可薩猶太人陰謀論：修订间差异

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2024年1月18日 (四) 08:13的最新版本

可薩猶太人陰謀論是一套關於阿什肯納茲猶太人歷史起源的反猶太主義及反錫安主義陰謀論。該理論聲稱，大量可薩人曾皈依猶太教；可薩汗國滅亡後，可薩裔猶太人逃往東歐，成為東歐猶太人口的絕大多數^[1]；現今的阿什肯納茲猶太人多為可薩人的後裔。信奉該理論的人士通常相信，「可薩猶太人」、共濟會及錫安主義者之間存在「秘密聯盟」，意圖「統治世界」。

絕大多數歷史學、系譜學及宗教學學者認為該理論缺乏事實基礎及證據支持。遺傳學研究結果亦與該假說相抵觸。^[2]

可薩汗國

普遍認為，歷史上可薩人主要由來自東方的鐵勒部落以及一些講波斯語的部落、北高加索人及斯拉夫人組成。

7至9世紀期間，拜占庭帝國試圖強迫猶太人改宗基督教，許多猶太人故此從中東逃往北高加索。可薩汗國便位於此處。該國君主為可汗，通常居住在宮殿。該國尊重宗教信仰並給予所有宗教同等地位，同時允許國內不同宗教群體（包括猶太人、基督徒、穆斯林、騰格里信徒等）擁有自己的法官及獨立法庭。

8世紀，以可汗為首的可薩貴族精英接受了猶太教。該國大多數民眾對於猶太教仍是知之甚少。

10世紀，可薩汗國的勢力因基輔羅斯人的攻擊而削弱。最終，基輔羅斯奪取了可薩汗國的所有土地，可薩汗國滅亡。

理論產生

蘇聯曾盛行各種反猶太主義陰謀論，例如「猶太人控制世界」陰謀論及「猶太醫生害死高官」陰謀論。

俄羅斯根深蒂固的反猶太主義在1960年演變為反錫安主義，指控「全球錫安主義者」試圖接管世界。同時，蘇聯宣傳人員認為「這種邪惡」是由美國及以色列引導的，只有蘇聯才能領導抵抗錫安主義並帶領世界走向美好未來。施納勒曼認為，反猶太主義在俄羅斯民族主義的形成中發揮了基礎性作用。^[3]

20世紀70年代，「猶太人源於可薩人皈依」的理論開始在俄羅斯及東歐流行。後來俄羅斯東正教民族主義者及公共媒體開始擔心該理論的傳播，並試圖否認可薩汗國的存在，因為他們憂慮該理論可能令俄羅斯猶太人有理由聲索俄羅斯南部地區的主權。

世界傳播

該理論在全球得到傳播，在各國極端政治勢力以及原教旨主義群體中尤為盛行，為新納粹主義的興起奠定了基礎。

蘇聯反猶宣傳家瓦列里·葉姆利亞諾夫將該理論與「世界錫安主義」陰謀論及「猶太共濟會控制世界」陰謀論相結合，並以阿拉伯語傳播，在阿拉伯國家及伊斯蘭國家大受歡迎，對這些國家內反猶太主義及反錫安主義的發展產生了深遠影響。葉姆利亞諾夫聲稱，弗拉基米爾一世是猶太人後裔，因此他故意抹去了俄羅斯雅利安人的歷史、觀念及文化，並引入基督教的歷史、觀念及文化以取代；錫安主義是「世界上一切邪惡的根源」，「只有透過雅利安人摧毀基督教才能夠挫敗錫安主義陰謀」。

中東地區文獻開始將所謂「可薩猶太人」描繪成「伊斯蘭教及阿拉伯人的敵人」（因可薩人為爭奪高加索曾多次與阿拉伯人作戰）。

至今仍有眾多反錫安主義者使用該理論試圖否定古以色列人與今猶太人之間的繼承關係，儘管該理論並沒有提到塞法迪猶太人及米茲拉希猶太人（共佔以色列猶太人口約50%）^[4]。美國種族主義者（包括學者洛斯羅普·斯托達德及三K黨分子）、俄羅斯民族主義者等群體中亦仍有不少人利用該理論傳播反猶太主義。^[5]^[6]在阿拉伯世界，該理論一直遊走在反錫安主義、反猶太主義及其相交地帶。^[7]

近年來，社交媒體的普及進一步推動了該理論及其他反猶太陰謀論的傳播。^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

學術觀點

學術上，「大多數猶太人源於可薩人皈依」的假說早已被否定，自20世紀50年代末期便不再被提起。

學者凱文·艾倫·布洛克認為該假說無法成立，並表示完全無法贊同該理論，其研究卻經常被支持該理論的人士斷章取義地引用。

在20世紀下半葉，以色列學者阿巴·埃文^[12]、彼得·戈爾登^[13]、勞埃德·加特納^[14]、諾曼·戈盧布及奧姆利安·普里茨克^[15]認為，歷史上確實可能有少數可薩人與猶太人通婚，並成為阿什肯納茲猶太人的祖源的一小部分。

1987年，歷史學者伯納德·劉易斯指出，「歐洲猶太人不是古以色列人後裔，而是可薩人後裔」的假說沒有任何證據支持，早已被所有嚴謹的學者放棄，包括阿拉伯學者^[16]^[17]；該理論只是偶爾出現在阿拉伯人反錫安主義的政治論戰中。^[17]^[18]

2000年，科普作家尼古拉斯·韋德引用一篇關於阿什肯納茲猶太人Y染色體譜系的遺傳學論文^[19]，駁斥「阿什肯納茲猶太人大多數是皈依者或可薩人後裔」的理論。^[20]

2013年，多倫·貝哈爾等遺傳學家研究認為，猶太人與可薩人之間基本上不可能有強聯繫；由於可薩人的現代後裔不明，「猶太可薩人」假說難以用遺傳學方法檢驗；在阿什肯納茲猶太人中沒有發現任何遺傳標記可將他們與高加索或可薩民族聯繫起來；相反，阿什肯納茲猶太人在基因上最接近其他猶太群體以及非猶太中東及歐洲人群。^[2]

2022年，凱文·艾倫·布洛克出示證據表明，阿什肯納茲猶太人約有50%的基因與中東地區有關。^[21]

基因研究的共識是，全球猶太人（包括阿什肯納茲猶太人）擁有源自古代中東共同祖先的大量遺傳基因，阿什肯納茲猶太人沒有可追溯至可薩人的遺傳基因。^[2]

參見

參考

^ Venton 2013，第75頁.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Behar & et al. 2013.
^ Shnirelman. 2002. Pp. 1-3
^ Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009, CBS. Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age (PDF). [11 March 2019]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-10-29）.
^ Barkun 2012:'Although the Khazar theory gets surprisingly little attention in scholarly histories of anti-Semitism, it has been an influential theme among American anti-Semites since the immigration restrictionists of the 1920s,'.
^ Goodrick-Clarke 2003.
^ Harkabi 1987: "Arab anti-Semitism might have been expected to be free from the idea of racial odium, since Jews and Arabs are both regarded by race theory as Semites, but the odium is directed, not against the Semitic race, but against the Jews as a historical group. The main idea is that the Jews, racially, are a mongrel community, most of them being not Semites, but of Khazar and European origin." This essay was translated from Harkabi Hebrew text 'Arab Antisemitism' in Shmuel Ettinger, Continuity and Discontinuity in Antisemitism (Hebrew), 1968, p.50.
^ One of the Jersey City Shooting Suspects Believed anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theory, ADL Says. Haaretz. [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-07）（英语）.
^ Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories Abound Around Russian Assault on Ukraine | ADL. www.adl.org. [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-29）（英语）.
^ Khazars | #TranslateHate | AJC. www.ajc.org. 2021-03-30 [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-31）（英语）.
^ Khazars | Center on Extremism. extremismterms.adl.org. [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-29）（英语）.
^ Abba Eban. My People: The Story of the Jews. Behrman House. 1968: 150 （英语）. It is likely too that some Khazar progeny reached the various Slavic lands where they helped to build the great Jewish centers of Eastern Europe.
^ Peter B. Golden. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Otto Harrassowitz. 1992: 243–244. ISBN 9783447032742 （英语）. It is very likely that Judaized Khazar elements, especially those that had acculturated to the cities, contributed to the subsequently Slavic-speaking Jewish communities of Kievan Rus'. These were ultimately absorbed by Yiddish-speaking Jews entering the Ukraine and Belorussia from Poland and Central Europe.
^ Lloyd P. Gartner. History of the Jews in Modern Times. Oxford University Press. 2000: 19 （英语）.
^ Norman Golb; Omeljan Pritsak. Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Cornell University Press. 1982: xv. ISBN 9780801412219 （英语）.
^ Sand 2010
^ ^17.0 ^17.1 Lewis 1987:'Some limit this denial to European Jews and make use of the theory that the Jews of Europe are not of Israelite descent at all but are the offspring of a tribe of Central Asian Turks converted to Judaism, called the Khazars. This theory, first put forward by an Austrian anthropologist in the early years of this century, is supported by no evidence whatsoever. It has long since been abandoned by all serious scholars in the field, including those in Arab countries, where Khazar theory is little used except in occasional political polemics.' Assertions of this kind has been challenged by Paul WexlerWexler 2007 who also notes that the arguments on this issue are riven by contrasting ideological investments: "Most writers who have supported the Ashkenazi-Khazar hypothesis have not argued their claims in a convincing manner ... The opponents of the Khazar-Ashkenazi nexus are no less guilty of empty polemics and unconvincing arguments."(p.537).
^ Lewis, Bernard. Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice. W. W. Norton & Company. 1999. ISBN 9780393318395.
^ Hammer MF, Redd AJ, Wood ET, Bonner MR, Jarjanazi H, Karafet T, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Oppenheim A, Jobling MA, Jenkins T, Ostrer H, Bonne-Tamir B. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. June 2000, 97 (12): 6769–74. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. PMC 18733 . PMID 10801975. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997 .
^ Wade, Nicholas. Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora. The New York Times. 9 May 2000 [8 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-01）.
^ Kevin Brook. The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. 2022: 3. ISBN 978-1-64469-984-3. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn （英语）.

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Nebel A, Filon D, Faerman M, Soodyall H, Oppenheim A. Y chromosome evidence for a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews. European Journal of Human Genetics. March 2005, 13 (3): 388–91. PMID 15523495. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201319 .
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Shnirelman, Victor A. The Story of a Euphemism:The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature. Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (编). The World of the Khazars:New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies 17. BRILL. 2007: 353–372. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2.
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延伸閱讀

Victor Shnirelman. 2002. The Myth of the Khazars and Intellectual Antisemitism in Russia, 1970s-1990s. The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

外部連結

Rory Miller(2020) The anti-Zionist 'Jewish Khazar' syndrome in the official British mind （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Fishberg, Maurice (1911): The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment.
The Kievan Letter scan in the Cambridge University Library collection.
Khazaria.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Resources - Medieval Jewish History - The Khazars The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Khazar Historic Maps
The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Ancient lost capital of the Khazar kingdom found （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[FOOTNOTEVenton201375-1] Venton 2013，第75頁.

[FOOTNOTEBeharet_al.2013-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Behar & et al. 2013.

[3] Shnirelman. 2002. Pp. 1-3

[CBS_2008_jews_origin-4] Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009, CBS. Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age (PDF). [11 March 2019]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-10-29）.

[5] Barkun 2012:'Although the Khazar theory gets surprisingly little attention in scholarly histories of anti-Semitism, it has been an influential theme among American anti-Semites since the immigration restrictionists of the 1920s,'.

[6] Goodrick-Clarke 2003.

[7] Harkabi 1987: "Arab anti-Semitism might have been expected to be free from the idea of racial odium, since Jews and Arabs are both regarded by race theory as Semites, but the odium is directed, not against the Semitic race, but against the Jews as a historical group. The main idea is that the Jews, racially, are a mongrel community, most of them being not Semites, but of Khazar and European origin." This essay was translated from Harkabi Hebrew text 'Arab Antisemitism' in Shmuel Ettinger, Continuity and Discontinuity in Antisemitism (Hebrew), 1968, p.50.

[8] One of the Jersey City Shooting Suspects Believed anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theory, ADL Says. Haaretz. [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-07）（英语）.

[9] Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories Abound Around Russian Assault on Ukraine | ADL. www.adl.org. [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-29）（英语）.

[10] Khazars | #TranslateHate | AJC. www.ajc.org. 2021-03-30 [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-31）（英语）.

[11] Khazars | Center on Extremism. extremismterms.adl.org. [2022-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-29）（英语）.

[12] Abba Eban. My People: The Story of the Jews. Behrman House. 1968: 150 （英语）. It is likely too that some Khazar progeny reached the various Slavic lands where they helped to build the great Jewish centers of Eastern Europe.

[13] Peter B. Golden. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Otto Harrassowitz. 1992: 243–244. ISBN 9783447032742 （英语）. It is very likely that Judaized Khazar elements, especially those that had acculturated to the cities, contributed to the subsequently Slavic-speaking Jewish communities of Kievan Rus'. These were ultimately absorbed by Yiddish-speaking Jews entering the Ukraine and Belorussia from Poland and Central Europe.

[14] Lloyd P. Gartner. History of the Jews in Modern Times. Oxford University Press. 2000: 19 （英语）.

[15] Norman Golb; Omeljan Pritsak. Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Cornell University Press. 1982: xv. ISBN 9780801412219 （英语）.

[Sand240-16] Sand 2010

[:0-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Lewis 1987:'Some limit this denial to European Jews and make use of the theory that the Jews of Europe are not of Israelite descent at all but are the offspring of a tribe of Central Asian Turks converted to Judaism, called the Khazars. This theory, first put forward by an Austrian anthropologist in the early years of this century, is supported by no evidence whatsoever. It has long since been abandoned by all serious scholars in the field, including those in Arab countries, where Khazar theory is little used except in occasional political polemics.' Assertions of this kind has been challenged by Paul WexlerWexler 2007 who also notes that the arguments on this issue are riven by contrasting ideological investments: "Most writers who have supported the Ashkenazi-Khazar hypothesis have not argued their claims in a convincing manner ... The opponents of the Khazar-Ashkenazi nexus are no less guilty of empty polemics and unconvincing arguments."(p.537).

[Lewis-18] Lewis, Bernard. Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice. W. W. Norton & Company. 1999. ISBN 9780393318395.

[pnas-19] Hammer MF, Redd AJ, Wood ET, Bonner MR, Jarjanazi H, Karafet T, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Oppenheim A, Jobling MA, Jenkins T, Ostrer H, Bonne-Tamir B. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. June 2000, 97 (12): 6769–74. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. PMC 18733 . PMID 10801975. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997 .

[NYTbear-20] Wade, Nicholas. Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora. The New York Times. 9 May 2000 [8 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-01）.

[21] Kevin Brook. The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. 2022: 3. ISBN 978-1-64469-984-3. doi:10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn （英语）.

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@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
-'''可薩猶太人陰謀論'''是一套關於[[阿什肯納茲猶太人]]歷史起源的[[反犹太主义|反猶太主義]]及[[反錫安主義]][[陰謀論]]。該理論聲稱，東歐猶太人口的大量增長是因大量[[可萨人|可薩人]]皈依[[犹太教|猶太教]]，現今的阿什肯納茲猶太人多為可薩人的後裔。信奉該理論的人士通常相信，可薩猶太人、[[共济会|共濟會]]及錫安主義者之間存在「秘密聯盟」，意圖統治世界。
+{{Antisemitism}}'''可薩猶太人陰謀論'''是一套關於[[阿什肯納茲猶太人]]歷史起源的[[反犹太主义|反猶太主義]]及[[反錫安主義]][[陰謀論]]。該理論聲稱，大量[[可萨人|可薩人]]曾皈依[[犹太教|猶太教]]；可薩汗國滅亡後，可薩裔猶太人逃往[[东欧|東歐]]，成為東歐猶太人口的絕大多數{{Sfn|Venton|2013|p=75}}；現今的阿什肯納茲猶太人多為可薩人的後裔。信奉該理論的人士通常相信，「可薩猶太人」、[[共济会|共濟會]]及錫安主義者之間存在「秘密聯盟」，意圖「統治世界」。
-該理論被絕大多數[[歷史學]]、[[系譜學]]及[[宗教学|宗教學]]學者視為無稽之談。
+絕大多數[[歷史學]]、[[系譜學]]及[[宗教学|宗教學]]學者認為該理論缺乏事實基礎及證據支持。[[遗传学|遺傳學]]研究結果亦與該假說相抵觸。{{Sfn|Behar|et al.|2013}}
 == 可薩汗國 ==
-普遍認為，歷史上可薩人大多數是由來自東方的突厥人以及一些講[[波斯语|波斯語]]的部落、[[北高加索]]人及[[斯拉夫人]]組成的。
+普遍認為，歷史上可薩人主要由來自東方的[[鐵勒]]部落以及一些講[[波斯语|波斯語]]的部落、[[北高加索]]人及[[斯拉夫人]]組成。
-至9世紀期間，[[東羅馬帝國|拜占庭帝國]]試圖強迫猶太人改宗[[基督教]]，許多猶太人從[[中东|中東]]逃往北高加索。可薩汗國尊重宗教信仰並給予所有宗教同等地位，同時允許國內不同宗教群體（包括猶太人、[[基督徒]]、[[穆斯林]]等）擁有自己的法官及法庭以審理宗教內部事宜。
+至9世紀期間，[[東羅馬帝國|拜占庭帝國]]試圖強迫猶太人改宗[[基督教]]，許多猶太人故此從[[中东|中東]]逃往北高加索。可薩汗國便位於此處。該國君主為可汗，通常居住在宮殿。該國尊重宗教信仰並給予所有宗教同等地位，同時允許國內不同宗教群體（包括猶太人、[[基督徒]]、[[穆斯林]]、[[腾格里信仰|騰格里信徒]]等）擁有自己的法官及獨立法庭。
-世紀，以可汗為首的可薩貴族精英接受了[[犹太教|猶太教]]，該國大多數民眾來對猶太教仍一無所知。
+世紀，以可汗為首的可薩貴族精英接受了[[犹太教|猶太教]]。該國大多數民眾對於猶太教仍是知之甚少。
 世紀，可薩汗國的勢力因[[基辅罗斯|基輔羅斯]]人的攻擊而削弱。最終，基輔羅斯奪取了可薩汗國的所有土地，可薩汗國滅亡。
@@ 第15行： / 第15行： @@
 [[苏联|蘇聯]]曾盛行各種[[反犹太主义|反猶太主義]]陰謀論，例如「[[世界犹太人阴谋论|猶太人控制世界]]」陰謀論及「[[医生案件|猶太醫生害死高官]]」陰謀論。
-俄羅斯根深蒂固的反猶太主義在1960年轉變為[[反錫安主義]]，指控「全球錫安主義者」試圖接管世界。同時，蘇聯宣傳人員認為「這種邪惡」是由美國及以色列引導的，只有蘇聯才能領導抵抗並帶領世界走向美好未來。施納勒曼認為，反猶太主義在俄羅斯民族主義的形成中發揮了基礎性作用。{{Refnest|Shnirelman. 2002. Pp. 1-3}}
+俄羅斯根深蒂固的反猶太主義在1960年演變為[[反錫安主義]]，指控「全球錫安主義者」試圖接管世界。同時，蘇聯宣傳人員認為「這種邪惡」是由美國及以色列引導的，只有蘇聯才能領導抵抗錫安主義並帶領世界走向美好未來。施納勒曼認為，反猶太主義在[[俄罗斯民族主义|俄羅斯民族主義]]的形成中發揮了基礎性作用。{{Refnest|Shnirelman. 2002. Pp. 1-3}}
-世紀70年代，「猶太人源於可薩人皈依」的理論開始在俄羅斯及東歐流行。後來俄羅斯[[東正教會|東正教]]民族主義者及公共媒體開始擔心該理論的傳播，並試圖否認可薩汗國的存在，因為他們擔心該理論可能令[[俄羅斯猶太人]]得以聲索[[南俄羅斯|俄羅斯南部地區]]的主權。
+世紀70年代，「猶太人源於可薩人皈依」的理論開始在俄羅斯及東歐流行。後來俄羅斯[[東正教會|東正教]]民族主義者及公共媒體開始擔心該理論的傳播，並試圖否認可薩汗國的存在，因為他們憂慮該理論可能令[[俄羅斯猶太人]]有理由聲索[[南俄羅斯|俄羅斯南部地區]]的主權。
 == 世界傳播 ==
 該理論在全球得到傳播，在各國極端政治勢力以及[[原教旨主義]]群體中尤為盛行，為[[新納粹主義]]的興起奠定了基礎。
-蘇聯反猶宣傳家瓦列里·葉姆利亞諾夫將該理論與「世界錫安主義」陰謀論及「共濟會統治世界」陰謀論相結合，並以阿拉伯語傳播，在[[阿拉伯世界|阿拉伯國家]]及[[穆斯林世界|伊斯蘭國家]]大受歡迎，對這些國家內[[反犹太主义|反猶太主義]]及[[反錫安主義]]的發展產生了深遠影響。葉姆利亞諾夫聲稱，[[弗拉基米爾一世·斯維亞托斯拉維奇|弗拉基米爾一世]]是猶太人後裔，因此他故意抹去了俄羅斯雅利安人的歷史、觀念及文化，並於引入基督教的歷史、觀念及文化以取代；[[錫安主義]]是「世界上一切邪惡的根源」，「只有透過[[雅利安人]]摧毀基督教才能夠挫敗錫安主義陰謀」。
+蘇聯反猶宣傳家瓦列里·葉姆利亞諾夫將該理論與「世界錫安主義」陰謀論及「[[犹太-美生阴谋论|猶太共濟會控制世界]]」陰謀論相結合，並以[[阿拉伯语|阿拉伯語]]傳播，在[[阿拉伯世界|阿拉伯國家]]及[[穆斯林世界|伊斯蘭國家]]大受歡迎，對這些國家內[[反犹太主义|反猶太主義]]及[[反錫安主義]]的發展產生了深遠影響。葉姆利亞諾夫聲稱，[[弗拉基米爾一世·斯維亞托斯拉維奇|弗拉基米爾一世]]是猶太人後裔，因此他故意抹去了俄羅斯雅利安人的歷史、觀念及文化，並引入基督教的歷史、觀念及文化以取代；[[錫安主義]]是「世界上一切邪惡的根源」，「只有透過[[雅利安人]]摧毀基督教才能夠挫敗錫安主義陰謀」。
-在文學中，可薩人開始被描繪成「[[伊斯兰教|伊斯蘭教]]及[[阿拉伯人]]的敵人」。
+中東地區文獻開始將所謂「可薩猶太人」描繪成「[[伊斯兰教|伊斯蘭教]]及[[阿拉伯人]]的敵人」（因可薩人為爭奪高加索曾多次與阿拉伯人作戰）。
+至今仍有眾多[[反錫安主義|反錫安主義者]]使用該理論試圖否定[[以色列人|古以色列人]]與今猶太人之間的繼承關係，儘管該理論並沒有提到[[塞法迪犹太人|塞法迪猶太人]]及[[米兹拉希犹太人|米茲拉希猶太人]]（共佔[[以色列猶太人|以色列猶太人口]]約50%）<ref name="CBS_2008_jews_origin">{{cite web|author-link=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|last=Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009|first=CBS|title=Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2009/2.Shnaton%20Population/st02_24x.pdf|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-date=2023-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029180307/https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2009/2.Shnaton%20Population/st02_24x.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>。[[美国种族主义|美國種族主義者]]（包括學者[[洛斯罗普·斯托达德|洛斯羅普·斯托達德]]及[[三K党|三K黨]]分子）、[[俄罗斯民族主义|俄羅斯民族主義者]]等群體中亦仍有不少人利用該理論傳播反猶太主義。<ref>{{Harvnb|Barkun|2012}}:'Although the Khazar theory gets surprisingly little attention in scholarly histories of anti-Semitism, it has been an influential theme among American anti-Semites since the immigration restrictionists of the 1920s,'.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2003}}.</ref>在[[阿拉伯世界]]，該理論一直遊走在反錫安主義、反猶太主義及其相交地帶。<ref>{{Harvnb|Harkabi|1987}}: "Arab anti-Semitism might have been expected to be free from the idea of racial odium, since Jews and Arabs are both regarded by race theory as Semites, but the odium is directed, not against the Semitic race, but against the Jews as a historical group. The main idea is that the Jews, racially, are a mongrel community, most of them being not Semites, but of Khazar and European origin." This essay was translated from Harkabi Hebrew text 'Arab Antisemitism' in Shmuel Ettinger, ''Continuity and Discontinuity in Antisemitism'' (Hebrew), 1968, p.50.</ref>
+近年來，[[社群媒體|社交媒體]]的普及進一步推動了該理論及其他反猶太陰謀論的傳播。<ref>{{Cite news|title=One of the Jersey City Shooting Suspects Believed anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theory, ADL Says|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2019-12-19/ty-article/.premium/one-of-the-jersey-city-shooting-suspects-believed-anti-semitic-conspiracy-theory/0000017f-f5f5-ddde-abff-fdf5fc6c0000|accessdate=2022-12-07|archive-date=2022-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207235553/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2019-12-19/ty-article/.premium/one-of-the-jersey-city-shooting-suspects-believed-anti-semitic-conspiracy-theory/0000017f-f5f5-ddde-abff-fdf5fc6c0000|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories Abound Around Russian Assault on Ukraine {{!}} ADL|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/antisemitic-conspiracy-theories-abound-around-russian-assault-on-ukraine|access-date=2022-12-07|website=www.adl.org|language=en|archive-date=2022-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129211913/https://www.adl.org/blog/antisemitic-conspiracy-theories-abound-around-russian-assault-on-ukraine|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-30|title=Khazars {{!}} #TranslateHate {{!}} AJC|url=https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/Khazars|access-date=2022-12-07|website=www.ajc.org|language=en|archive-date=2023-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031115438/https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/Khazars|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Khazars {{!}} Center on Extremism|url=https://extremismterms.adl.org/glossary/khazars|access-date=2022-12-07|website=extremismterms.adl.org|language=en|archive-date=2023-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029213625/https://extremismterms.adl.org/glossary/khazars|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 == 學術觀點 ==
@@ 第31行： / 第35行： @@
 學者凱文·艾倫·布洛克認為該假說無法成立，並表示完全無法贊同該理論，其研究卻經常被支持該理論的人士斷章取義地引用。
-在20世紀下半葉，[[以色列]]學者阿巴·埃文<ref>{{Cite book|title=My People: The Story of the Jews|language=en|last=Abba Eban|date=1968|publisher=Behrman House|page=150|quote=It is likely too that some Khazar progeny reached the various Slavic lands where they helped to build the great Jewish centers of Eastern Europe.}}</ref>、彼得·戈爾登<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|language=en|last=Peter B. Golden|date=1992|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|pages=243–244|isbn=9783447032742|quote=It is very likely that Judaized Khazar elements, especially those that had acculturated to the cities, contributed to the subsequently Slavic-speaking Jewish communities of Kievan Rus'. These were ultimately absorbed by Yiddish-speaking Jews entering the Ukraine and Belorussia from Poland and Central Europe.}}</ref>、勞埃德·加特納<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Jews in Modern Times|language=en|last=Lloyd P. Gartner|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=19}}</ref>、諾曼·戈盧布及奧姆利安·普里茨克<ref>{{Cite book|title=Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century|language=en|last=Norman Golb|last2=Omeljan Pritsak|date=1982|publisher=Cornell University Press|page=xv|isbn=9780801412219}}</ref>認為，歷史上確實可能有少數可薩人與猶太人通婚，並成為[[阿什肯納茲猶太人]]的祖源的一小部分。
+在20世紀下半葉，[[以色列]]學者阿巴·埃文<ref>{{Cite book|title=My People: The Story of the Jews|url=https://archive.org/details/mypeople00abba|language=en|last=Abba Eban|date=1968|publisher=Behrman House|page=[https://archive.org/details/mypeople00abba/page/150 150]|quote=It is likely too that some Khazar progeny reached the various Slavic lands where they helped to build the great Jewish centers of Eastern Europe.}}</ref>、彼得·戈爾登<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples|language=en|last=Peter B. Golden|date=1992|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|pages=243–244|isbn=9783447032742|quote=It is very likely that Judaized Khazar elements, especially those that had acculturated to the cities, contributed to the subsequently Slavic-speaking Jewish communities of Kievan Rus'. These were ultimately absorbed by Yiddish-speaking Jews entering the Ukraine and Belorussia from Poland and Central Europe.}}</ref>、勞埃德·加特納<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Jews in Modern Times|language=en|last=Lloyd P. Gartner|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=19}}</ref>、諾曼·戈盧布及奧姆利安·普里茨克<ref>{{Cite book|title=Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/khazarianhebrewd00golb|language=en|last=Norman Golb|last2=Omeljan Pritsak|date=1982|publisher=Cornell University Press|page=xv|isbn=9780801412219}}</ref>認為，歷史上確實可能有少數可薩人與猶太人通婚，並成為[[阿什肯納茲猶太人]]的祖源的一小部分。
+年，歷史學者[[伯納德·劉易斯]]指出，「歐洲猶太人不是[[以色列人|古以色列人]]後裔，而是可薩人後裔」的假說沒有任何證據支持，早已被所有嚴謹的學者放棄，包括阿拉伯學者<ref name="Sand240">{{Harvnb|Sand|2010}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|Lewis|1987}}:'Some limit this denial to European Jews and make use of the theory that the Jews of Europe are not of Israelite descent at all but are the offspring of a tribe of Central Asian Turks converted to Judaism, called the Khazars. This theory, first put forward by an Austrian anthropologist in the early years of this century, is supported by no evidence whatsoever. It has long since been abandoned by all serious scholars in the field, including those in Arab countries, where Khazar theory is little used except in occasional political polemics.' Assertions of this kind has been challenged by Paul Wexler{{Harvnb|Wexler|2007}} who also notes that the arguments on this issue are riven by contrasting ideological investments: "Most writers who have supported the Ashkenazi-Khazar hypothesis have not argued their claims in a convincing manner ... The opponents of the Khazar-Ashkenazi nexus are no less guilty of empty polemics and unconvincing arguments."(p.537).</ref>；該理論只是偶爾出現在阿拉伯人反錫安主義的政治論戰中。<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Lewis">{{Cite book|last=Lewis, Bernard|title=Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1999|isbn=9780393318395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjkiAwAAQBAJ&q=Semites+and+Anti-Semites:+An+Inquiry+into+Conflict+and+Prejudice}}</ref>
-年，凱文·艾倫·布洛克出示證據表明，阿什肯納茲猶太人大約有50%的基因與中東地區有關。<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|language=en|last=Kevin Brook|date=2022|publisher=Academic Studies Press|pages=3|isbn=978-1-64469-984-3|doi=10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn}}</ref>
+年，科普作家[[尼古拉斯·韦德|尼古拉斯·韋德]]引用一篇關於阿什肯納茲猶太人[[Y染色體]]譜系的遺傳學論文<ref name="pnas">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hammer MF, Redd AJ, Wood ET, Bonner MR, Jarjanazi H, Karafet T, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Oppenheim A, Jobling MA, Jenkins T, Ostrer H, Bonne-Tamir B |date=June 2000 |title=Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=97 |issue=12 |page=6769–74 |bibcode=2000PNAS...97.6769H |doi=10.1073/pnas.100115997 |pmc=18733 |pmid=10801975 |doi-access=free}}</ref>，駁斥「阿什肯納茲猶太人大多數是皈依者或可薩人後裔」的理論。<ref name="NYTbear">{{Cite news|title=Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora|first=Nicholas|author=Wade|authorlink=Nicholas Wade|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=9 May 2000|accessdate=8 June 2021|archive-date=2020-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401093728/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
+年，多倫·貝哈爾等[[遗传学家|遺傳學家]]研究認為，猶太人與可薩人之間基本上不可能有強聯繫；由於可薩人的現代後裔不明，「猶太可薩人」假說難以用遺傳學方法檢驗；在阿什肯納茲猶太人中沒有發現任何遺傳標記可將他們與高加索或可薩民族聯繫起來；相反，阿什肯納茲猶太人在基因上最接近其他猶太群體以及非猶太中東及歐洲人群。{{Sfn|Behar|et al.|2013}}
+年，凱文·艾倫·布洛克出示證據表明，阿什肯納茲猶太人約有50%的基因與中東地區有關。<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews|language=en|last=Kevin Brook|date=2022|publisher=Academic Studies Press|pages=3|isbn=978-1-64469-984-3|doi=10.2307/j.ctv33mgbcn}}</ref>
+基因研究的共識是，[[犹太人流散|全球猶太人]]（包括阿什肯納茲猶太人）擁有源自古代中東共同祖先的大量遺傳基因，阿什肯納茲猶太人沒有可追溯至可薩人的遺傳基因。{{Sfn|Behar|et al.|2013}}
 == 參見 ==
@@ 第41行： / 第53行： @@
 * [[反犹太主义|反猶太主義]]
 * [[反錫安主義]]
+* [[雅弗理论|雅弗理論]]
+* [[日猶同祖論]]
+* [[犹太-美生阴谋论|猶太-美生陰謀論]]
+* [[被認定是偽科學的主題列表]]
 == 參考 ==
 <references />
+== 來源 ==
+{{refbegin|35em}}
+* {{cite news|title=Jews are not descended from Khazars, Hebrew University historian says|last=Aderet|first=Ofer|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=26 June 2014|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/1.601287|accessdate=2023-11-23|archive-date=2015-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001061322/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/1.601287|dead-url=no}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Atzmon |first1=G. |last2=Hao |first2=L. |last3=Pe'er |first3=I. |last4=Velez |first4=C. |last5=Pearlman |first5=A. |last6=Palamara |first6=P. F. |last7=Morrow |first7=B. |last8=Friedman |first8=E |last9=Oddoux |first9=C. |last10=Burns |first10=E. |last11=Ostrer |first11=H. |author-link11=Harry Ostrer |date=June 2010 |title=Abraham's children in the genome era: major Jewish diaspora populations comprise distinct genetic clusters with shared Middle Eastern Ancestry |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=850–9 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015 |pmc=3032072 |pmid=20560205 |ref={{harvid|Atzmon|et al.|2010}}}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Israël chez les Nations|last=Leroy-Beaulieu|first=Anatole|author-link=Henri Jean Baptiste Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu|publisher=[[Calman-Lévy]]|year=1893|edition=11|url=https://ia902808.us.archive.org/0/items/israelchezlesnat00lero/israelchezlesnat00lero.pdf}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Behar |first1=Doron M. |last2=Metspalu |first2=Mait |last3=Baran |first3=Yael |last4=Kopelman |first4=Naama M. |last5=Yunusbayev |first5=Bayazit |last6=Gladstein |first6=Ariella |last7=Tzur |first7=Shay |last8=Sahakyan |first8=Havhannes |last9=Bahmanimehr |first9=Ardeshir |last10=Yepiskoposyan |first10=Levon |last11=Tambets |first11=Kristiina |year=2013 |title=No Evidence from Genome-Wide Data of a Khazar Origin for the Ashkenazi Jews |url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=humbiol_preprints |journal=[[Human Biology (journal)|Human Biology]] |volume=85 |issue=41 |pages=859–900 |doi=10.1353/hub.2013.a548065 |ref={{harvid|Behar|et al.|2013}} |last12=Khusnutdinova |first12=Elza K. |last13=Kusniarevich |first13=Aljona |last14=Balanovsky |first14=Oleg |last15=Balanovsky |first15=Elena |last16=Kovacevic |first16=Lejla |last17=Marjanovic |first17=Damir |last18=Mihailov |first18=Evelin |last19=Kouvatsi |first19=Anastasia |last20=Traintaphyllidis |first20=Costas |last21=King |first21=Roy J. |last22=Semino |first22=Ornella |last23=Torroni |first23=Antonio |last24=Hammer |first24=Michael F. |last25=Metspalu |first25=Ene |last26=Skorecki |first26=Karl |last27=Rosset |first27=Saharon |last28=Halperin |first28=Eran |last29=Villems |first29=Richard |last30=Rosenberg |first30=Noah A. |access-date=2023-11-23 |archive-date=2017-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517010119/http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=humbiol_preprints |dead-url=no }}
+* {{cite book|title=Origins of Yiddish Dialects|last=Beider|first=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Beider|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWK8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA553|isbn=978-0-191-05981-0}}
+*{{Cite book|title=History of the Jewish Khazars|last=Dunlop|first=Douglas Morton|author-link=Douglas Morton Dunlop|publisher=[[Schocken Books]]|year=1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YdAAAAAIAAJ&q=Dunlop%2BHistory+of+the+Jewish+Khazars|access-date=10 February 2013}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Efron |first=John M. |date=December 2013 |title=Commentary: Jewish Genetic Origins in the Context of Past Historical and Anthropological Inquiries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13110/humanbiology.85.6.0901 |journal=[[Human Biology]] |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=901–918 |doi=10.13110/humanbiology.85.6.0901 |jstor=10.13110/humanbiology.85.6.0901 |pmid=25079124 |access-date=2023-11-23 |archive-date=2023-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615193418/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13110/humanbiology.85.6.0901 |dead-url=no }}
+*{{cite journal |last=Elhaik |first=Eran |author-link=Eran Elhaik |date=2013 |title=The missing link of Jewish European ancestry: contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian hypotheses |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=61–74 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evs119 |pmc=3595026 |pmid=23241444}}
+* {{cite book|title=Converts to Judaism: Stories from Biblical Times to Today|last=Epstein|first=Lawrence J.|author-link=Lawrence J. Epstein|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veJdBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|isbn=978-1-442-23468-0}}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2007a |title=Khazar Studies: Achievements and Perspectives |encyclopedia=The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO-vCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |access-date=13 February 2013 |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |editor1-last=Golden |editor1-first=Peter B. |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies |volume=17 |pages=7–57 |isbn=978-90-04-16042-2 |editor1-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |editor2-last=Ben-Shammai |editor2-first=Haggai |editor3-last=Róna-Tas |editor3-first=András |editor3-link=András Róna-Tas}}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2007b |title=The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism |encyclopedia=The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO-vCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |access-date=13 February 2013 |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |editor1-last=Golden |editor1-first=Peter B. |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies |volume=17 |pages=123–162 |isbn=978-90-04-16042-2 |editor1-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |editor2-last=Ben-Shammai |editor2-first=Haggai |editor3-last=Róna-Tas |editor3-first=András |editor3-link=András Róna-Tas}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Jacobs |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Jacobs |year=1886 |title=On the Racial Characteristics of Modern Jews |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2401286 |journal=[[Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |volume=15 |pages=23–62 |doi=10.2307/2841906 |jstor=2841906}}
+* {{cite book|chapter=National Inventions: The Imperial Emancipation of the Karaites from Jewishness|last=Kizilov|first=Mikhail|author-link=Mikhail Kizilov|title=An Empire of Others: Creating Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR|editor1-last=Cvetkovski|editor1-first=Roland|editor2-last=Hofmeister|editor2-first=Alexis|publisher=[[Central European University Press]]|year=2014|pages=369–393|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36t_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA388|isbn=978-6-155-22576-5}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Koestler|first1=Arthur|title=The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage|date=1976|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-394-40284-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kixPvQEACAAJ|language=en|access-date=2023-11-23|archive-date=2023-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123065944/https://books.google.com/books?id=kixPvQEACAAJ|dead-url=no}}
+* {{cite book|chapter=Reflections on the Jews|last=Loeb|first=Isidore|author-link=Isidore Loeb|title=Jews and Race: Writings on Identity and Difference, 1880-1940|editor-last=Hart|editor-first=Mitchell B.|publisher=[[Brandeis University Press]]|year=2011|pages=12–20|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=556jcvWbwrcC&pg=PA17|isbn=978-1-584-65717-0}}
+* {{cite book|title=Die Völker des südlichen Russlands in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung|last=Neumann|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Friedrich Neumann|publisher=[[Teubner]]|edition=2|year=1855|origyear=1847|url=https://ia601602.us.archive.org/4/items/dievlkerdessdli00neumgoog/dievlkerdessdli00neumgoog.pdf}}
+* {{cite book|title=The Haskalah Movement in Russia|last=Raisin|first=Jacob S.|publisher=[[Jewish Publication Society|The Jewish Publication Society of America]]|year=1913|url=https://ia803408.us.archive.org/30/items/haskalahmovement0000rais/haskalahmovement0000rais.pdf}}
+*{{cite book|chapter=Le Judaïsme come race et comme religion|last=Renan|first=Ernest|author-link=Ernest Renan|title=Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?|editor-last=Roman|editor-first=Joël|publisher=Presses Pocket|year=1992|origyear=1883|pages=200–220|isbn=2-266-05063-X}}
+*{{cite book|title=Russian Intellectual Antisemitism in the Post-Communist Era|last=Rossman|first=Vadim Joseph|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-803-23948-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pF-I25OC5ugC&pg=PA90}}
+*{{cite book|chapter=Anti-Semitism in Eurasian Historiography: The Case of Lev Gumilev|last=Rossman|first=Vadim Joseph|title=Russia Between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism|editor-last=Shlapentokh|editor-first=Dmitry|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=2007|isbn=978-9-004-15415-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnsHyxPZfOIC&pg=PA134}}
+* {{cite book|title=[[The Story of the Jews (book)|The Story of the Jews]]|last=Schama|first=Simon|author-link=Simon Schama|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|year=2014|origyear=2011|volume=1|isbn=978-0-099-54668-9}}
+* {{cite book|title=Von der Chronistik zur modernen Geschichtswissenschaft: die Warägerfrage in der russischen, deutschen und schwedischen Historiographie|last=Scholz|first=Birgit|publisher=[[Otto Harrassowitz Verlag]]|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPUrwrAABvEC&pg=PA14|isbn=978-3-447-04342-7}}
+* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2007a |title=The story of a euphemism: The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature 353-372 |encyclopedia=The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO-vCQAAQBAJ |last=Schnirelmann |first=Victor A. |author-link=Victor Schnirelmann |editor1-last=Golden |editor1-first=Peter B. |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies |volume=17 |pages=353–372 |isbn=978-90-04-16042-2 |editor1-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |editor2-last=Ben-Shammai |editor2-first=Haggai |editor3-last=Róna-Tas |editor3-first=András |editor3-link=András Róna-Tas |access-date=2023-11-23 |archive-date=2023-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123064422/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO-vCQAAQBAJ |dead-url=no }}
+*{{Cite book|chapter=The Jew as Racial Alien:The Genetic Component of American Anti-Semitism|last=Singerman|first=Robert|title=Anti-Semitism in America|series=American Jewish History|editor-last=Gurock|editor-first=Jeffrey S.|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=1998|pages=343–367|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ao_Pk5htcIC&pg=PA381|isbn=978-0-415-91929-6|access-date=13 January 2014}}
+* {{cite news|title=Contemporary Racist and Judeophobic Ideology Discovers the Khazars, or, Who Really Are the Jews?|last=Singerman|first=Robert|newspaper=Rosaline and Myer Feinstein Lecture Series 2004|year=2004|url=https://www.academia.edu/5289705|access-date=1 March 2014|archive-date=2023-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123064422/https://www.academia.edu/5289705|dead-url=no}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Stampfer |first=Shaul |author-link=Shaul Stampfer |date=Spring–Summer 2013 |title=Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism? |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jewish_social_studies/v019/19.3.stampfer.pdf |journal=[[Jewish Social Studies]] |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=1–72 |doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1 |s2cid=161320785}}
+* {{cite book|title=The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State: Three Lectures Delivered at the Taylor Institution. Oxford, in May, 1876'|last=Thomsen|first=Vilhelm Ludvig Peter|author-link=|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2015|origyear=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6CMcqGmzuYC&pg=PA16|isbn=978-1-330-41418-7}}
+*{{cite book|title=The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled|last=van Straten|first=Jits|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sy4ZuWw8TgC&pg=PA2|isbn=978-3-110-23605-7}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Venton |first=Danielle |date=January 2013 |title=Highlight: Out of Khazaria—Evidence for "Jewish Genome" Lacking |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234157950 |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=75–6 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evs129 |pmc=3595031 |pmid=23325386}}
+* {{cite book|title=Die Chasaren. Historische Studie|last=von Kutschera|first=Hugo Freiherrn|publisher=Adolf Holzhausen|location=Vienna|year=1909|url=https://ia804708.us.archive.org/13/items/diechasarenhisto00kutsuoft/diechasarenhisto00kutsuoft.pdf}}
+* {{cite book|title='Science in Russian Culture: A History to 1860'|last=Vucinich|first=Alexander|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=1963|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czysAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA213|isbn=978-0-804-70157-0}}
+*{{cite book|title=History of the Yiddish language|last=Weinreich|first=Max|author-link=Max Weinreich|editor-last=Glasser|editor-first=Paul|publisher=[[YIVO Institute for Jewish Research]]|year=2008|origyear=1980|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yAt7PnlmQ0C|isbn=978-0-300-10960-3|access-date=2023-11-23|archive-date=2023-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123065936/https://books.google.com/books?id=_yAt7PnlmQ0C|dead-url=no}}
+* {{cite book|title=Die südrussischen Juden: Eine anthropometrische Studie mit Berücksichtigung der allgemeinen Entwickelungsgesetze|last=Weissenberg|first=Samuel|publisher=[[Friedrich Vieweg|Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn]]|location=[[Braunschweig]]|year=1895|url=https://ia902606.us.archive.org/8/items/diesdrussischen00agoog/diesdrussischen00agoog.pdf}}
+* {{cite book|title=Explorations in Judeo-Slavic Linguistics|last=Wexler|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Wexler (linguist)|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILLl]]|year=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfYUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR10|isbn=978-9-004-07656-3}}
+*{{cite journal |last1=Xue |first1=J. |last2=Lencz |first2=T. |last3=Darvasi |first3=A. |last4=Pe'er |first4=I. |last5=Carmi |first5=S. |date=April 2017 |title=The time and place of European admixture in Ashkenazi Jewish history |journal=[[PLOS Genetics]] |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=e1006644 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006644 |pmc=5380316 |pmid=28376121 |doi-access=free}}
+*{{cite book|title=Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries|last=Zhivkov|first=Boris|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Du2CAAAQBAJ&q=Khazaria+in+the+Ninth+and+Tenth+Centuries|isbn=978-9-004-29448-6}}
+*{{cite book|title=Zhivago's Children|last=Zubok|first=Vladislav|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-03344-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZ-usH8e6AEC&pg=PA308}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement|last=Barkun|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Barkun|publisher=UNC Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8078-4638-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdGSbDaCQVsC&pg=PA141|access-date=26 July 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|chapter=Anti-Semitism from Outer Space: The ''Protocols'' in the UFO Subculture|title=The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-year Retrospective on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion|last=Barkun|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Barkun|editor1-last=Landes|editor1-first=Richard Allen|editor1-link=Richard Landes|editor2-last=Katz|editor2-first=Steven T.|editor2-link=Steven T. Katz|publisher=NYU Press|year=2012|pages=163–171|isbn=978-0-8147-4945-6|access-date=1 September 2013|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DV1S9dpW2aQC&pg=PA163}}
+*{{Cite book|title=A Social and Religious History of the Jews|last=Baron|first=Salo Wittmayer|author-link=Salo Wittmayer Baron|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|edition=2|volume=3|year=1957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwuH_KLAScC|access-date=12 February 2013}}
+* {{cite journal |vauthors=Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Hammer MF, Bulygina E, Rosengarten D, Jones AL, Held K, Moses V, Goldstein D, Bradman N, Weale ME |date=October 2003 |title=Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2003-10_73_4/page/768 |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=768–79 |doi=10.1086/378506 |pmc=1180600 |pmid=13680527}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Memoirs of an Obscure Professor: And Other Essays|last=Boller|first=Paul F.|publisher=[[TCU Press]]|year=2013|orig-year=1992|isbn=978-0-875-65557-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvuuL-BoDt0C&pg=PT14|access-date=26 July 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Jews of Khazaria|last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|publisher=[[Jason Aronson]]|edition=1st|year=1999|isbn=0-7657-6032-0}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Jews of Khazaria|last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|edition=2nd|year=2009|orig-year=2006|isbn=978-0-7425-4982-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-date=2023-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417104350/https://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC|dead-url=no}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Jews of Khazaria|url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofkhazaria0000broo|last=Brook|first=Kevin Alan|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|edition=3rd|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5381-0342-5}}
+* {{cite journal |vauthors=Costa MD, Pereira JB, Pala M, Fernandes V, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Perego UA, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Hatina J, Woodward SR, Eng KK, Macaulay V, Carr M, Soares P, Pereira L, Richards MB |date=8 October 2013 |title=A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages |journal=Nature Communications |volume=4 |pages=2543 |bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2543C |doi=10.1038/ncomms3543 |pmc=3806353 |pmid=24104924}}
+* {{Cite book|last=Falk|first=Raphael|author-link=Raphael Falk (geneticist)|title=Zionism and the Biology of Jews|year=2017|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|isbn=978-3-319-57345-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4otDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Facts Are Facts: The Truth about the Khazars|last=Freedman|first=Benjamin|author-link=Benjamin Freedman|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1954|isbn=978-0-945-00180-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCI7AAAACAAJ|access-date=10 April 2014}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Freud, Race, and Gender|last=Gilman|first=Sander L|author-link=Sander Gilman|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=978-0-691-02586-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lnOVRdltiwC&pg=PA30|access-date=13 January 2014}}
+*{{Cite book|chapter=Black and White Unite in Fight?|title=The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization|last=Gardell|first=Matthias|editor1-last=Kaplan|editor1-first=Jeffrey|editor2-last=Lööw|editor2-first=Heléne|publisher=Rowman Altamira|pages=152–192|year=2002|isbn=978-0-759-10204-0|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjIYNrOO24IC&pg=PA165|access-date=13 January 2014}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity|last=Goldstein|first=Eric L.|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsvlFZ6rgpkC&pg=PA131|access-date=26 July 2013|isbn=0691121052}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Jacob's Legacy: A Genetic View of Jewish History|last=Goldstein|first=David B.|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-300-12583-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdyAAAAAMAAJ|access-date=11 November 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype|last1=Goodman|first1=David G.|last2=Miyazawa|first2=Masanori|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|year=2000|orig-year=1995|isbn=978-0-7391-0167-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_PQLj2D1DQC&pg=PA263|access-date=26 July 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The " Red Jews": Antisemitism in the Apocalyptic Age 1200–1600|last=Gow|first=Andrew Colin|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=1995|isbn=978-90-04-10255-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yp5O_rPI7nsC&pg=PA31|access-date=26 July 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|chapter=Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots|title=The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism|last=Harkabi|first=Yehoshafat|author-link=Yehoshafat Harkabi|editor-last=Fein|editor-first=Helen|editor-link=Helen Fein|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|year=1987|orig-year=1968|pages=412–427|isbn=978-3-11-010170-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHWG1pDCtNgC&pg=PA424}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Karaites of Galicia: An Ethnoreligious Minority Among the Ashkenazim, the Turks, and the Slavs, 1772-1945|last=Kizilov|first=Mikhail|author-link=Mikhail Kizilov|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|year=2009|isbn=978-9-004-16602-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGILHIgEl7cC&pg=PA277|access-date=13 January 2014}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Lewis|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|year=1987|orig-year=1986|isbn=978-0-393-30420-6|url=https://archive.org/details/semitesantisemit00bern|url-access=registration|access-date=10 February 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Salo Wittmayer Baron:Architect of Jewish History Robert Liberles|last=Liberles|first=Robert|publisher=[[New York University|New York University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=978-0-814-75088-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Czbvp49IFaQC|access-date=11 November 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Economic Role of Jews in Medieval Poland: The Contribution of Yitzhak Schipper|last=Litman|first=Jacob|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|year=1984|isbn=9780819142443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ9tAAAAMAAJ|access-date=26 July 2013|archive-date=2023-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311023405/https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ9tAAAAMAAJ|dead-url=no}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire|last=Luttwak|first=Edward N.|author-link=Edward N. Luttwak|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-03519-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUVJKJejPY8C&pg=PA448|access-date=10 February 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Reconstructing Ashkenaz: The Human Face of Franco-German Jewry, 1000–1250|last=Malkiel|first=David|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8047-8684-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNJRKSk6gS4C&pg=PA263|access-date=21 August 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews|last=Morris|first=Benny|author-link=Benny Morris|publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]]|year=2003|orig-year=2002|isbn=978-1-860-64989-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA22|access-date=1 March 2014}}
+*{{Cite book|chapter=On Russian- Jewish Historiography|title=Historiography of Imperial Russia: The Profession and Writing of History in a Multinational State|last=Nathans|first=Benjamin|editor-last=Sanders|editor-first=Thomas|publisher=M. E. Sharpe|year=1999|pages=397–432|isbn=978-1-563-24684-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVgOhSj02N4C&pg=PA409|access-date=13 January 2014}}
+* {{cite journal |vauthors=Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A |date=November 2001 |title=The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2001-11_69_5/page/1095 |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=1095–112 |doi=10.1086/324070 |pmc=1274378 |pmid=11573163}}
+* {{cite journal |vauthors=Nebel A, Filon D, Faerman M, Soodyall H, Oppenheim A |date=March 2005 |title=Y chromosome evidence for a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=388–91 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201319 |pmid=15523495 |doi-access=free}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People|last=Ostrer|first=Harry|author-link=Harry Ostrer|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-199-97638-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RayZR3V1SFwC&pg=PA26|access-date=12 February 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The History of Anti-semitism: From the time of Christ to the court Jews|last=Poliakov|first=Léon|author-link=Léon Poliakov|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2005|orig-year=1955/1975|isbn=978-0-8122-1863-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uyoN09ZsHEC&pg=PA285|access-date=20 October 2013}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Jews in Old Poland: 1000–1795|editor1-last=Polonsky|editor1-first=Antony|editor1-link=Antony Polonsky|editor2-last=Basista|editor2-first=Jakub|editor3-last=Link-Lenczowski|editor3-first=Andrzej|publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]]|year=1993|isbn=978-1-85043-342-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-LltAAAAMAAJ&q=Maksymilian+Gumplowicz+khazars}}
+*{{Cite book|last1=Pound|first1=Ezra|author-link1=Ezra Pound|last2=Zukofsky|first2=Louis|author-link2=Louis Zukofsky|title=Pound/Zukofsky: Selected Letters of Ezra Pound and Louis Zukofsky|editor-last=Ahearn|editor-first=Barry|publisher=New Directions|year=1987|isbn=978-0-811-21013-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSQBSWP0MO0C&pg=PR21|access-date=10 April 2014}}
+*{{Cite journal |last=Réthelyi |first=Mari |year=2021 |title=Hungarian Jewish Stories of Origin: Samuel Kohn, the Khazar Connection and the Conquest of Hungary |url=http://ahea.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/ahea/article/download/427/791 |journal=Hungarian Cultural Studies: e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association |volume=14 |pages=52–64 |access-date=2023-11-23 |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119041056/https://ahea.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/ahea/article/download/427/791 |dead-url=no }}
+* {{Cite book|title=The Invention of the Jewish People|last=Sand|first=Shlomo|author-link=Shlomo Sand|publisher=Verso Books|location=London|year=2010|origyear=2009|isbn=978-1-84467-623-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgsP0DFkmp0C|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-date=2023-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123064424/https://books.google.com/books?id=pgsP0DFkmp0C|dead-url=no}}
+* {{Cite book|chapter=The Story of a Euphemism:The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature|title=The World of the Khazars:New Perspectives|series=Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies|volume=17|last=Shnirelman|first=Victor A|editor1-last=Golden|editor1-first=Peter B.|editor1-link=Peter Benjamin Golden|editor2-last=Ben-Shammai|editor2-first=Haggai|editor3-last=Róna-Tas|editor3-first=András|editor3-link=András Róna-Tas|publisher=BRILL|year=2007|pages=353–372|isbn=978-90-04-16042-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC&pg=PA360}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Languages of the Jews;A Sociolinguistic History|last=Spolsky|first=Bernard|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=9781139917148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA297|access-date=10 May 2016}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Economic History of European Jews: Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages|series=Études sur le Judaïsme Médiéval|last=Toch|first=Michael|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|location=[[Leiden]]|year=2012|volume=56|isbn=978-90-04-23534-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5oNKrvYWZAC&pg=PA155|access-date=10 February 2013}}
+*{{Cite news|last=Wade|first=Nicholas|author-link=Nicholas Wade|title=YChromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora|work=New York Times|date=9 May 2000|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-date=2020-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401093728/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html|dead-url=no}}
+*{{Cite news|last=Wade|first=Nicholas|author-link=Nicholas Wade|title=In DNA, New Clues to Jewish Roots|work=New York Times|date=14 May 2002|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/14/science/in-dna-new-clues-to-jewish-roots.html|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126180104/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/14/science/in-dna-new-clues-to-jewish-roots.html|dead-url=no}}
+*{{Cite book|last=Wald|first=James|chapter=The New Replacement Theory: Anti-Zionism, Antisemitism, and the Denial of History|title='Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: The Dynamics of Delegitimization|editor-last=Rosenfeld|editor-first=Alvin H.|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2019|pages=3–29|isbn=978-0-253-03874-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4uFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|access-date=27 May 2021}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Outline of History: The Roman Empire to the Great War|last=Wells|first=H. G.|author-link=Herbert George Wells|publisher=[[Barnes & Noble]]|year=1973|orig-year=1921|volume=2|isbn=978-0-7607-5867-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4g13OnwNmGkC&pg=PA2}}
+*{{Cite book|chapter=Yiddish Evidence for the Khazar Component in the Ashkenazic ethnogenesis|title=The World of the Khazars:New Perspectives|series=Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies|volume=17|last=Wexler|first=Paul|editor1-last=Golden|editor1-first=Peter B.|editor1-link=Peter Benjamin Golden|editor2-last=Ben-Shammai|editor2-first=Haggai|editor3-last=Róna-Tas|editor3-first=András|editor3-link=András Róna-Tas|publisher=BRILL|year=2007|pages=387–398|isbn=978-90-04-16042-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC&pg=PA387|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=2023-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117073542/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC&pg=PA387#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}
+{{refend}}
 == 延伸閱讀 ==
-* Victor Shnirelman. 2002. ''The Myth of the Khzazrs and Intellectual Antisemitisem in Russia, 1970s-1990s''. The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemetism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
+* Victor Shnirelman. 2002. ''The Myth of the Khazars and Intellectual Antisemitism in Russia, 1970s-1990s''. The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
+== 外部連結 ==
+* Rory Miller(2020) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429026034-2/anti-zionist-jewish-khazar-syndrome-official-british-mind-rory-miller The anti-Zionist 'Jewish Khazar' syndrome in the official British mind] {{Wayback|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429026034-2/anti-zionist-jewish-khazar-syndrome-official-british-mind-rory-miller |date=20231123053144 }}
+* Fishberg, Maurice (1911): [[iarchive:jewsastudyracea00fishgoog|The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment.]]
+* [http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/GOLD/thumbs?class_mark=T-S_12.122 The Kievan Letter scan] in the [[剑桥大学图书馆|Cambridge University Library]] collection.
+* [http://www.khazaria.com/ Khazaria.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.khazaria.com/ |date=19971221083021 }}
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110929030018/http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=457&rsid=478 Resources - Medieval Jewish History - The Khazars] The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026233731/http://geocities.com/ayatoles/ Khazar Historic Maps]
+* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/khz/index.htm The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/khz/index.htm |date=20100106005357 }}
+* [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1023383.html Ancient lost capital of the Khazar kingdom found] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1023383.html |date=20100413211533 }}
+{{反猶太主義導航模板}}{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:反錫安主義]]
 [[Category:猶太人陰謀論]]
 [[Category:俄罗斯反犹太主义]]
+[[Category:反猶太謠言]]
+[[Category:偽史]]
+[[Category:可萨人]]

查论编反犹太主义
核心	反猶主義謠言（英语：Antisemitic canard）經濟反猶太主義（英语：Economic antisemitism）反猶太主義的地理（英语：Geography of antisemitism）反猶太主義的歷史（英语：History of antisemitism）宗教反猶太主義（英语：Religious antisemitism）迫害猶太人（英语：Persecution of Jews）納粹主義阿道夫·希特勒美洲的納粹主義（英语：Nazism in the Americas）纳粹德国政治宣传新反猶太主義反猶太主義的三D 反猶太主義的現行定義種族反猶太主義（英语：Racial antisemitism）無根世界主義者（英语：Rootless cosmopolitan）二級反猶太主義（英语：Secondary antisemitism）猶太人的刻板印象（英语：Stereotypes of Jews）反猶太主義時間表（英语：Timeline of antisemitism） 19世紀反猶太主義時間表（英语：Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century） 20世紀反猶太主義時間表（英语：Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century） 21世紀反猶太主義時間表（英语：Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century）
反猶主義	基督教的反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Christianity）反猶太主義與新約（英语：Antisemitism and the New Testament）伊斯蘭教的反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Islam）中世紀的反猶太主義（英语：Medieval antisemitism）伊斯蘭民族與反猶太主義（英语：Nation of Islam and antisemitism）奧運會的反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in the Olympic Games）蘇聯數學的反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Soviet mathematics）大學與反猶太主義（英语：Universities and antisemitism）
相關話題	反錫安主義基督徒身份（英语：Christian Identity）文化馬克思主義陰謀論雙重種族滅絕論（英语：Double genocide theory）國際猶太人陰謀（英语：International Jewish conspiracy）《國際猶太人（英语：The International Jew）》猶太布爾什維主義日多科穆納（英语：Żydokomuna）可薩猶太人陰謀論 3K黨《我的奮鬥》阿拉伯語版（英语：Mein Kampf in Arabic）英語版（英语：Mein Kampf in English）黑死病期間對猶太人的迫害（英语：Persecution of Jews during the Black Death）《關於猶太人與他們的謊言（英语：On the Jews and Their Lies）》哲學猶太主義（英语：Philo-Semitism）《锡安长老会纪要》对当代的影响（英语：Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion）《黑人與猶太人之間的秘密關係（英语：The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews）》自我憎恨的猶太人（英语：Self-hating Jew）仇外心理白人種族滅絕陰謀論锡安主义反猶太主義（英语：Zionist antisemitism）
宗教反猶太主義（英语：Religious antisemitism）	反猶太教弑神指控（英语：Jewish deicide）宗教裁判所葡萄牙宗教裁判所（英语：Portuguese Inquisition）羅馬宗教裁判所（英语：Roman Inquisition）西班牙宗教裁判所萊茵蘭大屠殺馬丁路德與反猶太主義（英语：Martin Luther and antisemitism）鮮血詛咒（英语：Blood curse）血祭诽谤亵渎圣体（英语：Host desecration）犹太人的母猪反猶騷亂
反猶主義的法律、政策、政府行為	貧民窟長椅（英语：Ghetto benches） Hep-Hep騷亂（英语：Hep-Hep riots）反猶騷亂五月法則（英语：May Laws） 1968年波蘭政治危機（英语：1968 Polish political crisis）猶太反猶太復國主義聯盟（英语：Jewish Anti-Zionist League）里奧·弗蘭克（英语：Leo Frank）德雷福斯事件梅納赫姆·門德爾·貝利斯法胡德伊拉克反猶太復國主義聯盟（英语：Anti-Zionist League in Iraq）第11號總令（英语：General Order No. 11 (1862)）納粹德國的種族政策（英语：Racial policy of Nazi Germany）最終解決方案納粹大屠殺反世界主義運動犹太人反法西斯委员会案件斯蘭斯基審判（英语：Slánský trial）医生案件纳粹大屠杀否认论犹太星被锡安主义者控制的政府阴谋论
反猶網站	聖經信徒（英语：Bible Believers）每日風暴（英语：The Daily Stormer）歷史評論研究所（英语：Institute for Historical Review）猶太人觀察（英语：Jew Watch） Metapedia 克雷格·科布（英语：Craig Cobb）伊斯蘭電台（英语：Radio Islam）紅色觀察（英语：Redwatch）正確的東西（英语：The Right Stuff (blog)） Stormfront
迫害猶太人（英语：Persecution of Jews）	萊茵蘭大屠殺黑死病期間對猶太人的迫害（英语：Persecution of Jews during the Black Death）反猶抵制（英语：Anti-Jewish boycotts）猶太人的驅逐與流亡（英语：Expulsions and exoduses of Jews）猶太區歐洲的猶太人聚居區（英语：Jewish ghettos in Europe）邁拉赫（英语：Mellah）納粹大屠殺猶太帽（英语：Jewish hat）猶太人配額（英语：Jewish quota）犹太人的母猪猶太教中的殉難（英语：Martyrdom in Judaism）纽伦堡法案栅栏区反犹骚乱雷富尼克（英语：Refusenik）宗教隔離西班牙宗教裁判所從西班牙驅逐猶太人（英语：Expulsion of Jews from Spain）犹太星
反反猶組織	反誹謗聯盟灣區大屠殺口述歷史項目（英语：Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project）社區安全信託（英语：Community Security Trust）中東媒體研究所（英语：Middle East Media Research Institute）西蒙·維森塔爾中心南方贫困法律中心斯蒂芬羅斯研究所（英语：Stephen Roth Institute）以色列猶太大屠殺紀念館
按地區	阿拉伯世界反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in the Arab world）沙特阿拉伯反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia）阿根廷反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Argentina）加拿大反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Canada）中国反犹太主义智利反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Chile）哥斯達黎加反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Costa Rica）歐洲反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Europe）當代奧地利反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in contemporary Austria）當代比利時反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium）法國反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in France） 21世紀法國反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in 21st-century France） 21世紀德國反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany）希臘反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Greece）當代匈牙利反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary） 21世紀意大利反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy）當代挪威反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in contemporary Norway）俄羅斯反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Russia）俄罗斯帝国反犹太主义苏联反犹太主义西班牙反犹主义瑞典反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Sweden）烏克蘭反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Ukraine）英國反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in the United Kingdom）英國保守黨反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party）英國工黨反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party）日本反猶太主義（英语：Antisemitism in Japan）巴勒斯坦反猶太主義（英语：Racism in the State of Palestine#Antisemitism）