拜占庭联邦：修订间差异

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2024年1月19日 (五) 03:03的最新版本

拜占庭联邦（英語：Byzantine commonwealth）这一名词由20世纪的历史学家创造，指的是受到中世纪拜占庭帝国及其传教士传播的拜占庭总体影响（拜占庭礼和文化传统）的地区。该区域大致涵盖了今日的希腊、塞浦路斯、北馬其頓、保加利亚、塞尔维亚、黑山、羅馬尼亞、摩尔多瓦、乌克兰、白俄罗斯、俄罗斯西南部以及格鲁吉亚等（也被称为欧洲东正教（英语：Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe）地区）。

奥博连斯基模式

这一概念中最为重要的论述是迪米特里·奥博连斯基（英语：Dimitri Obolensky）的一份研究——《拜占庭联邦》（The Byzantine Commonwealth）^[1]。在其著作《六幅拜占庭肖像》（Six Byzantine Portraits）中，他考察了《拜占庭联邦》中提到的六个人的生活与工作^[2]。他还将拜占庭联邦描述为拜占庭皇帝权力范围内的国际社群，以一同宣示皈依東方基督教的区域为界，遵循罗马-拜占庭法律原则^[3]。

但有学者对这一概念进行批评，质疑拜占庭帝国无可争议的优越性的观念。对于君士坦丁堡是顶层核心，那些周边区域的人了解他们的边缘地位，只是在模仿上层的这一理论，他们认为这与记录中的复杂多面的文化交流动态并不相符^[4]。且中世纪时期的保加利亚一直是拜占庭帝国的强大竞争对手。历史学家克里斯琴·拉芬斯珀格（Christian Raffensperger）提议认为更应该将其改写为“拜占庭理想”（Byzantine ideal）而非拜占庭联盟^[5]。在后者的理念中，其成为了保留对传统等级制度和皇帝权威的信念，但影响力大为减少的帝国^[6]。

另见

参考资料

^ Obolensky, Dimitri, The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453. (1971)
^ Obolensky, Dimitri, Six Byzantine Portraits. (1988)
^ Speake, Graham. A History of the Athonite Commonwealth: The Spiritual and Cultural Diaspora of Mount Athos. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2018: 5–6. ISBN 9781108425865.
^ Boeck, Elena. Imagining the Byzantine Past: The Perception of History in the Illustrated Manuscripts of Skylitzes and Manasses. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2015: 11. ISBN 9781107085817.
^ Keridis, Dimitris; Elias-Bursać, Ellen; Yatromanolakis, Nicholas. New Approaches to Balkan Studies. Brassey's. 2003: 3 [2021-03-02]. ISBN 978-1-57488-724-2. （原始内容存档于2022-11-07）（英语）.
^ Hilsdale, Cecily. Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2014: 329. ISBN 9781107033306.

来源

Obolensky, Dimitri. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453. Cardinal. 1974 [2021-03-02]. ISBN 978-0-351-17644-9. （原始内容存档于2023-09-21）（英语）.

延伸阅读

Billinis, Alex. The eagle has two faces : journeys through Byzantine Europe. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4567-7870-5. OCLC 733224411.
Kaimakamova, Miliana; Salamon, Maciej; Różycka, Małgorzata Smorąg. Byzantium, New Peoples, New Powers: The Byzantino-Slav Contact Zone, from the Ninth to the Fifteenth Century. Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica". 2007 [2021-03-02]. ISBN 978-83-88737-83-1. （原始内容存档于2023-10-06）（英语）.
Meyendorff, John. The Byzantine legacy in the Orthodox Church. Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. 1982. ISBN 0-913836-90-7. OCLC 8219059.

[1] Obolensky, Dimitri, The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453. (1971)

[2] Obolensky, Dimitri, Six Byzantine Portraits. (1988)

[3] Speake, Graham. A History of the Athonite Commonwealth: The Spiritual and Cultural Diaspora of Mount Athos. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2018: 5–6. ISBN 9781108425865.

[4] Boeck, Elena. Imagining the Byzantine Past: The Perception of History in the Illustrated Manuscripts of Skylitzes and Manasses. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2015: 11. ISBN 9781107085817.

[dim3-5] Keridis, Dimitris; Elias-Bursać, Ellen; Yatromanolakis, Nicholas. New Approaches to Balkan Studies. Brassey's. 2003: 3 [2021-03-02]. ISBN 978-1-57488-724-2. （原始内容存档于2022-11-07）（英语）.

[6] Hilsdale, Cecily. Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2014: 329. ISBN 9781107033306.

[1]

[2]

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[6]

@@ 第5行： / 第5行： @@
 这一概念中最为重要的论述是{{tsl|en|Dimitri Obolensky|迪米特里·奥博连斯基}}的一份研究——《拜占庭联邦》（{{lang|en|The Byzantine Commonwealth}}）<ref>Obolensky, Dimitri, ''The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453''.  (1971)</ref>。在其著作《六幅拜占庭肖像》（{{lang|en|Six Byzantine Portraits}}）中，他考察了《拜占庭联邦》中提到的六个人的生活与工作<ref>Obolensky, Dimitri, ''Six Byzantine Portraits''.  (1988)</ref>。他还将拜占庭联邦描述为拜占庭皇帝权力范围内的国际社群，以一同宣示皈依[[東方基督教]]的区域为界，遵循罗马-拜占庭法律原则<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Athonite Commonwealth: The Spiritual and Cultural Diaspora of Mount Athos|last=Speake|first=Graham|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2018|isbn=9781108425865|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=5-6}}</ref>。
-但有学者对这一概念进行批评，质疑拜占庭帝国无可争议的优越性的观念。对于君士坦丁堡是顶层核心，那些周边区域的人了解他们的边缘地位，只是在模仿上层的这一理论，他们认为这与记录中的复杂多面的文化交流动态并不相符<ref>{{Cite book|title=Imagining the Byzantine Past: The Perception of History in the Illustrated Manuscripts of Skylitzes and Manasses|last=Boeck|first=Elena|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781107085817|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=11}}</ref>。且中世纪时期的[[保加利亚帝国|保加利亚]]一直是拜占庭帝国的强大竞争对手。历史学家克里斯琴·拉芬斯珀格（{{lang|en|Christian Raffensperger}}）提议认为更应该将其改写为“拜占庭理想”（{{lang|en|Byzantine ideal}}）而非拜占庭联盟<ref name=dim3>Dimiter G. Angelov, ''Byzantinism: The Imaginary and Real Heritage of Byzantium in Southeastern Europe'', in Dimitris Keridis, {{tsl|en|Ellen Elias-Bursać||Ellen Elias-Bursać}}, Nicholas Yatromanolakis, ''New approaches to Balkan studies'', Brassey's, 2003, {{ISBN|1-57488-724-6}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XucseZUlNxYC&pg=PA3&vq=byzantinism&dq=byzantinism+Leontiev&lr=&as_brr=3&hl=pl&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0 Google Print, p.3]</ref>。在后者的理念中，其成为了保留对传统等级制度和皇帝权威的信念，但影响力大为减少的帝国<ref>{{Cite book|title=Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline|last=Hilsdale|first=Cecily|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107033306|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=329}}</ref>。
+但有学者对这一概念进行批评，质疑拜占庭帝国无可争议的优越性的观念。对于君士坦丁堡是顶层核心，那些周边区域的人了解他们的边缘地位，只是在模仿上层的这一理论，他们认为这与记录中的复杂多面的文化交流动态并不相符<ref>{{Cite book|title=Imagining the Byzantine Past: The Perception of History in the Illustrated Manuscripts of Skylitzes and Manasses|last=Boeck|first=Elena|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781107085817|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=11}}</ref>。且中世纪时期的[[保加利亚帝国|保加利亚]]一直是拜占庭帝国的强大竞争对手。历史学家克里斯琴·拉芬斯珀格（{{lang|en|Christian Raffensperger}}）提议认为更应该将其改写为“拜占庭理想”（{{lang|en|Byzantine ideal}}）而非拜占庭联盟<ref name="dim3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XucseZUlNxYC&pg=PA3|publisher=Brassey's|date=2003|isbn=978-1-57488-724-2|language=en|first=Dimitris|last=Keridis|first2=Ellen|last2=Elias-Bursać|first3=Nicholas|last3=Yatromanolakis|title=New Approaches to Balkan Studies|pages=3|access-date=2021-03-02|archive-date=2022-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107073442/https://books.google.com/books?id=XucseZUlNxYC&pg=PA3|dead-url=no}}</ref>。在后者的理念中，其成为了保留对传统等级制度和皇帝权威的信念，但影响力大为减少的帝国<ref>{{Cite book|title=Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline|last=Hilsdale|first=Cecily|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107033306|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=329}}</ref>。
 == 另见 ==
 *{{tsl|en|Byzantinism|拜占庭主义}}
-*[[正教會]]
+*[[正統教會]]
 *{{tsl|en|Eastern Orthodoxy by country|各国东正教}}
 *{{tsl|en|Rum Millet|罗姆米利特}}
 == 参考资料 ==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
+{{Reflist}}
 == 来源 ==
-* {{Cite book|last=Obolensky|first=Dimitri|author-link=迪米特里·奥博连斯基|title=The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453|year=1974|orig-year=1971|location=London|publisher=Cardinal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ}}
+* {{Cite book|title=The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Cardinal|date=1974|isbn=978-0-351-17644-9|language=en|first=Dimitri|last=Obolensky|access-date=2021-03-02|archive-date=2023-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921093756/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ|dead-url=no}}
 == 延伸阅读 ==
+*{{Cite book|title=The eagle has two faces : journeys through Byzantine Europe|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/733224411|publisher=Authorhouse|date=2011|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-1-4567-7870-5|oclc=733224411|first=Alex|last=Billinis}}
-*Billinis, Alexander. ''[https://www.amazon.com/The-Eagle-Has-Two-Faces/dp/1456778706/ref=rec_dp_1 The Eagle Has Two Faces: Journeys Through Byzantine Europe].'' AuthorHouse Publishing, 2011. {{ISBN|9781456778705}}.
-*{{cite book|author1=Miliana Kaimakamova|author2=Maciej Salamon|title=Byzantium, new peoples, new powers: the Byzantino-Slav contact zone, from the ninth to the fifteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85giAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica"|isbn=978-83-88737-83-1}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Byzantium, New Peoples, New Powers: The Byzantino-Slav Contact Zone, from the Ninth to the Fifteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85giAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica"|date=2007|isbn=978-83-88737-83-1|language=en|first=Miliana|last=Kaimakamova|first2=Maciej|last2=Salamon|first3=Małgorzata Smorąg|last3=Różycka|access-date=2021-03-02|archive-date=2023-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145204/https://books.google.com/books?id=85giAQAAIAAJ|dead-url=no}}
-*Meyendorff, John (1983), ''The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church''. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, {{ISBN|0-913836-90-7}}.
+*{{Cite book|title=The Byzantine legacy in the Orthodox Church|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8219059|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|date=1982|location=Crestwood, N.Y.|isbn=0-913836-90-7|oclc=8219059|first=John|last=Meyendorff}}
-{{拜占庭帝国主题}}
+{{拜占庭帝国主题|influence}}
 [[Category:拜占庭帝国外交]]