate=2008-08-14}}</ref><ref name="Plusrite">{{cite web | url=http://www.1000bulbs.com/F35T5-6500K/39598/ | publisher=1000Bulbs.com| accessdate=2010-2-20|title=1000bulbs.com}}</ref>
| 10–15.63%
|-
|Spiral tube with electronic ballast
| 114-124.3<ref name="spiraltubes">{{cite web | author=Panasonic | title=Panasonic Spiral Fluorescent | url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/jn100609-1/jn100609-1.html | accessdate=2010-09-27}}</ref>
| 15–18%
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" |[[Gas-discharge lamp|Gas discharge]]
|1400 W [[sulfur lamp]]
|100<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iaeel.org/IAEEL/iaeel/newsl/1996/ett1996/LiTech_b_1_96.html |title=1000-watt sulfur lamp now ready |work=IAEEL newsletter |year=1996 |issue=1 |publisher=IAEEL |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030818061414/195.178.164.205/IAEEL/iaeel/newsl/1996/ett1996/LiTech_b_1_96.html |archivedate=Aug. 18, 2003}}</ref><!--Prototype, not production unit.-->
|15%
|-
|[[metal halide lamp]]
|65–115<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.venturelighting.com/TechCenter/Metal-Halide-TechIntro.html |title=The Metal Halide Advantage |year=2007 |work=Venture Lighting |accessdate=2008-08-10}}</ref>
|9.5–17%
|-
|[[Sodium vapor lamp#High pressure / HPS / SON|high pressure sodium lamp]]
|85–150<ref name="philc"/>
|12–22%
|-
|[[Sodium vapor lamp#Low pressure / LPS / SOX|low pressure sodium lamp]]
|100–200<ref name="sodium">{{cite web|title=LED or Neon? A scientific comparison| url=http://www.signweb.com/index.php/channel/12/id/138/}}</ref><ref name="lightning">{{cite web|url=http://webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/4.html|title=Why is lightning coloured? (gas excitations)}}</ref><ref name="philc"/>
|15–29%
|-
|align="center"|[[Electron_stimulated_luminescence|Cathodoluminescence]]
|[[electron stimulated luminescence]]
|30<ref name="ELS">{{cite web|title="Vu1 ESL™ R-30 Energy Efficient Light Bulb Specifications"|url=http://www.vu1corporation.com/eslupdate/}}</ref>
|5%
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Ideal sources
|Truncated 5800 K blackbody<ref name="ideal_white"/>
|251 {{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
|37%
|-
|Green light at 555&nbsp;nm (maximum possible luminous efficacy)
|683.002<ref name="luminosity"/>
|100%
|}

Sources that depend on thermal emission from a solid filament, such as [[incandescent light bulb]]s, tend to have low overall efficacy compared to an ideal [[blackbody]] source because, as explained by Donald L. Klipstein, “An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6300 °C (6600&nbsp;K or 11,500 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous [efficacy] is 95 lumens per watt. Of course, nothing known to any humans is solid and usable as a light bulb filament at temperatures anywhere close to this. The surface of the sun is not quite that hot.”<ref name="bulbguide"/> At temperatures where the [[tungsten]] filament of an ordinary light bulb remains solid (below 3683 kelvins), most of its emission is in the [[infrared]].<ref name="bulbguide"/>

==SI photometry units==

{{SI_light_units}}

==See also==

*[[Luminous coefficient]]
*[[Photometry (optics)|Photometry]]
*[[Light pollution]]
*[[Wall-plug efficiency]] - a related principle, but slightly different

==References==

{{reflist}}


{{国际单位制光度单位}}
==External links==
*[[Hyperphysics]] has these [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html#c2 graphs of efficacy] that do not quite comply with the standard definition
*[http://www.cus.net/electricity/subcats/eleclighting.html Energy Efficient Light Bulbs]
*[http://www.otherpower.com/otherpower_lighting.html Other Power]
*[http://cipco.apogee.net/ CIPCO Energy Library]


[[Category:Photometry]]
[[Category:Photometry]]
[[Category:Physical quantities]]
[[Category:物理量]]
[[Category:Lighting]]
[[Category:照明]]
[[Category:Energy economics]]
[[Category:能源經濟學]]


[[de:Lichtausbeute]]
[[es:Eficacia luminosa]]
[[et:Valgusviljakus]]
[[fr:Rendement lumineux]]
[[fr:Rendement lumineux]]
[[it:Efficienza luminosa]]
[[ja:発光効率]]

2023年10月23日 (一) 10:56的最新版本

光視效能（英語：luminous efficacy）是一个光源的参数。他是光通量與功率的比值，依照文字來源此功率指的是光源輸出的輻射通量，或者是提供光源的電能[1][2][3]，前者的定義有時叫輻射發光效率，後者稱電源發光效率。電源發光效率為一種：測量電能提供光源發出可見光的效率[4]。輻射發光效率描述：光源提供可見光的效率，也就是光通量對輻射通量的比值[5]。因人眼的結構，並非所有波長的光能見度都一樣。紅外光和紫外光的光譜對於發光效率不造成影響。光源的發光效率与光源把能量转化为电磁辐射的能力以及人眼感知所发出的辐射的能力有关。

效率的不同表示方法

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在一些單位制中，光通量和輻射通量的單位是一樣的，這時的輻射發光效率無法被量化，在這種情況下發光效率可以被用百分比來表示（跟精細結構常數一樣，沒有量綱）。一個普遍的做法是選擇最大的效率－683 lm/W－作為發光效率（英語：luminous efficiency）100%的標準。在絕大部份例子中採用百分比表示和lm/W來表示沒有特殊的限制。

流明跟瓦特的關係，就如同西弗跟戈雷的關係。

輻射發光效率

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1924年由國際照明委員會所提出典型人類眼睛對光的靈敏度，橫軸為波長，單位為nm

波長位於可見光譜以外的輻射對於照明來說是沒有用的，因為它們無法被人眼感知。即使在可見光譜的波段里，人眼對於一些光的敏感度會高於另外一些光，眼睛的這種特性可由視見函數所表示。代表一個標準觀測者在亮度比較高的環境（明視覺）條件下所表現出來的觀測能力。同樣我們也可以定義在比較暗的環境（暗視覺）條件下的函數曲綫。如果沒有特別指出的話，通常都是指的明視覺的視見函數。

黑体的光谱辐射率（按波长）。可见光（灰线）波段外的能量消耗，降低了发光效率。

參看

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參考資料

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  1. ^ Stimson, Allen. Photometry and Radiometry for Engineers. New York: Wiley and Son. 1974ac. 
  2. ^ Grum, Franc and Becherer, Richard. Optical Radiation Measurements Vol 1. New York: Academic Press. 1979. 
  3. ^ Boyd, Robert. Radiometry and the Detection of Optical Radiation. New York: Wiley and Son. 1983. 
  4. ^ Roger A. Messenger and Jerry Ventre. Photovoltaic systems engineering Second. CRC Press. 2004: 123. ISBN 9780849317934. 
  5. ^ Erik Reinhard, Erum Arif Khan, Ahmet Oğuz Akyüz, and Garrett Johnson. Color imaging: fundamentals and applications. A K Peters, Ltd. 2008: 338. ISBN 9781568813448. 

外部連結

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检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/zhwiki/w/index.php?title=發光效能&oldid=79479424”